帮你复习语法语法直接英语和间接英语直接英语和间接英语 句型转换句型转换制作：冯军制作：冯军一、句型的变化一、句型的变化（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中来引导。口语中that常可以省略。常可以省略。 “I like to listen to rock music,” said Peter. Peter said that he liked to listen to rock music.【温馨提示温馨提示】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个陈述句并列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如：省略，以免引起歧义。如：The teacher said, “The text is very important. You should learn it by heart.” The teacher said (that) the text is important and that we should learn it by heart.(二二) 如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时句时 ，间接引语常变为由，间接引语常变为由whether/if引导，而引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如：且要用陈述句语序。如：1) The boy asked his mother, “Can I go to play football with my friends on Saturday?” The boy asked his mother whether/if he could go to play football with his friends on Saturday. 2) “Will you go to the museum this weekend or next weekend?” Li Hua asked me. Li Hua asked me whether/if I would go to the museum this weekend or the next weekend.(三三) 如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：“How much time do you spend on the homework?” he asked me. He asked me how much time I spent on the homework.（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如：达。如：1)“Would you buy me some stamps while you are in the office?” He said to me. He asked me to buy him some stamps while I am in the office.2)“Why dont you come and play football with me?” He asked. He advised me to play football with him.【温馨提示温馨提示】表示请求、劝告时，通常用表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等等 + 宾语宾语 + 动词不定式动词不定式”结结构。构。(五五) 如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：定式的复合结构改，即改为：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等等) sb. (not) to do sth. 如：如：1)The policeman said to the children, “Dont play football in the street.” The policeman told the children not to play football in the street.2)“Listen to me carefully, please.” the teacher said to us. The teacher told us to listen to him carefully.【温馨提示温馨提示】如果祈使句中出现了如果祈使句中出现了please, 在间在间接引语中必须省略。接引语中必须省略。 (六六) 如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用用what, how或或that来引述。如：来引述。如：“What a beautiful house it is!” he said to me. He told me what a beautiful house it was. He told me that it was a beautiful house.二、时态的变化二、时态的变化（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；He says, “Im too tired.” He says (that) he is too tired.（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下：具体变化如下：一般现在时一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时 过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时 过去完成时过去完成时一般过去时一般过去时 过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时 过去将来时过去将来时1)The old man said, “Great changes have taken place in China.” The old man said that great changes had taken place in China.2)“ Wang Lin is waiting for you outside of the school gate.” Li Fang said to me. Li Fang told me that Wang Lin was waiting for me outside of the school gate【温馨提示温馨提示1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：1)He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” He said that the earth travels around the sun.2)“Failure is the mother of success.” The teacher said to us. The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.【温馨提示温馨提示2】当直接引语中的谓语动词当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词含有情态动词must , need, ought to, had better等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如：语动词的形式不变。如：1)He said, “You had better ask for help when you are in trouble.” He said that I had better ask for help when I was in trouble.三、人称代词的变化三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：“Can I use your bike for a moment?” the boy said to me. The boy asked me whether he could use my bike for moment.(二二) 直接引语的主语是第二人称，变直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如：致。如：The teacher asked Joan, “Why are you late again?” The teacher asked Joan why she was late again.（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：He asked me, “How long has Teddy stayed in China?” He asked me how long has Teddy stayed in China.四、主句谓语动词的变化四、主句谓语动词的变化(一一) 直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是的不变，是said to sb.常变为常变为told sb.如：如：He said to his friend, “I am glad to see you.” He told his friend that he was glad to see him.(二二) 直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，句或选择疑问句，said 变为变为asked; said to sb. 变为变为 asked sb.如：如：“How can you do that?” Mary said to Betty. Mary asked Betty how she could do that.(三三) 直接引语是祈使句，变间接引直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg, advise, ask, tell, order, warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号定式符号to前加前加not.如：如：I said to her, “Please pass me a glass of water.” I asked her to pass me a glass of water.She said, “Dont smoke in the public place.” She told me not to smoke in the public place. (四四)直接引语是感叹句，变间接直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用引语时，引述动词常用tell, exclaim或或say等。如：等。如：“How well he looks!” he said. He exclaimed how well he looked. He said that he looked well.五、指示代词、时间状语、地点五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化（一）指示代词的变化this that these those但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前，但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前，也可不变。如：也可不变。如：He said, “I like this book.” He said that he liked this book. (书在眼前书在眼前)二）时间状语的变化二）时间状语的变化 today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. yesterday the day beforetomorrow the following/next daythe day after tomorrow two days laternext week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.last week/month the week /month beforenow then如果引述的时间和说话时间相同如果引述的时间和说话时间相同（如就在同年、同月、同日），（如就在同年、同月、同日），时间状语也可不变。如：时间状语也可不变。如：Mr Black said, “I visited the Great Wall last year.” Mr Black said that he had visited the Great Wall the year before. Mr Black said that he had visited the Great Wall last year.(三三) 地点和方向性动词的变化地点和方向性动词的变化here there come go如果说话人所在地和引述地点相同，如果说话人所在地和引述地点相同，here，come也可不变。如：也可不变。如：He said, “I will come here this evening.” He said that he would come here this evening. (同时同地引述同时同地引述) He said that he would go there that evening.巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语语1. He said to me, “I wrote a letter to my parents last week.” He _ me that_ _ _ a letter to _parents_ _ _.2. “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west,” mother said to her daughter. Mother_ her daughter that the sun_ up the east and _ in the west.told he had writtenhis the week beforetoldrisessets3. “Dont be late again, Jim,” said the teacher. The teacher_ _ _ _ be late again.4. “Have you seen the film Harry Potter?” he asked. He asked me _ _ _ _ the film Harry Potter. 5. Mr Wang asked the students how they could improve their spoken English. “_ _ _ improve _ spoken English?” Mr Wang said to the students.told Jim not toif I had seen How can you yourGrammar II 定语从句定语从句1.定语从句的分类定语从句的分类 2.定语从句的引导词定语从句的引导词 3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系 4.关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况及其容易混用的情况5.介词加关系代词的情况介词加关系代词的情况 6.as引导的两种定语从句引导的两种定语从句3. 先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系A plane is a machine that can fly. The boy who broke the window is called Tom.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.The school where I study is far from my home.that = the machine who = the boy whose = the boys where = in the school关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词4.关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况及其容易混用的情况Fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv.1. This is the factory _ I once worked.2. This is the factory _ Ive visited.3. The day _ I always remember is Oct.1.4. The day _Nanjing was liberated is Sep.11.5. The reason _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill.6. Dont believe the reason _ he give you. wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythatAttributiveClauseNOTES:1.当表示当表示时间时间,地点地点, 原因原因的名词的名词, day, time, place, factory , reason等等作先行词，在定语从句中作作先行词，在定语从句中作状语状语时，时，用用when, where ,why；在从句中；在从句中作主作主语或宾语语或宾语时，就用时，就用that或或which.5.介词加关系代词的情况介词加关系代词的情况When we use a relative pronoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. Placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg.The woman who/whom Spielberg is married to is an actress.The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress.The painting at which I looked was painted by Vincent van Gogh.The girl with whom you talked is a college student.AttributiveClause Prep.+ which/whom1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.The farm _I once worked has taken on a new look.2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配Who is the man _our teacher is shaking hands?3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配的搭配Ours is a beautiful country, _we are greatly proud. onwhichwithwhomofwhichAttributiveClause4).表示表示“所有格所有格”或或“整体中的部分整体中的部分” 时，用介词时，用介词ofThere are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent _ are women.ofwhomC: Fill in the blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom.1.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.2.2.When you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions.3.3. Barcelona is the city _ the 25th Summer Olympic were held.to whomwherewhere1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.Hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhich介词介词+关系代词关系代词 练习练习6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,_standsourteacher.7.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower_peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman_Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.fromwhichtowhomofwhichofwhichunderwhichas 引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.Itwhich/ as AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected定语从句在句首时只能用定语从句在句首时只能用as.This is the same pen as I lost.This is the same pen that I lost.Please compare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。这本书就是我丢的那本。This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthatPlease complete the following sentences and compare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句结果状语从句)1.定语从句的分类定语从句的分类 2.定语从句的引导词定语从句的引导词 3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系 4.关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况及其容易混用的情况5.介词加关系代词的情况介词加关系代词的情况 6.as引导的两种定语从句引导的两种定语从句3. 先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系A plane is a machine that can fly. The boy who broke the window is called Tom.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.The school where I study is far from my home.that = the machine who = the boy whose = the boys where = in the school关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词4.关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况及其容易混用的情况Fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv.1. This is the factory _ I once worked.2. This is the factory _ Ive visited.3. The day _ I always remember is Oct.1.4. The day _Nanjing was liberated is Sep.11.5. The reason _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill.6. Dont believe the reason _ he give you. wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythatAttributiveClauseNOTES:1.当表示当表示时间时间,地点地点, 原因原因的名词的名词, day, time, place, factory , reason等等作先行词，在定语从句中作作先行词，在定语从句中作状语状语时，时，用用when, where ,why；在从句中；在从句中作主作主语或宾语语或宾语时，就用时，就用that或或which.5.介词加关系代词的情况介词加关系代词的情况When we use a relative pronoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. Placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg.The woman who/whom Spielberg is married to is an actress.The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress.The painting at which I looked was painted by Vincent van Gogh.The girl with whom you talked is a college student.AttributiveClause Prep.+ which/whom1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.The farm _I once worked has taken on a new look.2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配Who is the man _our teacher is shaking hands?3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配的搭配Ours is a beautiful country, _we are greatly proud. onwhichwithwhomofwhichAttributiveClause4).表示表示“所有格所有格”或或“整体中的部分整体中的部分” 时，用介词时，用介词ofThere are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent _ are women.ofwhomC: Fill in the blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom.1.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.2.2.When you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions.3.3. Barcelona is the city _ the 25th Summer Olympic were held.to whomwherewhere1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.Hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhich介词介词+关系代词关系代词 练习练习6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,_standsourteacher.7.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower_peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman_Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.fromwhichtowhomofwhichofwhichunderwhichas 引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.Itwhich/ as AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected定语从句在句首时只能用定语从句在句首时只能用as.This is the same pen as I lost.This is the same pen that I lost.Please compare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。这本书就是我丢的那本。This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthatPlease complete the following sentences and compare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句结果状语从句)Grammar III 被动语态被动语态3.一般将来时的被动语态一般将来时的被动语态2.现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态1.一般过去时的被动语态一般过去时的被动语态was/ were donehas/have been donewill/ be going to +be done4.进行时的被动语态进行时的被动语态be +being doneChoose the right answers:1. The new factory _ in our city last year.A.built B. has built C. is building D. was built2. This kind of machine _ cutting paper.A. uses for B. is using for C. is uses to D. is used for3. We know that this kind of bike _ in Shenzhen.A.is madeB. makes C. is making4. This dress is _ silk.A.make of B. made of C. made in 5. Beijing will _ beautiful flowers when National Day comes.A. cover B. cover with C. be covered D. be covered with6. The river smells terrible. People must _ dirty things into it.A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwingC. stop to throw D. stop from throwing 7. This work _ next Monday.A. may finishB. finish C. finishes D. may be finished8. The key _ for locking the classroom door.A. usesB. is used C. is using D. use MultipleChoice:1.()Ifthework_,youcangoandplaygames.A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished2.()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade_intheclassroom.4.()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish_intotheriver.A.needntbethrownB.mustntbethrownC.cantthrowD.maynotthrow5.()Ilikemybike.It_verywell.A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasriddenDBBA3.()Kate_theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswritingA.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayedC6.()IwontcometothepartyunlessTom_,too.YoumeanifTomcomes,youllcome.8.()Thechildrenmust_.9.()Thewomanstilldoesntknowwhat_inherhometownDDBA.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited7.()EveryonewhoheardMr.Greensstory_it.A.laughedatB.waslaughedC.laughedD.waslaughedatAA.happensB.happenedC.willhappenD.washappenedwhilehewasaway.A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookthesameD.betakengoodcareof10.()Isawyouwereonfootthismorning.Yes.Mybike_.A.ismendingB.isbeingmendedC.ismendedD.isbeingmendingB Fillintheblanksusingrightforms:1.Allthestudents_(ask)tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.2.Aremanyways_(try)tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?3.Whatareonshowinthemuseum?Somephotos_(take)byAmericanchildren.4.Thiscoat_(wash)well.9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace_(偷)lastweek?6.Imoften_(警告）nottocopyothershomework.7.Hecouldntexplainwhydinosaurs_(消失).8.Illhavemybike_(修理)tomorrow.5.Musttheoldpeople_(speak)topolitely?10.ThePRCwas_(成立)onOctober1,1949.wereaskedtriedtakenwashesbespokenwarneddisappearedmendedrepairedstolenfounded