教育技术学专业英语 第一章佳木斯大学教育科学学院佳木斯大学教育科学学院 曲艳红曲艳红Professional English for Educational TechnologyChapter One The Evolution of the Definitions目录目录Section AThe Early DefinitionsSection BThe AECTs Definitions in 1994Section CAssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005Section DThe Future of DefinitionProfessional VocabularyUnit 1 Section AThe Early Definitions1.Read it as quickly as possible (5m)2.Any new words and phrases?Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early DefinitionsThe Early Definition The Early Definition 1 Audiovisual communication . is that branch of 1 Audiovisual communication . is that branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning.design and use of messages which control the learning.Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early DefinitionsThe Early Definition The Early Definition 2 Instructional technology . is a systematic way of 2 Instructional technology . is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction.bring about more effective instruction. 它指出教学技术是一种根据具体目标来设计、实施和评价整个教它指出教学技术是一种根据具体目标来设计、实施和评价整个教学过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习与传播的研究为基础学过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习与传播的研究为基础, , 综合运用综合运用人力与非人力资源人力与非人力资源, , 以达到更有效地教学的目的。以达到更有效地教学的目的。 Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early Definitionscarry outcarry out (1).To put into practice or effect: (1).To put into practice or effect:实行，运作：实行，运作： carry out a new policy. carry out a new policy.实行一项新政策实行一项新政策 (2).To follow or obey: (2).To follow or obey:遵循或遵守：遵循或遵守： carry out instructions. carry out instructions.遵循教诲遵循教诲 (3).To bring to a conclusion; accomplish: (3).To bring to a conclusion; accomplish:得出结论；完成：得出结论；完成： carried out the mission successfully. carried out the mission successfully.成功地完成使命成功地完成使命Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early DefinitionsThe Early Definition The Early Definition 3 3、Educational technology is a field involved in the Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through the systematic facilitation of human learning through the systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of identification, development, organization and utilization of a full range of learning resources and through the a full range of learning resources and through the management of these processes.management of these processes. 教育技术是这样一个领域教育技术是这样一个领域, , 它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、开发、组织和利用以及通过对这些过程的管理开发、组织和利用以及通过对这些过程的管理, , 来促进人类的学习来促进人类的学习. .Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early Definitions FacilitateFacilitate vtvt. .使容易；使便利使容易；使便利 It would facilitate matters if you were more co- It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.operative.要是你再合作些，事情就会变得更容易。要是你再合作些，事情就会变得更容易。 IdentificationIdentification n. n.辨认辨认, , 鉴定鉴定, , 证明证明, , 视为同一视为同一 the identification of high yielding seeds. the identification of high yielding seeds.高产量种子的鉴高产量种子的鉴别别Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early DefinitionsThe Early DefinitionThe Early Definition4 4、Educational technology is a complex, integrated process Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.problems involved in all aspects of human learning. 教育技术是一个复杂的、整合的过程教育技术是一个复杂的、整合的过程, , 这个过程涉及人员、这个过程涉及人员、程序、思想、设备和组织程序、思想、设备和组织, , 其目的在于分析遍及人类学习所有方面的其目的在于分析遍及人类学习所有方面的问题和设计、实施、评价与管理对那些问题的解决方法。问题和设计、实施、评价与管理对那些问题的解决方法。Section A The Early DefinitionsSection A The Early Definitions DeviseDevise vtvt. .设计设计 Devise is the process by which you Devise is the process by which you create something. Usually in the colloquial sense, we talk create something. Usually in the colloquial sense, we talk about device to mean making something very secretive.about device to mean making something very secretive.Colloquial adj. Colloquial adj. 口语的口语的, , 通俗的通俗的Unit 1 Section BThe AECTs Definitions in 19941.Read it (8m)2.Any new words and phrases?Section B The Section B The AECTsAECTs Definitions in 1994 Definitions in 1994Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development , utilization , management and design, development , utilization , management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning ( evaluation of processes and resources for learning ( SeelsSeels and Richey.1994,p.1)and Richey.1994,p.1)Section B The Section B The AECTsAECTs Definitions in 1994 Definitions in 1994Figure 1.2.1Figure 1.2.1The Domains of Instructional Technology (Page 5)The Domains of Instructional Technology (Page 5)Unit 1 Section CAssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 20051.Read it as quickly as possible (10m)2.Any new words and phrases?3.Ask someone to read and translate each paragraph.Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 AECT05 definition AECT05 definition Educational technology is the study and ethical Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating , using , and managing appropriate technological by creating , using , and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. (processes and resources. (MolendaMolenda and Robinson.2004). and Robinson.2004). EthicalEthical 伦理的；道德的；合乎道德的伦理的；道德的；合乎道德的egeg： I oughtnt to do that, its not ethical. I oughtnt to do that, its not ethical.Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 First, it is a general definition, one that should be First, it is a general definition, one that should be understandable to non-specialists, as opposed to a understandable to non-specialists, as opposed to a scientific definition, one that attempts to describe some scientific definition, one that attempts to describe some phenomenon in technically precise terms.phenomenon in technically precise terms. 首先，它是一个一般性定义，是一个能为非专业人士所理解首先，它是一个一般性定义，是一个能为非专业人士所理解的定义，它不同于试图用学术的专门的精确术语来描述一些现象科学的定义，它不同于试图用学术的专门的精确术语来描述一些现象科学定义定义Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 Further, it is primarily a Further, it is primarily a stipulatorystipulatory definitondefiniton , , stipulating or prescribing the elements of the concept and stipulating or prescribing the elements of the concept and its boundaries in ideal terms rather than claiming to be its boundaries in ideal terms rather than claiming to be based on observations of what a particular group of people based on observations of what a particular group of people actually do in practice.actually do in practice.“ “ 不仅如此，它主要是一个规定性定义，是用理想的术语，而不仅如此，它主要是一个规定性定义，是用理想的术语，而不是根据对一特定组群的人在实践中的实际工作的观察，来规定或描不是根据对一特定组群的人在实践中的实际工作的观察，来规定或描述概念的内涵（要素）及其外延。述概念的内涵（要素）及其外延。Stipulate v. Stipulate v. 规定规定, , 保证保证Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 Secondly, like any useful definition, this one Secondly, like any useful definition, this one intends to be clear, precise, and unambiguous, and to draw intends to be clear, precise, and unambiguous, and to draw boundaries indicating what is included, what is excluded, boundaries indicating what is included, what is excluded, what is central, and what is peripheral. what is central, and what is peripheral. 其次，与任何有用的定义一样，这个定义试图是清晰的、准其次，与任何有用的定义一样，这个定义试图是清晰的、准确的、和明确的，试图划出一个界限，说明教育技术包括什么，不包确的、和明确的，试图划出一个界限，说明教育技术包括什么，不包括什么，什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。括什么，什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 Thirdly, one of the major departures from the past Thirdly, one of the major departures from the past AECT definitional efforts is to refer explicitly to core AECT definitional efforts is to refer explicitly to core values implied in educational technology. While technology values implied in educational technology. While technology might be viewed by some as a value neutral force, its might be viewed by some as a value neutral force, its application to educational purposes entails concerns, both application to educational purposes entails concerns, both for the learners and educational system. for the learners and educational system. 第三，与过去第三，与过去AECTAECT定义的努力一个主要不同就是，清楚地指定义的努力一个主要不同就是，清楚地指出隐含在教育技术中的核心价值。当技术被认为是一个价值中性的力出隐含在教育技术中的核心价值。当技术被认为是一个价值中性的力量时，它被运用于教育目的必须同时考虑学习者和教育系统。量时，它被运用于教育目的必须同时考虑学习者和教育系统。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005That is, there is no point in approaching education That is, there is no point in approaching education “technologically” unless one is attempting to improve the “technologically” unless one is attempting to improve the quality of the learners experience and to do it in a way quality of the learners experience and to do it in a way that also makes sense for the organization.that also makes sense for the organization.也就是说，除非人们试图提高学习效果，同时以一种也对机构有意义也就是说，除非人们试图提高学习效果，同时以一种也对机构有意义的方式运用技术，不然在教育中使用技术就没有多大意义。的方式运用技术，不然在教育中使用技术就没有多大意义。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 Fourthly, the definition is meant to be connected Fourthly, the definition is meant to be connected with with AECTsAECTs most recent prior definition: ”Instructional most recent prior definition: ”Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning”. processes and resources for learning”. 第四，这个定义旨在与第四，这个定义旨在与AECTAECT最近的那个定义相联系，那个定最近的那个定义相联系，那个定义是，义是，“教学技术是指为了促进学习，对有关的过程和资源进行设计、教学技术是指为了促进学习，对有关的过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践”（SeelsSeels and and Richey,1994Richey,1994）。）。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005It incorporates all the major elements of that definition, It incorporates all the major elements of that definition, albeit with somewhat different vocabulary, different albeit with somewhat different vocabulary, different emphases, and some additional elements. The current emphases, and some additional elements. The current definition is viewed as an improvement and updating of the definition is viewed as an improvement and updating of the 1994 definition, not a fundamental 1994 definition, not a fundamental reconceptualizationreconceptualization. It . It intends to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. intends to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 虽然使用了多少有些不同的词汇，关注的重点也不同，还添加了一些虽然使用了多少有些不同的词汇，关注的重点也不同，还添加了一些要素，但这个新定义结合了原来定义的所有主要要素。当前的定义被要素，但这个新定义结合了原来定义的所有主要要素。当前的定义被视为是视为是19941994定义的一个改进和更新，而不是根本性地重新定义。这是定义的一个改进和更新，而不是根本性地重新定义。这是改进而不是革命。改进而不是革命。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005 Fifthly, the new definition is sensitive to the Fifthly, the new definition is sensitive to the standards for the accreditation of university programs standards for the accreditation of university programs preparing teachers and specialists in the educational preparing teachers and specialists in the educational technology field. The ECIT standards approved in 2000 technology field. The ECIT standards approved in 2000 require that such programs be grounded in the knowledge base require that such programs be grounded in the knowledge base of the field. of the field. 第五，这个新定义对为教育技术学领域培养教师和专家的大第五，这个新定义对为教育技术学领域培养教师和专家的大学计划的认证标准是敏感的。在学计划的认证标准是敏感的。在20002000年通过的年通过的 教育传播和教学技术教育传播和教学技术（ECITECIT）标准）标准 要求此类计划必须扎根于这个领域的知识基础中。要求此类计划必须扎根于这个领域的知识基础中。Section C Assumptions behind the Section C Assumptions behind the AECTsAECTs Definition in 2005Definition in 2005The knowledge base is considered to be categorized into the The knowledge base is considered to be categorized into the “domains” of design, development, utilization, management “domains” of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation. These “domains” are taken from the 1994 and evaluation. These “domains” are taken from the 1994 AECT definition, so it is reasonable to expect that future AECT definition, so it is reasonable to expect that future standards may be affected by this new definition. Hence, standards may be affected by this new definition. Hence, maintaining some parallelism between the old definition and maintaining some parallelism between the old definition and the new one was deemed to be helpful to future standards the new one was deemed to be helpful to future standards writers writers 知识基础被分成了设计、开发、利用、管理和评价等范畴。这些范畴知识基础被分成了设计、开发、利用、管理和评价等范畴。这些范畴取自取自AECT1994AECT1994定义，所以，理所当然地，我们期待这个定义能够影响定义，所以，理所当然地，我们期待这个定义能够影响未来的标准。因此，保持新、旧定义之间的某种平行将会对未来的标未来的标准。因此，保持新、旧定义之间的某种平行将会对未来的标准制定有所帮助。准制定有所帮助。Unit 1 Section CHow many assumptions was disscused ?1.It is a general definition.2.It intended to be a clear one.3.Explain the core values4.Connected with the definition in 19945.Be sensitive to standardsProfessional VocabularyArtificial intelligenceAudiovisual communicationElectronic Performance Support System(EPSS)Instructional technologyIntelligent agentMedia-orientedProfessional VocabularyPerformance technologyProcess-orientedSituated cognitionSystematicUtilizationVirtual realityProfessional VocabularyPerformance technologyProcess-orientedSituated cognitionSystematicUtilizationVirtual realityNew WordsPedagogical adj. Pedagogical adj. 教育学的教育学的, , 教学法的教学法的Cognitive adj. Cognitive adj. 认知的认知的, , 认识的认识的, , 有感知的有感知的Demonstrate Demonstrate vtvt. . 示范示范, , 证明证明, , 论证论证Physical therapist n. Physical therapist n. 物理治疗家物理治疗家Paradigm n. Paradigm n. 范例范例Encompass v. Encompass v. 包围，环绕包围，环绕中文补充内容中文补充内容美国教育技术定义的演变及特点美国教育技术定义的演变及特点AECT1963AECT1963年定义年定义“视听传播是教育理论与实践的一个分支，它主要研究对控制学习过视听传播是教育理论与实践的一个分支，它主要研究对控制学习过程的信息进行设计和使用。程的信息进行设计和使用。”视听传播是教育理论和实践的一个分支视听传播是教育理论和实践的一个分支 视听传播以控制学习过程的信息为主要研究对象视听传播以控制学习过程的信息为主要研究对象 视听传播以对控制学习过程的信息进行设计和使用为主要研究内容视听传播以对控制学习过程的信息进行设计和使用为主要研究内容 有明确的目标有明确的目标 中文补充内容中文补充内容教学技术委员会教学技术委员会19701970年定义年定义“教学技术教学技术是一种根据特定目标来设计、实施与评价整个教与学是一种根据特定目标来设计、实施与评价整个教与学的过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础，综合运用的过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础，综合运用人力、物力资源，以达到更有效的教学目的。人力、物力资源，以达到更有效的教学目的。”教学技术有明确的目的教学技术有明确的目的 教学技术以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础教学技术以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础 教学技术以整个教与学的过程为研究对象教学技术以整个教与学的过程为研究对象 教学技术以对教与学的过程的设计、实施和评价为研究内容教学技术以对教与学的过程的设计、实施和评价为研究内容 教学技术是为达到更有效的教学目的教学技术是为达到更有效的教学目的 中文补充内容中文补充内容西尔伯（西尔伯（SilberSilber）在）在19701970年的定义年的定义“教学技术是用系统的方式对教学系统组成部分（包括讯息、人员、教学技术是用系统的方式对教学系统组成部分（包括讯息、人员、材料、设备、技术和环境）的开发材料、设备、技术和环境）的开发( (包括研究、设计、制作、支持包括研究、设计、制作、支持- -供供给和利用给和利用) )以及对开发的管理（包括组织和人员）。其目的是解决教以及对开发的管理（包括组织和人员）。其目的是解决教育的问题。育的问题。教学技术的研究对象是教学系统组成部分教学技术的研究对象是教学系统组成部分 教学技术的研究内容是对教学组成部分的开发和对开发的管理教学技术的研究内容是对教学组成部分的开发和对开发的管理 教学技术有明确的目的教学技术有明确的目的 中文补充内容中文补充内容麦肯齐（麦肯齐（Mac Mac KenzieKenzie）和厄劳特（）和厄劳特（ErautEraut）在）在19711971年的定义年的定义“教育技术是对达到教育目标的手段的系统化研究。教育技术是对达到教育目标的手段的系统化研究。”教育技术以教育手段为研究对象教育技术以教育手段为研究对象 教育技术以对达到教育目标的手段的研究为研究内容教育技术以对达到教育目标的手段的研究为研究内容 教育技术有明确的目标教育技术有明确的目标 中文补充内容中文补充内容AECT1972AECT1972年定义年定义“教育技术是这样一个领域，它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、教育技术是这样一个领域，它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、开发、组织和利用以及通过对这些过程的管理，来利于人类的学习。开发、组织和利用以及通过对这些过程的管理，来利于人类的学习。”教育技术以学习资源为研究对象教育技术以学习资源为研究对象 教育技术以对学习资源的鉴别、开发、组织和利用、管理为主要研究教育技术以对学习资源的鉴别、开发、组织和利用、管理为主要研究内容内容 教育技术以促进学习为目的教育技术以促进学习为目的中文补充内容中文补充内容AECT1977AECT1977年定义年定义“教育技术是一个分析问题，并对解决问题的方法设计、实施、评价教育技术是一个分析问题，并对解决问题的方法设计、实施、评价和管理的综合的、有机的过程，它涉及人员、程序、思想、设备和组和管理的综合的、有机的过程，它涉及人员、程序、思想、设备和组织等各方面，与人类的学习所有方面都有关系。织等各方面，与人类的学习所有方面都有关系。”教育技术以人类学习为研究对象教育技术以人类学习为研究对象 教育技术以对问题的分析及对解决问题的方法的设计、实施、评价和教育技术以对问题的分析及对解决问题的方法的设计、实施、评价和管理为研究内容管理为研究内容 中文补充内容中文补充内容AECT1994AECT1994年定义年定义“教育技术是关于学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、管理和教育技术是关于学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、管理和评价的理论和实践。评价的理论和实践。”教育技术的研究对象是学习过程和学习资源教育技术的研究对象是学习过程和学习资源 教育技术的研究内容是对学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、教育技术的研究内容是对学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、管理和评价管理和评价 教育技术是一种理论和实践教育技术是一种理论和实践 中文补充内容中文补充内容从教育技术的研究对象来看，教育技术从小到大，再缩至教育手段，从教育技术的研究对象来看，教育技术从小到大，再缩至教育手段，19721972年定义只强调学习资源，年定义只强调学习资源，19771977年定义的范围太大，年定义的范围太大，19941994年定义在年定义在19721972年定义的基础上加上了学习过程，可见，教育技术的研究对象与年定义的基础上加上了学习过程，可见，教育技术的研究对象与学习有关；从研究内容上看，学习有关；从研究内容上看，9494定义是对以往定义的概括、综合，包定义是对以往定义的概括、综合，包括设计、开发、应用、管理和评价五个方面。除了括设计、开发、应用、管理和评价五个方面。除了19631963年定义外，大年定义外，大多数定义只强调了教育技术是一个实践活动，而忽略其作为理论活动多数定义只强调了教育技术是一个实践活动，而忽略其作为理论活动的重要性。教育技术的目的也有所集中，直接指向学习效果的优化。的重要性。教育技术的目的也有所集中，直接指向学习效果的优化。这些定义有一个共同点，就是都采用了系统的方法。这些定义有一个共同点，就是都采用了系统的方法。