寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多 LECTURESONSTYLISTICSLectureOneIntroduction寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Course PlanLecture1:IntroductionLecture2:HistoryanddevelopmentLecture3:PhonologicallevelLecture4:LexicallevelLecture5:SyntacticlevelLecture6:SemanticlevelLecture7:TextuallevelLecture8:Graphologicallevel寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Course PlanLecture9:ThreeviewsonstyleLecture10:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(newsreport)Lecture11:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(advertisement)Lecture12:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(publicspeech)Lecture13:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(internet)Lecture14:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(novel)Lecture15:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(poem)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Course grades:Attendanceandclassperformance:50%Finalpaper:50%Teaching mode:Lecture+presentation+discussion寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Reference books:Crystal,D.,andD.Davy,Investigating English Style,Longman,1969.GeoffreyN.Leech,MichaelH.Short,Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose,Longman,1981.LauraWright,JonathanHope,Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook,Routledge,1996.Thornborrow,J.,andS.Wareing,Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature,Routledge,2000.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多侯维瑞，侯维瑞， 文学文体学文学文体学，上海：上海外语教育出版社，上海：上海外语教育出版社，20082008。胡壮麟，理论文体学， 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。胡壮麟、刘世生，西方文体学辞典， 北京：清华大学出版社，2004。刘世生，西方文体学论纲， 济南：山东教育出版社，1998。刘世生、朱瑞青，文体学概论， 北京：北京大学出版社，2006。秦秀白，实用文体学教程， 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1986。秦秀白，英语语体和问题要略， 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001。寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多张德禄,功能文体学, 济南:山东教育出版社,1998。徐有志，英语文体学教程， 北京：高等教育出版社，2005。王守元、郭鸿、苗兴伟，文体学研究在中国的进展, 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004。王佐良、丁望道，英语文体学引论， 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987。钱瑗，实用英语文体学， 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006。申丹，申丹，西方文体学的新发展西方文体学的新发展 上海上海: 上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社, 2008。学习网址：学习网址：Language and Style 课件课件 by Shorthttp:/www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/stylistics/star.htm寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Lecture 1: Introduction1.Definitionofstylistics2.Definitionofstyle3.TypesofStylistics4.PurposesofStylistics寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多IntroductionQuestions1.Howdoyoudefinestylistics?2.Whatfactorscontributetotheshapingofstylistics?3.Whatarethepurposesorgoalsofstylistics?寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多 What is stylistics? 寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of stylistics1.Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndEd.,1988)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of stylistics2.QianYuansdefinition(2006:1):Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.3.XuYouzhisdefinition(2005:2):Stylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of stylistics4.Leechsdefinition(1969:1,2):thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature,ameeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy5.Widdowson(1975:3):Bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of stylistics6.Walesdefinition: The study of style;justasstylecanbeviewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多What is your definition of style?寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of styleByitsdefinitionindictionaries,thewordstylehasthreeaspectsofmeaning:1.Themanner of expressioninwritingorspeaking,whichchangesatalltimeaccordingtotheactualsituationalelements,e.g.,theparticipant,time,place,topic,etc.ofthecommunicativeevent,fromveryformaltoveryinformal寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style2.Theregister语域,whichreferstothespecialvarietyoflanguageusedbyaparticularsocialgroupthatmayhaveacommonprofession,e.g.,doctors,lawyers,teachers,orthesameinterests,e.g.,footballfans,etc寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style3.Thesetoflinguistic featuresthatseemtobecharacteristicofatext,e.g.,thestyleofJaneAustensPride and Prejudice,orofanauthor,e.g.,Miltonicstyle寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of styleTherearediversemeaningsoftheword“style”:1.Lucas (1974): Theoriginofthewordis“stylus”,aLatinwordfor“pen”.Thewordextendeditsmeaningto“awayofwriting”,thenbecamefurtherrefinedtomean“agoodwayofwriting”.Stylecanmean“adeliberatelycultivated,individual,peculiarstyleofonesown”.Eg:HemingwaysstylethestyleofHenryJames寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style2. French author de Buffon:Styleisthemanhimself.3. Jonathan Swift(the18thc)definedstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces”.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style4. Wales (1989):styleisa“wayyouhaveofdoingthings”.Initsgeneral sense:styleis“variationinlanguageuse”;whileinits narrow definition,styleis“thesetorsumoflinguisticsfeaturesthatseemtobecharacteristic,whetherofregister语域,genreorperiod”.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style5.5. Four senses of style by D. Crystal and D. DavyFour senses of style by D. Crystal and D. Davy: :1)someorallthelanguagehabitsofaperson,his1)someorallthelanguagehabitsofaperson,hisselectionoflanguagehabits.selectionoflanguagehabits.e.g.Shakespearesstyle;e.g.Shakespearesstyle;2)someorallthelanguagehabitssharedbyagroupof2)someorallthelanguagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatonetime,oroveraperiodoftime.peopleatonetime,oroveraperiodoftime.e.g.thestyleofOldEnglishheroicpoetrye.g.thestyleofOldEnglishheroicpoetry3)theeffectivenessofamodeofexpression(amore3)theeffectivenessofamodeofexpression(amorerestrictedmeaninginevaluativesense).restrictedmeaninginevaluativesense).“sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.”“sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.”eeg:Hiswritinglacksstyle.g:Hiswritinglacksstyle.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style4)initsevaluativeanddescriptivesense,ithasbeenassociatedwithliteratureasacharacteristicofgood,effectiveorbeautifulwriting.6. Leechs definition:Inabroadsense,stylecanbeappliedtobothspokenandwritten,bothliteraryandnon-literaryvarietiesoflanguage.Inatraditionalsense,styleisparticularlyassociatedwithwrittenliterarytexts.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style7.LiuShishengscollection(1998:9-10):.LiuShishengscollection(1998:9-10):1)Styleasrhetoric(Gorgias)1)Styleasrhetoric(Gorgias)2)Styleasform(Aristotle)2)Styleasform(Aristotle)3)Styleaseloquence(Cicero)3)Styleaseloquence(Cicero)4)Styleasproperwordsinproperplaces(Swift)4)Styleasproperwordsinproperplaces(Swift)5)Styleistheman.(Buffon)5)Styleistheman.(Buffon)6)Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy6)Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy气质，习性，癖好(Murry)(Murry)7)Styleastechniqueofexposition(Murry)7)Styleastechniqueofexposition(Murry)8)Styleasthehighestachievementofliterature(Murry)8)Styleasthehighestachievementofliterature(Murry)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多9)Styleissayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)10)Styleasashellsurroundingapreexistingcoreofthoughtorexpression(Enkvist)11)Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpression(Enkvist)12)Styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics(Enkvist)13)Styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentences(Enkvist)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Definition of style14)Styleasequivalence(Jakobson)15)Styleasfunction(ThePragueSchool)16)Styleasforegrounding(Mukarovsky)17)Styleasdeviation(Spitzer)18)Styleastransformation(Ohmann)19)Styleasmeaningpotential(Halliday)20)Styleasexpressiveness(Ullman)21)Styleasprominence(Halliday)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多22)Styleasformalover-determination多元决定(Riffaterre)23)Styleasdepth(Darbysgire)24)Styleasthelinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought(Murry)25)Styleasthevarietyoflanguagerestrictedbythecontext(Enkvist)26)Styleasachoiceamongthenon-distinctivefeaturesoflanguage(Bloomfield)27)Styleisasuperfluous多余的termthathasnodifferencefromformorexpression(Croce)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多28)Styleisnottheheritageofexpression,butthatofaquotingprocess,asetofpatterns,amemory,aculture(Barthes)29)Styleinonesenseissynonymouswithlanguage(Wales)30)Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(Wales)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Discussion:Whyaretheresomanydifferentwaystodefinestyle?Whatdoesthisshow?Generationsofstylistshavegivendifferentdefinitionswhichenrichedtheconceptsomuchthattheissueofstylebecomesmoreandmorecomplex.Noonedefinitionisgenerallyacknowledged,whichshowsthedifficultyingivinganexactdefinitionofit.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Whatmakesitdifficulttodefinestyle?1.Therehavebeenmanyviewsofstyle,whichisbasedonmanygeneralviewsoflanguage.2.Scholarshavemanydifferentpurposesintheirstylisticpractices,theirviewsofstylefocusondifferentaspectoflanguage,reflectthestagesofmansinterestinlanguageandthedevelopmentoflinguistics.CommentonthemTrytoclassifythemintodifferentgroups.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多LuiShisheng(2006)Definitionsof4,6,9,10,11and12arebasedontraditionallinguistictheoryDefinitionsof14,15,16,17,18and19arebasedonstructurallinguistictheoryDefinitionsof12and20arebasedonsystemicfunctionallinguistictheories寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多秦秀白（2002）classifieddefinitionsofstyleinto7categories:1.表达方式说Styleissayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)2.外衣说Styleisthedressofthought(Philip)Styleasashellsurroundingapreexistingcoreofthoughtorexpression(Enkvist)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多3.行为方式说Styleistheman.(Buffon)4.选择说Styleasachoiceamongthenon-distinctivefeaturesoflanguage(Bloomfield)Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(Wales)5.社会情景制约说Styleasthevarietyoflanguagerestrictedbythecontext(Enkvist)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多6.语言成分排列说Styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentences(Enkvist)7.偏离说Styleasdeviation(Spitzer)Styleasforegrounding(Mukarovsky)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Types of StylisticsTwokindsofStylistics:General Stylistics 普通文体学普通文体学Literary Stylistics 文学文体学文学文体学General Stylistics:astudyofvariousstyles,includingliterarystyle;astudyofdifferentvarietiesofEnglish;ageneralsurveyofEnglishvarieties,orageneralsurveyoftheEnglishlanguage.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Types of StylisticsLiterary Stylistics isa linguistic approach to the study of literary texts.(Short,1989)TheThreekeyconceptsare:1.touselinguisticstostudyliterarytexts,2.todiscussthetextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthansubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues,3.toemphasizeontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Thelinguisticapproachtoliteratureisanapplicationoflinguistictheoryandmethodologytoliterarytexts.Itestablishedanintimaterelationshipbetweenlanguagestudyandliteraryappreciation.Purelinguisticsaimstomakefineanalysisofthelinguisticformofatext,oftenneglectingitsaestheticeffectorartisticvalue.Traditionalliterarycriticismconcernsitselfwithsocial,moralorpoliticalevaluationsofaliterarywork,oftenneglectingitslinguisticform.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Thelinguisticapproachtoliteratureisthemeetinggroundoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Itispartofappliedlinguisticsandatypeofpracticalcriticism.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多ItsgeneralprocesssuggestedbyLeech(1981)ItsgeneralprocesssuggestedbyLeech(1981)： Literary AppreciationLiterary Appreciation Seeking aesthetic -A B- Seeking linguisticSeeking aesthetic -A B- Seeking linguistic function function evidence evidence Linguistic description Linguistic description A processA processisusedtofindoutwhateffectalinguisticisusedtofindoutwhateffectalinguisticpatternistoproduce.patternistoproduce.B processB processisusedtodiscoverthroughwhatlinguisticisusedtodiscoverthroughwhatlinguisticmeanstheauthorhasachievedcertaineffect.meanstheauthorhasachievedcertaineffect. 寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Thetextisalwaysthefocusandthekeytosuccessisaclosestudyoflexical,syntactic,rhetoricalandstylistictraits.Thisapproachusesthetheoryandmethodologyoflinguistics,grammar,rhetoric,stylistics,literarycriticismandotherareas.Itisnotapanacea(灵丹妙药)whichcanoffercompleteexplanationoftext,butratherausefultoolwhichcanprovidesomeofthethingsthatthecriticlooksfortoconfirmhisjudgments.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of StylisticsCrystal and Davy:Crystal and Davy:1. to analyze language habits with the main 1. to analyze language habits with the main purpose of identifying those features that are purpose of identifying those features that are restricted to certain kinds of social context;restricted to certain kinds of social context;2. to explain why such features have been used, 2. to explain why such features have been used, as opposed to others;as opposed to others;3. to clarify these features into categories, 3. to clarify these features into categories, based on a view of their function in the social based on a view of their function in the social content.content.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of StylisticsLeech:Thegoalofliterarystylisticsistoexplaintherelationbetweenlanguageandartisticfunction,ie.torelatethecriticsconcernofaestheticappreciation(Howissuch-and-suchanaestheticeffectachievedthroughlanguage?),withlinguistsconcernoflinguisticdescription(Whydoestheauthorherechoosetoexpresshimselfinthisparticularway?).寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of StylisticsTwopossiblegoalsofstylisticinquiry:(Halliday,1983)1.toshowwhyandhowthetextmeanswhatitdoes.2.toshowwhythetextisvaluedasitis.Astylisticanalysisinvolves3procedures:1.description2.interpretation3.evaluation寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of StylisticsWalesThegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheirfunctionalsignificancefortheinterpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliteraryeffectstoliterarycauseswherethesesarefeltorberelevant.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of StylisticsStylisticianswanttoavoidvagueandimpressionisticjudgmentsaboutthewaythatformalfeaturesaremanipulated.Asaresult,stylisticsdrawsonthemodelsandterminologyprovidedbywhateveraspectsoflinguisticsarefelttoberelevant.(1989:ADictionaryofStylistics)寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of stylisticsFourpurposesbyLiuShisheng(1998)1.Toaccountforthegeneralfeaturesoflanguage2.Tobeusedtodoaestheticstudies.3.Toprovideabasefortheapplicationoflinguistictheories4.Toservethepurposeofteachingandlearningforeignlanguages寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Purposes of studying stylisticsDiscussionWhatisyourpurposeofstudyingstylistics?1.todevelopanawarenessofthevarietiesofEnglishlanguage2.tolearndifferentfunctionsoflinguisticfeatures;3.tolearnhowtouseproperlanguageindifferentsituations.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多eg:干杯onagrandoccasion:Nowallowmetoproposeatoastto.onacommonoccasion:Herestothehealthofourfriends!onacasualoccasion:Cheers!Bottomsup!寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Three benefits of studying stylistics1.inteachingandlearningEnglishforgeneralpurposes,2.inteachingandlearningEnglishforspecificpurposes,3.inteachingandlearningtranslation.寒假来临，不少的高中毕业生和大学在校生都选择去打工。准备过一个充实而有意义的寒假。但是，目前社会上寒假招工的陷阱很多Reading:刘世生，西方文体学论纲chapter1王守元,英语文体学要略chapter1钱瑗，实用英语文体学chapter1