The Tapestry of FriendshipUnit 51Warming-upnDoyoukeepintouchwithyourchildhoodfriends?How?nWhatdoyouneedfriendsfor?2Whats friendship?Always treating people the way you would want them to treat you.Always smile and say hello when greeting other people.Doing something good for someone when no one is looking.Always lift up your friends spirits with positive words and actions.Always being courteous, pleasant, and never misbehave.Always respect others differences: gender, abilities, culture, race, and ethnicityAlways speak and act genuinely.You should assist others when they are in need.Do not be a follower. Do not sacrifice character.Always show consideration for others.Then, you will have F.R.I.E.N.D.S.H.I.P.nF:FriendlynR:RespectnI:IntegritynE:EncouragingnN:NicenD:DiversitynS:SinceritynH:HelpfulnI:IndividualnP:Politeness3Whatcanfriendshipsgive?nForfunnTosharefeelingsnTofindunderstandingandsupportnTofeelneededandusefulnTobeyourself4WhatMakesAGoodFriendship?nSharedInterestsnSharedValuesnTrustnHonestynRespectnCooperationnReliabilitynSupportnUnderstandingnSensitivitynForgivenessnTolerance5nLifeislikeanecho.nWhatyougiveiswhatyouwillget.nWhatyousendiswhatyouwillreceive.6ThekindsoffriendshipsnSameGendernMale-female7Friendship between WomennAwomandidntcomehomeonenight.Thenextdayshetoldherhusbandthatshehadsleptoveratagirlfriendshouse.Thenmancalledhiswifes10bestfriends.Noneofthemknewanythingaboutit.8Friendship between MennAmandidntcomehomeonenight.Thenextdayhetoldhiswifethathesleptoveratabuddyshouse.Thewomancalledherhusbands10bestfriends.Eightofthemconfirmedthathehadsleptover,andtwoclaimedhewasstillthere!9About the authornEllenGoodmannSheisanAmericanoriginal.Herabundanttalents-intellect,wit,style,newsjudgment-setherapartwithanlanuniquelyherown.HerPulitzerPrizewinningcommentaryappearsinmorethan375newspapers.10nEllenGoodman,isaBostonGlobeOnlinecolumnistandastylishwriterwithahumanizingtouchonanyissue,publicorpersonal.Sheiswidelyacclaimedasavoiceofsanity,andreadersdependonhertohelpthemmakesenseoftheirchanginglivesandrelationships.About the author11About the textnThistextistakenfromClose to Home,whichwaspublishedbyTheBostonGlobeCompany/WashingtonPostWritersGroupin1979.12TapestrynAheavyclothwovenwithrich,oftenvaricoloreddesignsorscenes,usuallyhungonwallsfordecorationandsometimesusedtocoverfurniture.13Tapestryntapestrycarpet用染色经线织成图案的地毯ntapestrysatin织锦缎nSomethingfelttoresemblearichlyandcomplexlydesignedcloth:thetapestryofworldhistory.e.g.Suchstrangeeventsareallpartoflifesrichtapestry.这些怪事都是丰富多彩的人生的一部分。14The purpose of the textnP69Ex.InThistextdistinguishestwokindsoffriendship:thatbetweenmenandthatbetweenwomen.15Structural analysisnItcanbedividedintofourparts.16Part I paragraph 1-2nWhatkindoffilmdidthewomanjustsee?Whatdidshethinkofit?17Girlfriendsn nItisabelievablerelationshipItisabelievablerelationshipstoryofayoungJewishstoryofayoungJewishwomanwhoistryingtomakeitwomanwhoistryingtomakeitonherown,copingwithwork,onherown,copingwithwork,romanceandfriendshipattheromanceandfriendshipatthesametimeandhastoacceptsametimeandhastoacceptthemarriageofherbestfriendthemarriageofherbestfriendandroommate.Itseemedandroommate.Itseemedalmostrevolutionaryin1978almostrevolutionaryin1978whenitwasfirstreleased.Itiswhenitwasfirstreleased.Itisasmallmoviethatmadeabigasmallmoviethatmadeabigsplashwithitsfocusonsplashwithitsfocusonwomensinteriorlives.womensinteriorlives.18 slighta. ofsmallimportanceoronsideration;trifling:slightmatters.微不足道小事nnotintheslightest:notatall19slight1)她动不动就生气。nShetakesoffenceattheslightestthing.2)你一点也没使我为难。nYoudidntembarrassmeintheslightest.20budgetn.theamountofmoneyneededoravailableforaparticularpurpose.nafamilybudget家庭收支预算nbudgetplan分期付款vt.planthespendingofnbudgetonestimebi.savemoney(foraparticularpurpose)nbudgetforthecomingyearadj.cheapabudgetdress21budgetn我们精打细算就能买辆新汽车了nIfwebudgetcarefully,wellbeabletoaffordanewcar.22chasen.Utheactofpursuingsomeoneorsomething.nAfteralongchase,wecaughtthethief.23cosmic1)relatingtotheuniversenPhysicsisgovernedbycosmiclaws.ncosmicbeing2)verygreatncosmicinfluencencosmicscandal24affectingadj.inspiringstrongemotion:moving.nDepartureisanaffectingscene.1)他去世的消息使她深感悲痛。nShewasdeeplyaffectedbythenewsofhisdeath.2)这是一部关于一个病入膏肓的女人的感人戏剧。nItwasanaffectingdramaaboutawomanwithaterminalillness.25affect vt. to make someone feel strong emotions passiveWe were all deeply affected We were all deeply affected by the news of her death.by the news of her death. to influence; to do something in order to produce an effect on someone or somethingeffecteffect n.n. The change in climate may affect your The change in climate may affect your health, ie be bad for you. health, ie be bad for you. 26panvt/i.swing(avideoorfilmcamera)tofollowanobjecttohaveanall-roundviewofit摇动（镜头）拍全景.nThecamerapannedslowlyacrosstothedoor.27Comparepan&zoomin/outnpan:move(afilmcamera)fromsidetoside,upanddown,etc.,followinganactionwhichisbeingrecordedonfilmortelevisionnzoomin/out:causetheobjectbeingphotographedtoappearnearer/further28n.E.g.Olderdriversaremorelikelytobeseriouslyinjuredbecauseofthefragilityoftheirbones.nfragileadj.easilydamagedorbrokenfragility29resiliency (resilience)n.theabilitytorecoverreadilynRubberhasmoreresiliencythanwood.nresilientadj.n这个橡皮球弹性很大，很快就恢复原来的形状了。nThisrubberballisveryresilientandimmediatelyspringsbackintoshape.30tissuen.1)network,webnHisstoryisatissueoflies.他的话是一派谎言.2)massofcellsformingthebodyofananimaloraplantnmusculartissue3)thin,softpaperforwrappingthings,protectingdelicatearticles,etc.31Paraphrase: 1. Slowly, it panned across the tapestry of friendshipshowing its fragility, its resiliency, its role as the connecting tissue between the lives of two young women. (Para. 2, lines1-3)Step by step it showed an all-sided view of the complex structure of friendship: How it was easily broken; how it was recovered; and how it connected the lives of the two young women. 32Part II paragraph 3-61.Whydoestheauthorlistthemoviesthewomanhadseenthatyear?nTodescribethewomansobservationoftheshiftoffocusofthecinema2.Whatdoestheauthordiscusstheshiftoffocusfor?nSoastoadvancetheargumentforthedistinctionbetweenthetwotypesoffriendship:thatbetweenmenandthatbetweenwomen.33drasticadj.nadrasticremedy烈性的药物ntakedrasticmeasures采取果断措施激烈手段nadrasticdebate激烈的辩论nmakedrasticchange做彻底的改变34buddyn.CaclosefriendnSynonym:chum,pal35flickn.1)acinemafilm2)quicklightblow,withawhiporthetipofafingernByaflickofhiswhip,hedrovetheflyfromthehorseshead.3)quicksharpmovementnHehittheballwithjustaflickofthewrist.v.36nHairnflicking37Trendyntrendy clothes.nThetrendyrockgroupisonlyaflashinthepan. n这个新潮摇滚乐队只是昙花一现。nmiddle-agedtrendiesn赶时髦的中年人38casualtrendyformal39bingen.Ifyougoonabinge,youdotoomuchofsomething,suchasdrinkingalcohol,eating,orspendingmoney.狂饮作乐1）a short period when you do too much of something, especially drinking alcoholnaweek-endbinge周末狂饮40binge2）excessive indulgence in anythingnashoppingbinge抢购nagamblingbinge赌徒naneatingbinge暴食nTheywentonabingelastnight.n他们昨夜出去狂饮作乐。41Paraphrase: This wasnt just another binge of trendiness, but a kind of cinema vrit. (para. 4, line 1)The shift of focus from Male Buddy movies to the Female Friendship flicks was not just a crazy trend catering to the new fashion; instead it reflected the reality of social changes and developments. This wasnt simply a shift from one fashion to another, but a truthful description of friendship. 这不是潮流的变迁，而是对友谊的真实刻画。42Across millions of miles of celluloid, the ideal of friendship had always been male (Para. 5, lines 1-2)In numerous movies, the ideal friendship had always been between men.Paraphrase: Metonymy: 借代，换喻，转喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated43Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid神枪手与智多星轻喜剧风格的西部片。两位主人公都是反英雄类的典型，是令人愉快的个人主义者。特别是保罗纽曼，自命不凡，永远乐观，从没杀过人，整天幻想着全世界的银行都已时机成熟待他轻取，实实的一个空想家。他与搭档神枪手罗伯特雷福德爱着同一个女人，他们最擅长的就是在打抢或逃亡时还一路诙谐打趣，这与传统西部片里的歹徒绝对两样。影片温情而饶有趣味，因纽曼和雷福德的表演而大放光芒。两位男星英俊迷人无疑是主要吸引力，但他们确实也得益于编剧威廉高曼的机智诙谐和导演的超一流水准。该片最终获得奥斯卡最佳剧本、最佳摄影、最佳音响、最佳音乐项大奖。人们把它推为首席非主流西部片44Cullv.choosefromvarioussourcesninformationculledfromvariousreferencebooksnextractsculledfromthebestauthors？n佳作选段45anthropologyn.Thescientificstudyoftheorigin,thebehavior,andthephysical,social,andculturaldevelopmentofhumanbeings.46bondv.toformaclosepersonalrelationship.nMostofthetime,smileisamessagewesendtootherpeople-communicatingjoyfuldisposition,awillingnesstobondandsoon.47There had been something almost atavistic about these visions of attachments as if producers culled their plots from some pop anthropology book on male bonding. (Para. 5, lines 3-5)These stories on mens friendship were almost like being inherited from our grandfathers. It seemed that the producers of these movies had selected their stories from some popular anthropology books on friendship between men.Paraphrase: 48primal1)firstororiginal;primevalnthelossoftheirprimalinnocence2)fundamental;essentialMoneywasaprimalnecessitytothem.n对于他们,钱是主要的需要。nSynonym:primary,chief,main49Movies portrayed the idea that only men, those direct descendants of hunters and Hemingways, inherited a primal capacity for friendship. (Para. 5, lines 5-6)Movies gave us an impression that only men, the posterity of hunters and Hemingway, had the instinctive ability of making friends.只有男人那些猎手和海明威式人物的后代才继承了结交朋友的天性。Paraphrase: 50Ernest HemingwaynoneofthemostfamousAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury.(novelsandshortstories)nBut man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed but not defeated.51pick on sb.choosesb(esprepeatedly)forpunishment,criticismorblamenShetoldMomtheboyswerealwayspickingonher.nSynonym:tease,bully52That duality must have been mortally wounded in some shoot-out at the Youre OK, Im OK Corral. (Para. 6, lines 1-2)The two sides must have been mortally wounded in the gunfire in the movie. Paraphrase: 53Part III paragraph 7-181.Whatsthefundamentaldifferencebetweenbuddiesandfriends?nTheformeris-orientedwhilethelatteris-oriented.actionemotion54Part III paragraph 7-182.Whataretheconditionsofmenbecomingbuddiesandofwomenbecomingfriends?nTheMaleBuddinessisbasedontheneedforco-operationintheactivitiesthatmenareengagedinorintheadversitytheyareconfrontedwith.nIncontrast,theFemaleFriendshipbordersonlove,theneedformutualemotionalsupport.55border on1.benexttosthnThetwovillagesborderoneachother.2.bealmostthesameassth:nTheboysreplytohisteacherwasborderingonrudeness.n那男学生回答教师的问话时态度近乎粗鲁.n我兴奋的近乎于疯狂了。nIwasinastateofexcitementborderingoninsanity.56attachmentnaffection,devotionnattachv.nIdontattachanyimportance/significancetotheserumors.nNoblameattachestoyouinthisaffair.n这件事不怪你.nfeelastrongattachmenttoonesfamilyn十分恋家57adversitydifficulties,misfortune,hardship,disasternMr.Huanghasbeenagoodfriendtomeinadversityorinprosperity.nAdj.adverse:unfavourable,contrarynThedevelopmentwasadversetoourinterests.这种发展与我们的利益背道而驰。n通往幸福的道路总是布满艰难困苦。nTheroadtohappinessispavedwithadversities.58accessory 1.athingwhichcanbeaddedtosomethingelseinordertomakeitmoreusefulorattractive.nTheaccessoriesofherdressaremoreexpensive.2.personwhohelpsanotherinacrimenShewaschargedwithbeinganaccessorytotheembezzlementoffunds.59through the wars together corporate or athletic or military ? (para. 10, line 2)through the commercial, athletic or military strives together一个男人曾经告诉过她，男人们只有一起在商场、竞技场或战场上竞争过才会成为真正亲密的朋友。Paraphrase: They had to soldier together . (para. 10, lines 2-3)They had to struggle together . 他们得一起坚持下去。60count. asregardAasBnTwochildrenundertheageoftencountasoneperson.nYouvenogirlofyourown,youmustcountmeasyourdaughter.ncounthimasbeingveryreliable.61loathsomeadj.causinghatedordisguste.g.Hesaloathsomeman.nloathtodosth:unwilling,reluctante.g.Iamloathtogoonsuchshortnotice.nnothingloath:quitewilling;eagere.g.Heconsentedatonce,nothingloath.62confidencen(oftenpl.)asecretorprivatemattertoldtosomeoneunderaconditionortrust.e.g.Afrienddoesnotbetrayconfidences.朋友是不会泄露秘密的nidiom:in(strict)confidenceasasecretnImtellingyouthisin(strict)confidencesodontbreatheawordofit.nCompare:confidential&confident63n1)Weare_ourChinesecomradeswillwinthevictory.n2)Ihad_inmyownyouthandenergy.n3)Thisinformationis_.confidentconfidenceconfidential64Buddies hang tough together; friends hang onto each other. (para. 11)Buddies hold on together in face of adversity; friends cling tightly to each other for emotional support. 伙伴们一起坚持；朋友们相互依靠。Paraphrase: 65wretchedadj.inadeplorablestateofdistressormisfortune;nSynonym:miserablenTheirwretchedlifeconstitutesasharpcontrasttotheluxuryoftherich.nWhatawretchedexistencethepeopleintheslumlead!66restraintnHisragewasbeyondrestraint.n他怒不可遏。nIamundernorestraintwhatever.n我不受任何束缚。nrestraintoftraden贸易限制nrestraintonexportandimportn限制进出口nrestrainv.67BabbittnAnow-rarenicknamederivedfromtheSinclairLewisbookofthesamename;itcanbelooselydefinedasanuncultured,“square”,typicallymiddle-agedandmiddle-classbusinessmancharacterizedbytimidityandignoranceoftheirphilistinism(平庸).68She had reread Babbitt recently, that extraordinary catalogue of male grievances. (para. 16, lines1-2)Recently she read the novel Babbitt again. To the main character Babbitt readers may have a lot of resentment. catalogue of: a series of catalogue of failures, disasters, errors Paraphrase: 69The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling. (Para. 16, lines 2-3)Paraphrase: George Babbitt led a claustrophobic life. The only thing that made his life meaningful was his relationship with Paul Riesling.唯有与保罗瑞斯林的关系才使乔治拉伯特幽闭的生活有了意义。70Para 17nWhywasthewomanshockedbymensdescriptionoffriendship?nBecausemensstandardofintimatefriendshipissodrasticallydifferentfromwomensthatundersuchcircumstancesasdescribedinParagraph17womenwouldnotcounteachotherasclosefriendsatall.71What distinctions?n nBuddy (male)Buddy (male)n nFriend (female)Friend (female) in the reflection of acts more signs and expressions of love bonded lovedface adversity together face each other do things together be togetherlinked to activities a special category for friendsbecome friends through “wars” after sharing some secretsbuddies hang tough together friends hang onto each otherKeep the worst from each other friends confessbuddies seek approval friends seek acceptanceIn restraint, die for each, never hug, not meet or call often, 72Part IV paragraph 19Inwhatwaysdobuddiesandfriendsdiffer?nBuddiesarethoseyoucandothingstogetherwithinyourlifetime,butfriendsarethosewithwhomyoucansharerosesandthornsinyourlife.73ProverbsnIcannotbeyourfriendandyourflatterertoo.朋友不能阿谀奉承。nKeepgoodmencompanyandyoushallbeofthenumber.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。nLifewithoutafriendisdeath.没有朋友，虽生犹死。nHeisagoodfriendthatspeakswellofusbehindourbacks.背后说好话，才是真朋友。74ProverbsnEverythingisgoodwhennew,butfriendswhenold.东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。nFriendsagreebestatdistance.朋友之间也会保持距离。nFriendsarethievesoftime.朋友是时间的窃贼。nThebestoffriendsmustpart.天下无不散之筵席。75ProverbsnBirdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分。nBooksandfriendsshouldbefewbutgood.读书如交友，应求少而精。nChooseanauthorasyouchooseafriend.择书如择友。nEvenreckoningmakeslongfriends.亲兄弟，明算账。（彼此无账友情久长。）76nAhedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.君子之交淡如水。nAjokenevergainsanenemybutlosesafriend.戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友nAmanisknownbyhisfriends.什么人交什么朋友。Proverbs77nAfriendinneedisafriendindeed.患难见真情。nAfriendiseasierlostthanfound.得朋友难，失朋友易。nAfriendisneverknowntillamanhasneed.需要之时方知友。nAfriendwithoutfaultswillneverbefound.没有十全十美的朋友。Proverbs78MetonymyDefinition:onethingforanother;associationnFunction:brief,vivid,interestingnExample:nWhatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegravenAthousandmustachescanlivetogetherbutnotfourbreasts.79MetonymynThepenismightierthanthesword.nHekeepsagoodtable.nShehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.nThewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.nChinawon4goldsand5silvers.nWedroveaFordtoHydePark.80MetonymynThisisthestrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.nItisapitythatthereismoreignorancethanknowledgeinthecountry.nShehasretiredfromthestagetoteach.81fairly v.s. rather 相当、适中相当、适中1.favorablev.s.unfavorablefairly修饰褒义(bravely，good，nice，well)rather修饰贬义(bad，stupidly，ugly)nTomisfairlyclever，butPeterisratherstupid汤姆相当聪明，而彼得就颇笨。nHewasfairlyrelaxed；shewasrathertense他很放松，而她就相当紧张。nafairlyinterestingfilm一部相当有意思的电影naratherboringbook一本相当乏味的书82fairly v.s. rather2.approvalv.s.disapproval本身没有褒贬意义的形容词和副词如fast，slow，thin，thick，hot，cold等，之前加上fairly时表示赞许,而加上rather时表示不赞许。nThissoupisfairlyhot.（这汤还挺热）这意味说话人喜欢喝热汤。nThissoupisratherhot.（这汤太热了）就意味着说话人嫌汤太热了点。nThepartycametoanendratherabruptly(Imsorrytosay)Themeetingcametoanendfairlyearly.(Imgladtosay)nSheisfairlytallforherage.就她的年龄来说，她长得算是高了。Sheisrathertallforherage.就她的年龄来说，她长得过于高了。83fairly v.s. rather3.Degree用在某些褒义的形容词和副词之前，如amusing，clever，good，pretty，well等，但rather和fairly表现出来的程度是不同的。这时rather相当于very，没有贬义。Fairly侧重于notvery,moderately,toareasonabledegree.nSheisratherclever（她很聪明）。nItisafairlygoodplay（这个戏还算可以）。这一说法会起到劝阻旁人去看戏的作用。nItisratheragoodplay（这个戏很好）则无疑是一种推荐。84fairly v.s. rather4.rather用在alike，like，similar，different等词之前时表示“少许”或“略微”。nThesecatsareratherlikedogsinsomeways这些猫在某些方面长得有点儿像狗。nThetwostylesarerathersimilar.这两种风格有点相似。nHisviewisratherdifferentfromyours.他和你的观点略有不同。85fairly v.s. rather5.Rather也可用在enjoy与like这两个词前，有时还可用在dislike与object这一类动词之前，主要用于表现一种出乎旁人或说话者本人意料之外的喜爱。nIratherlikethesmellofpetrol我倒很喜欢汽油味儿。86fairly v.s. rather6.以上各词中，只有rather可以与比较级以及副词too(太)连用。如：nItsratherwarmertoday.今天暖和多了。nTheweatherwasratherworsethanIhadexpected天气要比我预料的还坏。nThisoneisrathertoolarge.这个稍大了一点。nTheexercisewasrathertoodifficult.这练习未免太难了。87Translation1.Yourremarksborderonrudeness.2.Anyunemployedpersoncountsasdeservinggovernmenthelp.3.Onthewhole,Iamquitesatisfiedwiththeexperiment.4.Apersonsappearancemakesadifferenceinhowothersjudgehim.88Translation1.Advertisingtendstoportraywomeninverytraditionalroles.2.Havinginheritedaconsiderablewealth,thetwinsisterswereeagertoshowofftheirjewelry.3.Publicinterest/attentionhasonceagainshiftedfocustothechangesintheurbanenvironment.4.Incontrast,eventhemostmodernaircraftlookclumsyandslow.89Translationn如同在其他许多欧洲国家一样，在法国，朋友通常是相同性别的，友谊则基本上被认为是男人之间的关系。法国妇女嘲笑“女人不能成为朋友”这种说法，但她们有时也承认，对女人来说，朋友是“另一回事儿”。另外，许多法国人对男女之间是否可能存在友谊表示怀疑。在一个团体中还存在着这样一种关系，男女在一起工作了很长一段时间，他们之间的关系可能很密切，彼此忠诚，感觉亲切。他们可能互称”copains”这个词的英文意思是朋友，但却更接近“老铁”或“哥们”的含义。在法国人眼里这不是友谊，虽然这种团体中的两个成员很可能成为朋友。90