Chapter 16AustraliaGeography & HistoryGeographynLocation and SizenGeographic RegionsnClimatenMajor CitiesLocation & SizeSizeWith a total area of 7.7 million square kilometers, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, the U.S. and BrazilLocationAustralia lies in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The country is surrounded by sea on all sidesGeographic RegionWestern Plateauthe Eastern HighlandsCentral-Eastern LoelandsMount Kosciuszko(科修斯科山)nSouthwest in Canberra of new south walesnThe highest point in Australia and Oceania n2228 meters above sea levelnPoland explorer schmitz, lai kay found the mountain in 1839, and the polish hero named after (1746-1817).Murray-Darling Basin(墨累达令流域)n3370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7 of the land area of Australia, is Australias most important agricultural area. The name of this river basin is from the basins two major rivers, the Murray and darling rivers.Lake Eyre(艾尔湖)nThe lowest point in the countrynSome 12 meters below sea levelClimate 1、Southern Hemisphere January and February are the hottest summer months June and July are the coldest winter months2、Vary greatly from region to region tropical areahot all year without winter temperate regions of the south: enjoy a moderate climate, with hot summers and mild winters The coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of Tasmania and the southeastern portion of the mainland.Climate3、Australia is widely known as the Dry Continent due to its low rainfall.The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the equator.4、The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australis worst draught in terms of severity and scale.Canberra: Between Sydney and Melbourn. The name Canberra originally means meeting place in the Aboriginal languageSydney: the capital city of New South Wales; Australias largest and oldst city. Melbourne: the capital city of Victoria; Australias second largest cityBrisbane: the capital of Queenland; Australias third largest city Major CitiesHistorynEarly HistorynDiscovery and ExplorationnEuropean SettlementnColonizationnThe Road Toward FederationnAustralia in the 20th CenturyEarly History1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern coast,the southeast and Tasmania.2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel.3.The way of their living:a nomadic or semi-nomanic life4.The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationship with the environment,their religious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those living things.Major CitiesPerth: the capital of Western Australia; Australiasfourth largest city; the largest city in the Western Australia;Adelaide: the capital of South Australia; Australias fifth largest city ;Darwin: the capital of the Northern Territory; the only large city in northern Australia Fires Tick FarmingThe Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool,they cleared areas using fire in order to stimulate the growth of grazing pastures and drive out small animals that they could easily capture,which is called firesticking farming.Discovery and explorationDiscovery:The first European sighting of Australian was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoo and he sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula(约克角半岛）.Exploration:1.Development:During the 17th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the continent,no further detailed exploration.2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.Discovery and explorationEuropean SettlementnCauses: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a town-centered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas also brought about various social problems. The rising crime rate compelled Britain to find somewhere to house the population of its overcrowded prisons.Penal Settlements1783: the American Revolution ended and Australia was established as a new penal settlement at Botany Bay in Australia.Difficulty initial failures in farming.Solutioncaptain john Macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their wool.European SettlementFirst permanent colonyThe group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britains first permanent colony.New colonies:Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826) European SettlementColonizationnNew colonies: new south Wales(1788), Tasmania(1852), western Australia(1830), south Australia(1836), Victoria(1851), Queensland(1859) nGrowth of sheep grazing: both farming and mining industries underwent rapid development. Large-scale grazing also developed in the 1830s and 1840s when new settlers established huge sheep runs.nGold rush: due to the gold rush, which made a dramatic contribution to the growth of the economy, the population expanded rapidly.The Road Toward Federationn1889:NSW began the movement to replace the Federal Council. Henry Parkes announced that the colony would support a new form of federalismn1900:the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and the Commonwealth of Australia was establishedAustralia in the 20th Century “White Australia Policy”lIn 1901,the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and become a self-governing dominion of British EmpirelIn 1901,pass immigration Restriction Act 0to restrict non-European immigrantsWWI: disaster to Australia a: 1. Follow Britain into the war in August at 1914 2. Total Australian men3 million;330,000 volunteered to the war b: Nationalist Party was resigned and subsequently founded by William Hughes c: 1. ANZAC-the Australian troops, joined by New Zealand forces, was called Australian-New Zealand Army Corps 2. April,25 became the Anzac Day in 1915 d: Benefits: 1. Agriculture and mining industries were booming 2. Rapid industrial growth in the years following the warAustralia in the 20th CenturyInterwar years: The Great Depression a: In 1923, economic development plan:”men, money and markets” b: The Great Depression of the 1930s 1. main external cause-the collapse of wool and wheat prices and cessation of overseas loans 2. a secessionist movement developed in Western Australia Australia in the 20th CenturyThe Developmentl In Sep.1951-ANZUS Treatyl In 1972,The Whitlam government l 19831996, the Australian Labor government l Under Bob Hawke and Paul Keatingl In 1996, the Howard governmentl In Nov.1999-a public referenduml The Sydney Olympic Games & the Sydney 1Paralympic GamesAustralia in the 20th CenturyWWII:lFollowed Britain to the war in Sep.1939lIn May & June1942, Japan attacked Sydney Harbor and Newcastle l1. Developed a foreign polity independent of Britain 2. The beginning of a profound shift in Australias allegiance away from BritainUnited States helped protect Australia from the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral SealAustralian servicemen made significant contributions to the Allied victorylEntered a boom period in the end of the war Australia in the 20th CenturyPostwar peace & prosperityl“The Lucky Country” 1. Almost 100%employment rate & high standard of living 2. Launched a massive immigration program lThe Snowy Mountain SchemelIn 1960s, the “baby boomers” emerged as an active force made it a period of chance for AustralialRacial issues-launched a campaign against the White Australia PolicyAustralia in the 20th Century