the Present Perfect Tense现在完成时现在完成时chaimingqin助动词助动词have (has)+过去分词过去分词donepast now Yesterday , we cleaned the classroom.Now , the classroom is clean because we have cleaned it.用法用法1强调强调过去发生的动作过去发生的动作对对现在产生的现在产生的结果或影结果或影响响 1.现在完成时用来表示现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已完成过去发生或已完成的动作或状态的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果对现在造成的影响或结果,也也就是说就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在现在还存在. I have lost my wallet.(含义是含义是:现在我没有钱花了现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has just had lunch.(含义是含义是:简现在不饿了简现在不饿了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是含义是:现在仍然很虚弱现在仍然很虚弱) 1. My father bought many books for me yesterday . Now , I have a lot to read because _2. I saw this film last week.Now, I know this film because I_.3. I did my homework yesterday. Now, I can give it to the teacher because I_my father has bought many books for me.have seen it beforehave done it.2. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用状语连用,如如already, yet, just, before, recently, still, lately等等: “仍然，还仍然，还 ” 用在疑问句和否定句用在疑问句和否定句中，放在句末。中，放在句末。I havent read this book yet .Have you had breakfast yet ?already:Yet:“已经已经”通常用于肯定句中通常用于肯定句中,放在句中。放在句中。 I have already read this book.有时，也用在疑问句中表示惊讶。有时，也用在疑问句中表示惊讶。 Have you eaten up all the food already ?“以前以前”用在完成时中，用在完成时中，放在句末。放在句末。have never read this kind of books before.justbefore“刚刚刚刚 ”用在陈述句中用在陈述句中,放在句中。放在句中。 I have just bought a novel。 Exercise根据所给情况，用根据所给情况，用just,already或或yet造句。造句。1.After lunch you go to see a friend at her house.She saysWould you like something to eat? You say: No, thank you. _( have lunch )2.Joe goes out. Five minutes later,the phone rings and the caller says Can I speak to Joe? You say: Im afraid _.( go out )he has already gone outIve already had lunch.3.You are eating in a restaurant this evening. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.You say: Wait a moment !_ ( not / finish )4.You are going to a restaurant this evening.You phone to reserve(预定）预定）a table. Later your friend says Shall I phone to reserve a table? You say: No,_ it (do)I havent finished it yet.I have already done 4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用连用,如如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等等: Have you ever been to Beijing？ I have never heard of him.I have used this pen only three times. George has met that man on several occasions. “从来不从来不” 用在否定句中用在否定句中,放在句放在句中。中。Is he famous ?I have never heard of him .evernever“曾经曾经”通常用于疑问句通常用于疑问句和肯定句中和肯定句中,放在句中。放在句中。 I have ever seen this film.Have you ever been to the USA ?“以前以前”用在完成时中，用在完成时中，放在句末。放在句末。have never read this kind of books before.justbefore“刚刚刚刚 ”用在陈述句中用在陈述句中,放在句中。放在句中。 I have just bought a novel。She began to work in 2005.She still works here now. She has worked at this school for 3 years. now past I began to teach English at this school fiveyears ago.I have taught English at this school for five years.用法用法2 2：过去发生的动作一直过去发生的动作一直延续延续到现在。到现在。 1. I am a doctor. I began to work when I was 22.Now , I am 26. I _ for four years.2. We went to the USA last Monday. Today is Monday . We _ (stay) in the USA since last Monday. have workedhave stayed3. 现在完成时可以用来表示现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过发生在过去某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作和去某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作和状态状态,常与表示常与表示持续的时间状语连用持续的时间状语连用. 表示持续动作或状态的动词多是表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续延续性动词性动词。I havent seen her these days.Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. since and forThe woman has worked at this school for 2 years.( since two years ago)since 2 years agosince 1998since she came to the school)for + for + 时间段时间段since+since+时间点时间点for 2 years/a long time一、用一、用for和和since填空。填空。_three hours_three oclock_two days_yesterday afternoon_I came here_last Sunday_a week_a long time_1997 _two weeks_three years ago _ last monthforsinceforsincesincesinceforforsinceforsincesince1.Theyve known each other since_. A.1995 B. three years 2.Ive been interested in Chinese for_. A. last year B. one year 3. She has been a doctor for_. A. two years B.two years ago 4. Ive had a headache since_. A. I got up this morning B. five hours 5. Weve been here for_. A. one hour B. one oclock AABAA6. My parents have owned this house for_. A. a long time B. many years ago7. Theyve been in love since_. A. last spring B. three months8. We have known each other since_. A. one year B. last year9. -How long have you been like this? -Since_. A.last night B. two days10.-How long has she worked here? -She has worked here for_. A. 1993 B. six yearsAABAB1.现在完成时用来表示现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已完成过去发生或已完成的动作或状态的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果对现在造成的影响或结果,也也就是说就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在现在还存在. I have lost my wallet.(含义是含义是:现在我没有钱花了现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has just had lunch.(含义是含义是:简现在不饿了简现在不饿了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是含义是:现在仍然很虚弱现在仍然很虚弱) 2. 现在完成时可以用来表示现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过发生在过去某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作和去某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作和状态状态,常与表示常与表示持续的时间状语连用持续的时间状语连用. 表示持续动作或状态的动词多是表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续延续性动词性动词。I havent seen her these days.Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用连用,如如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等等: Have you ever been to Beijing？ I have never heard of Bunny.I have used this pen only three times. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用的时间状语连用,如如now, now, just, today, this morning/week/month/year, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, up to present, so far等等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. Up to the present everything has been successful.6. 现在完成时表示现在之前已完成的动作现在完成时表示现在之前已完成的动作,虽虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是但是有一些现在完成时的句子有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上在后面加上for+一一段时间段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄现在不再学俄语语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第同第2点用法点用法第一个例句第一个例句) 现在完成时的现在完成时的“完成完成”和和“未完成未完成”用法用法7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. have(has)gone和have(has)been的区别1.have(has)gone表示“已经去某地了”ShehasgonetoShanghai.(她可能已在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之现在不在这里。)2.have(has)been表示“曾经去过某地”ShehasbeentoShanghaithreetimes.(她已经不在上海，只说明她曾经去过。)非延续性动词不能与时间段连用：非延续性动词不能与时间段连用：go/come/begin/start/die/buy/borrow/sell/leave/arrive/receive/become等词语是瞬间动词表示的动作是一时的，等词语是瞬间动词表示的动作是一时的，不能延续，不能与不能延续，不能与for、since等表示一段时间的词连用，等表示一段时间的词连用，也不能用于也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。引导的疑问句中。如不能说：如不能说：He has borrowed the book for two months.()但可以说：但可以说：He has kept the book for 2 months.或：或：It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book. 或：或：Two months has passed since he borrowed the book.这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。becomebe borrowkeep buyhave begin (start)be on openbe open diebe dead leave-be away come-be here/in go outbe outjoin-be a member/be in begin to study-study注明：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态：注明：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态：I havent bought anything for two days.比较现在完成时和过去时的区别：比较现在完成时和过去时的区别：*现在完成时所表示的是过去的发生的动作对现在现在完成时所表示的是过去的发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以不造成的影响和结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last night, three weeks ago, in 1990。*一般过去时表示的是过去发生的动作或状态，和一般过去时表示的是过去发生的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。用。I have seen the film.(我了解这部电影的内容。我了解这部电影的内容。)I saw the film last week.（只说明上星期看了这部电（只说明上星期看了这部电影，不涉及现在的情况。）影，不涉及现在的情况。）总结现在完成时：总结现在完成时：1、构成：、构成：have / has +过去分词过去分词。2、概念：、概念：(1)表示过去或已经完成的某一动作对现在表示过去或已经完成的某一动作对现在 成的影响成的影响或结果。常与下列状语连用或结果。常与下列状语连用:already, just, yet, ever, never, before(2)表示过去已经发生，持续到现在的动作或状态，表示过去已经发生，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现现在在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用。在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 a.for和表示一段时间的词组连用。和表示一段时间的词组连用。如：如：for 3 years b.since和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用。如：如：since 1997, since two years ago,since last week 动词的过去分词的规则变化，在动词后加ed，规则变化有以下四种：原形+ed如：worked,passed词尾是e时，直接加d如：likedlived若词尾为“辅音字母加y”，则改y为i加ed。词尾为“元音字母+y”时，直接加ed；如:playedstayedstudiedcried末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节是，双写最后一个辅音字母加ed.如：stoppeddropped动词的过去分词的规则变化不规则动词的过去式以及过去分词巧记规律AAA: put put put letlet letABA: becomebecamebecomeABB: standstoodstoodABC: eat ateeatenAAAcost-cost-cost read-read-readput-put-put cut-cut-cutlet-let-let set-set-setbeat-beat-beat hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt spit-spit-spit rid-rid-rid一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词，结尾字母一般是t或d。特殊：动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。 有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的:run-ran-runcome-came-comebecome-became-becomeovercome-overcame-overcomeABA原型原型过去式过去式过去分词过去分词例词例词-eep-ept-eptkeep,sweep,sleep-ell-old-oldsell,tell-d-t-tlend,spend,send,build-ay-aid-aidsay,pay,lay-n-nt-ntburn,learn,mean-ee-e-e-meet,feed-ought-oughtbring,buy,fight,think-aught-aughtcatch,teachABB(含规则动词含规则动词)1.另有一些其它形式的变化。have(has)-had-hadleave-left-leftlose-lost-lostmake-made-madefeel-felt-feltspell-spelt-speltstand-stood-stood2.改变单词中间元音字母。sit-sat-sat(babysit)win-won-wonshine-shone-shonehold-held-heldfind-found-foundhear-heard-heardhang-hung(hanged)-hung(hanged)ABB(含规则动词含规则动词)ABC原型原型过去式过去式过去分过去分词词例词例词-eak-oke-okenbreak,speak-eal-ole-olensteal-ear-ore-ornwear,bear,tear-ow（aw）-ew-owngrow,blow,know,throw,draw-i-a-u-sink,swim,drink,ring,sing,begin-i-o-ndrive,rise,ride,writeABC有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。take-took-takengive-gave-givenfall-fell-falleneat-ate-eatenwrite-wrote-writtenspeak-spoke-spokenfreeze-froze-frozenride-rode-riddenget-got-gotten(got)forget-forgot-forgotten(forgot)特殊：am/is-was-beenare-were-been,do(does)-did-donego-went-gonesee-saw-seenshow-showed-shown(showed)lie-lay(lied)-lain(lied)