考研英语写作漫谈考研英语写作漫谈时间预算时间预算(一一)审题构思过程审题构思过程(510分钟分钟)(二二)下笔创作过程下笔创作过程(2025分钟分钟) (三三)修改润色过程修改润色过程(510分钟分钟)一、评分标准及考生存在的问题分析一、评分标准及考生存在的问题分析 写作：写作：1题，题，20分。分。本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：2017分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。确。文章长度符合要求。1613分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。129分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。长度符合要求。85分：内容基本切题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内分：内容基本切题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。度基本符合要求。41分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。从考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。从考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：.扎实的英语语言基础；扎实的英语语言基础；.掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之分钟之内完成一篇内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。字的优秀作文是难以思议的。一篇好的作文应基本达到：一篇好的作文应基本达到：1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句适当，有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句适当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；文章结构完整，内容符合要求；2. 语法基本正确；语法基本正确；3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；5. 说理清楚，内容充实。说理清楚，内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：一篇较差的作文表现为：1 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；3 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。到一起。存在的七个主要问题存在的七个主要问题1不会审题。不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。2 用汉语思维，逐字翻译。用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。无法理解。3 用词搭配不当。用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in”不能改成不能改成“take much time in”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。4 词汇量小，拼写困难。词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果只能用中文取而代量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。之，成绩自然不会理想。5 句子逻辑关系混乱。句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.应改为：应改为：We often told stories in our English class.6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：People learn English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.7. 语法错误。语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：语法错误主要表现为：i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和和raise; hear和和listen等等ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和和interested; speaking和和spoken 等；等；iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和和beneficial; difficult和和difficulty; pleasure和和pleased等。等。iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。等。v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。等。 consult some questions about get admission into your university.and often takes her all kinds of friends toShe usually watching film and Considering of my working, Influent my rest.National Text of EnglishI would like to know how can I I am look forward to you reply ., and I will be appreciated.二、作文出题的题材类型作文出题的题材类型从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。 .主题句作文主题句作文主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。作文。Example 1Title: Dictionary(1) The dictionary is a living teacher(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. (3) But you should have one thing in mindExample2Title: The Computer(1) The computer is a wonderful machine(2) Computers play an important role in our life(3) However, many scientists dont think that computers will replace us completely. .提纲式作文提纲式作文提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范畴。畴。它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。 ExampleTitle: The TelephoneOutline: 1. A useful tool2. How to use it3. The improvement of its use .图表式作文图表式作文图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。Example1Directions: Write a composition no Changes in Peoples Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:(1) State the changes in peoples diet in the past five years;(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;(3) Draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible. Example2Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. .规定情景式作文规定情景式作文情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来休会、想象和条件结合自己的经验和知识来休会、想象和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。间的衔接要连贯和自然。 ExampleSituation: Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.A. Time limit: 40 minutesB. Word limit: no less than 150 wordsC. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II 三、作文高分标准三、作文高分标准（一）（一） 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容作文的高分标准首先是要切题。许多考生认为作文题己作文的高分标准首先是要切题。许多考生认为作文题己有要求和提纲，按题目写作不会出问题。但事实往往并非如有要求和提纲，按题目写作不会出问题。但事实往往并非如此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来展开的。展开的。ExampleTitle: Good HealthOutline: 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to ensure a good health文章的主题很显然是谈论健康问题，同时是围绕健康的文章的主题很显然是谈论健康问题，同时是围绕健康的重要性和怎样保持健康的身体两方面来谈论的。有的考生未重要性和怎样保持健康的身体两方面来谈论的。有的考生未经仔细审题便匆匆落笔，结果将文章写成经仔细审题便匆匆落笔，结果将文章写成“健康与财富健康与财富”，不能满足评分标的第一项要求。不能满足评分标的第一项要求。 （）表达清楚，意义连贯（）表达清楚，意义连贯表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、发展高潮或综合等方法来展开）。发展高潮或综合等方法来展开）。（）句式有变化（）句式有变化有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达，它包含两层意思：来表达，它包含两层意思：一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成份等；句、插入语、独立成份等；二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍），这些逻辑关系均关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍），这些逻辑关系均有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果关有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果关系的就是有系的就是有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。等。 （）语言合乎规范（）语言合乎规范语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。一个尺度。造句要避免清一色造句要避免清一色“主谓宾主谓宾”结构，适当结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。 误：误：His right arm was broken and could not take part in the game.正：正：His right arm was broken and he could not take part in the game. (当当and 连接的两个谓分属不同的主语时，连接的两个谓分属不同的主语时，and 后谓语的主后谓语的主语不可省略。语不可省略。)误：误：What did we learn in youth can never be forgotten.正：正：What we learned in youth can never be forgotten.（当（当how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, why用引导主语从句时，从句中应用自然语序，不要用引导主语从句时，从句中应用自然语序，不要与特殊疑问句的语序相混。）与特殊疑问句的语序相混。）误：误：They have sufficient enough food and water to last them two weeks.正：正：They have sufficient/enough food and water to last them two weeks.（sufficient和和enough同义，均表示同义，均表示“足够的足够的”，不可同时，不可同时修饰同一中心词。）修饰同一中心词。）四、措辞四、措辞短文写作的用词是否得当主要应考虑其短文写作的用词是否得当主要应考虑其对文章是否能产生预期的效果，通常应注意对文章是否能产生预期的效果，通常应注意以下几点：以下几点：、选用通俗易懂的词、选用通俗易懂的词、区分具体与抽象的词、区分具体与抽象的词、选词要有变化、选词要有变化五、如何写好句子五、如何写好句子从遣词到造句，从造句到段落，一篇文从遣词到造句，从造句到段落，一篇文章才能完成，每个句子和段落都有一写的规章才能完成，每个句子和段落都有一写的规律可循，都有自己的写作技巧。律可循，都有自己的写作技巧。有的考生写出的文章、句子、语法结构有的考生写出的文章、句子、语法结构与用词均无太大毛病，但仍然得不到高分，与用词均无太大毛病，但仍然得不到高分，主要原因是句式缺少变化。正如前面所述，主要原因是句式缺少变化。正如前面所述，如果文章中简单句用得太多，文章便显得无如果文章中简单句用得太多，文章便显得无生气，也说明考生英语水平还待提高。下面生气，也说明考生英语水平还待提高。下面是造句注意的几个方面是造句注意的几个方面 ：（一）避免语法方面的错误一）避免语法方面的错误 1.结构不完整，例如：结构不完整，例如：误：误：We congratulated to him.正：正：We congratulated him.误：误：Do you like listening to other people to talk?正：正：Do you like listening to other talk？2.混淆词义，例如混淆词义，例如:误：误：He raised to greet us. (raise举起举起)正：正：He rose to greet us.(rise起立起立)误误: I laid in bed all morning.(lay/laid, laid放放)正：正：I lay in bed all morning.(lie/lay, lain躺躺)3累赘，例如：累赘，例如：原句：原句：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, and some cities are being polluted.改进：改进：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, some being polluted.4.词性误用，例如：词性误用，例如：误：误：Good conditions is very benefit.正：正：Good conditions are very beneficial.误：误：They dont feel nerves.正：正：They dont feel nervous.5 主谓不一致，例如主谓不一致，例如:误：误：Statistics are a branch of mathematics.正：正：Statistics is a branch of mathematics.误：误：The variety of pictures at this exhibition please me.正：正：The variety of pictures at this exhibition pleases me.6 动名词与不定式的误用，例如：动名词与不定式的误用，例如：误：误：I hope visiting Beijing again.正：正：I hope to visit Beijing again.(hope不接不接动名词动名词)误：误：I d rather staying where I am.正：正：Id rather stay where I am.(would rather 要接省略要接省略to 的不定式的不定式) (二二) 注意句子的完整性注意句子的完整性一个句子必须完整，就是说在意义和结构上都是完整的，一个句子必须完整，就是说在意义和结构上都是完整的，以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，试比较以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，试比较意义不完整：意义不完整：July is the hottest time of the year, and my birthday comes in this month.改进改进: I was born in the hottest month of the year, July.意思不完整：意思不完整：Mexico City is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture, and I hope to go there this summer.改进：改进： I hope to go to Mexico City, which is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture.句子的结构完整表现的语法结构上无毛病，试比较：句子的结构完整表现的语法结构上无毛病，试比较：结构不完整：结构不完整：English is a language, language is something used to communicate with other people.改进：改进：English is a language which is used to communicate.结构不完整：结构不完整：A good English class is the all students can speak.改进：改进：A good English class is one in which all the students can speak.（三）注意句子的连贯性（三）注意句子的连贯性句子的连贯性是指句子中的词和各组成分非常句子的连贯性是指句子中的词和各组成分非常合理的连接起来，使意思表达非常清楚。试比较：合理的连接起来，使意思表达非常清楚。试比较：不连贯：不连贯：He likes to sing, to swim, and table-tennis.改进改进: He likes to sing, to swim, and to play table-tennis.不连贯不连贯: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.改进改进: He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not seriously hurt.时间不连贯时间不连贯: He left the library when his paper is written,改进：改进：He left the library when he had written his paper. (四四) 注意句子的变化性注意句子的变化性句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。例如：疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。例如： 1 简单句型的转换：简单句型的转换：原句：原句：Victoria is a garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world.变化变化1. A garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world, is Victoria.变化变化2.Victoria, a garden city, has one of the most delightful climates in the world.原句：原句：She knew German very well.变化变化1.She had a good command of German.变化变化2.She had a good knowledge of German. 2. 复杂句型的转换复杂句型的转换原句原句: They struggled forward. They were exhausted. Their steps were dragging, They had to push on.变化变化: Exhausted, they struggled forward, their steps dragging, but they had to push on.原句原句: Nothing here indicates where this information came from.变化：变化：There is no indication here where this information came from.3.表现一段文章中的句子变化：表现一段文章中的句子变化：Hearing that Russia emphasizes foreign language,(现在分词短语作状语现在分词短语作状语)we have suddenly increased our own offerings.(现在完现在完成的时句型成的时句型)But too seldom have our schools analyzed our needs.(转折和倒装句例转折和倒装句例)One school had re-established Latin; another has introduced conversational French for infants.(分号构成两个对比和平行的结构分号构成两个对比和平行的结构)Seldom have they asked whether Latin and French are as imperative as knowledge of Moslem customs or religion,(倒装结构与后面结构反对倒装结构与后面结构反对)or what languages are needed and for what needs. (what引导名词从句构成问引导名词从句构成问) (五五)注意句子的扩展性注意句子的扩展性英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是由基本句型扩英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是由基本句型扩展而生成的，由基本的陈述句型转成疑问句、感叹展而生成的，由基本的陈述句型转成疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、被动句、倒装句等。在基本句型的基句、祈使句、被动句、倒装句等。在基本句型的基础上添加各种修饰成分便使句子得到了扩展，正如础上添加各种修饰成分便使句子得到了扩展，正如树干长出了大枝、小枝、树叶、花朵和果实。试比树干长出了大枝、小枝、树叶、花朵和果实。试比较：较：基本句：基本句：He grew up.扩展句：扩展句：Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be musician.基本句：基本句：The moon was hidden.扩展句：扩展句：The moon was hidden entirely behind the dark clouds and not a single star could be seen.扩展句可使文章内容具体、更生动、更有活力，扩展句可使文章内容具体、更生动、更有活力，但要根据具体情况加以采用。但要根据具体情况加以采用。六、六、 段落的写作段落的写作一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。合理的。（一）段落的组成（一）段落的组成一个段落由三部分组成：一个段落由三部分组成：1主题句（主题句（Topic Sentence）:点出段落的主题（谈论什么）点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。2扩展句（扩展句（Developing Sentence）:说明和支持主题。说明和支持主题。3结尾句（结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。得出结论。二、段落的主题二、段落的主题一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落则有段一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落：并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落：（主题句）（主题句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(扩展句扩展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(扩展句扩展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(扩展句扩展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (结尾句结尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other. （三）写好主题句（三）写好主题句定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌握和构思。掌握和构思。 位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。Learning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons.位于段尾：主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，位于段尾：主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，给读者以深刻的印象，是写作中的一种演绎方法。给读者以深刻的印象，是写作中的一种演绎方法。Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a students success in almost all university courses.位于段中：位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用，位于段中：位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用，这类主题句多起转折作用，一般由这类主题句多起转折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等词连接，用于引起等词连接，用于引起下文。下文。What we teach ourselves sometimes indeed is more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein.无主题句：有的段落中无主题句，段落的主题思想无主题句：有的段落中无主题句，段落的主题思想通过文章内容来提示，这种方法能促使读者对文章通过文章内容来提示，这种方法能促使读者对文章内容时行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考试中采内容时行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考试中采用这种方法：用这种方法：There came a breeze, then a gust of wind, The wind became stronger. It rattled the windows, turned up the fallen leaves, bent down the trees. Distant rumbling thunder was heard and came nearer and nearer. Large drops of rain began to fall. Flashes of lightening lit up the sky. Thunder roared overhead. Now the rain poured down.写好主题句的方法：写好主题句的方法：1 主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如：扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如：空泛：空泛：English language is very important.概括：概括：English language is very important in our daily life. 空泛：空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.概括：概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.2 尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子：尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子：简洁：简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby.复杂复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the Wind very much.复杂：复杂：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.3 主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整：想完整：不完整：不完整：How to write a composition.完整：完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.不完整：不完整：If the weather was fine.完整：完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time.4 写好主题句中的关键词。写好主题句中的关键词。关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展，例如：展，例如：There are several ways to boil the water.The task can be finished in three steps.There is a new method to reduce the cost. （四）写好扩展句和段落（四）写好扩展句和段落围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了36个扩展句。个扩展句。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照比较关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，故极为重要。理，结构严谨，故极为重要。七、文章中的七、文章中的“启、承、转、合启、承、转、合” 在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。中称为启、承、转、合。“启启”就是开头就是开头“承承”是承接，是承接，“转转”是转折，是转折，“合合”是综合是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、启、承、转、合承、转、合”关系。关系。 1.用于段落连接的用于段落连接的“启、承、转、合启、承、转、合” 表达表达(1)“启启”，常用于引导文章开头的过渡词有：，常用于引导文章开头的过渡词有：It is often said thatGenerally speakingAs the proverb saysIt goes without saying thatIt is clear/obvious thatMany people often ask (2)“承承”，常用于第一个扩展段的过渡词有：，常用于第一个扩展段的过渡词有：It is true thatEverybody knows thatIt can be easily proved thatNo one can deny thatOne thing which is equally important to the above mentioned isThe chief reason why is that We must recognize thatThere is no doubt thatI am of the opinion thatThis can be expressed as followsTo takefor an example (instance) Therefore we should realize that We have reason to believe thatWe know thatWhat is more serious is that(3)“转转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：Another special consideration in this case is that Besides, we should not neglect thatHowever, But the problem is not so simple, ThereforeBut it is a pity thatOn the other hand, I do not believe thatPerhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard toThough we are in basic agreement with The trouble seems thatYet differences will be found, thats why I feel thatSo long as you regard this as reasonable, you may(4)“合合”，常用结尾段的过度词有：，常用结尾段的过度词有：In a word, In sum, In conclusion, From this point of view, On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Therefore, these findings reveal the following informationThus, this is the reason why we must.用于句子连接的用于句子连接的“启、承、转、合启、承、转、合” 表达表达(1)“启启”in the first place；at present；currently； it goes without saying that；first of all； in the beginning；to begin with；to start with (2)“承承”also； at any rate ；at the same time； besides；certainly；consequently； for example；for instance； for this purpose；from now on； furthermore；in addition； in addition to；in fact； in other words； in particular； in the same manner；incidentally； indeed；meanwhile； moreover；no doubt； obviously；of course； particularly；secondly；similarly； so；still；then ；truly；unlike； what is more(3)“转转”after all； all the same；anyway； at the same time；but； by this time；conversely； despite；especially； fortunately；however； in other words；in particular； in spite of； in the same way； likewise；luckily； nevertheless；no doubt; not withstanding ；on the contrary； on the other hand；otherwise； perhaps；unfortunately； unlike；whereas； yet；nonetheless； as a matter of fact；(4)“合合”above all； accordingly；as a consequence； as a result；as has been noted； as I have said；at last； at length；by and large； briefly；by doing so； consequently；eventually； finally；hence； in brief；in conclusion； in short；on the whole； therefore；thus to speak； frankly；to sum up； to summarize；indeed； surely；to conclude； obviously；certainly； truly八、英语作文常用句型八、英语作文常用句型（一）用于驳性和比较性论文（一）用于驳性和比较性论文1. In general, I dont agree with2. In my opinion, this point of view doesnt hold water.3. The chief reason why is that4.There is no true that5. It is not true that6. It can be easily denied that7. We have no reason to believe that8. What is more serious is that9. But it is a pity that10. Besides, we should not neglect that11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore12. Others/ Many people may find this to be true, but I believe that13. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to15. Though we are in basic agreement with/on,butwhat seems to be the trouble is17. Yet differences will be found, thats why I feel that18. It would be reasonable to take the view that , but it would be foolish to claim that19. There is in fact no reason for us to believe that20. What these people fail to consider is that21. It is one thing to , it is quite another to 22. Wonderful as A is , it has its own disadvantages.23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.24. As advantage sounds ridiculous when Bs advantages are taken into consideration.（二）用于描写图表和数据（二）用于描写图表和数据 1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.3. It has been increased by since 1995.4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.5. The table shows a three times increase of production over that of last year.6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.7. The total number was lowered by 10%.8. It rose from 10 to15 percent of the total this year.9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.11. It has decreased almost two and a half times, compared with （三）用于解释性和阐述性论说文（三）用于解释性和阐述性论说文1.Everybody knows that2.It can be easily proved that3. It is true that4. No one can deny that5. One thing which is equally important to the above -mentioned is6. The chief reason is that7. We must recognize that8. There is no doubt that9. I am of the opinion that10. This can be expressed as follows; 11. To take for an example12. We have reason to believe that13. Now that/Since we know that14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned15. The change in largely results from the fact that16. There are several causes for this significant growth in. First ,. Second Finally17. A number of factors could account for the development in18. Perhaps the primary reason is19. It is chiefly responsible of20. The reasons forare complicated, and probably they are found in the fact21. Here are several possible reasons, except/particularly that22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon24. Different people observes it in different ways.（四）用于文章的开头（四）用于文章的开头1. As the proverb says2. It goes without saying that3. Generally speaking5. It is often said that 6. Many people often ask such question:“？”7. More and more people have come to realize8. There is no doubt that9. Some people believe that10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?11. One great man said that12. Recently the issue of has been brought to public attention. 13. In the past several years there has been14. Now it is commonly held that but I doubt whether15. Currently there is a widespread concern that16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of 18. Faced with, quite a few people argue that, but other people conceive it differently. （五）用于文章的结尾（五）用于文章的结尾1. From this point of view2. In a word3. In conclusion4. On account of this, we can find that5. The result is dependent on6. Therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7. Thus, this is the reason why we must8. To sum up 9. as far asbe concerned, I believe that10. It is obvious that11. There is little doubt that12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of , but might be helpful13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on 15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that （六）用于论证和说明（六）用于论证和说明1. As it is described that2. It has been illustrated that3. It provides a good example of4. We may cite another instance of5. History may provide us with the examples of6. A number of further factors may be added7. The situation is not unique, but it is typical of dozens I have heard. 8. A recent investigation indicates that9. According to the statistics provided 10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that12. All available evidence points to the fact that13. Examples given/cited lead me to conclude that14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that15. The idea may be proved by the fact that16. All the facts suggest that17. No one can deny the fact that18. We may face the undeniable fact that九、修改润色中应注意的细节九、修改润色中应注意的细节写作完成后不要急于放松休息，以下的语言文字润饰工写作完成后不要急于放松休息，以下的语言文字润饰工作可以让你的作品锦上添花，不留遗憾。作可以让你的作品锦上添花，不留遗憾。Taking every details into consideration,让精心设计的文章突破让精心设计的文章突破16分也分也就有希望了。浏览检查不可能推翻全部内容，因为时间有限，就有希望了。浏览检查不可能推翻全部内容，因为时间有限，也为了保持卷面整洁，修改工作要以纠正明显的语法拼写错也为了保持卷面整洁，修改工作要以纠正明显的语法拼写错误为主。为了避免用语单调重复，也可将若干机械平淡的语误为主。为了避免用语单调重复，也可将若干机械平淡的语言替换掉，实现语言的丰富多变。要对以下几个角度多加注言替换掉，实现语言的丰富多变。要对以下几个角度多加注意，保证在语法用词上一丝不苟。意，保证在语法用词上一丝不苟。1.主谓一致主谓一致每句中主语名词与谓语动词的数是否一致。每句中主语名词与谓语动词的数是否一致。2.名词单复数名词单复数看所有名词的单复数使用是否合理。看所有名词的单复数使用是否合理。3.时态一致时态一致议论文讲究以现在时统一全文，描述规律、现状，提出议论文讲究以现在时统一全文，描述规律、现状，提出原因、建议只需用一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、原因、建议只需用一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时就可以完成规范写作。除非在图表作文中提到过现在完成时就可以完成规范写作。除非在图表作文中提到过去年代，如去年代，如1993年等，则必须将时态调整为一般过去时。年等，则必须将时态调整为一般过去时。4.搭配搭配介词使用往往是最敏感的语言内容之一，阅卷老师凭丰介词使用往往是最敏感的语言内容之一，阅卷老师凭丰富的经验足以轻松断定用词的正误。何时应用富的经验足以轻松断定用词的正误。何时应用in, on, to, with, for, at, of也涉及到语言基本功的层面。考生对不熟悉也涉及到语言基本功的层面。考生对不熟悉的搭配要及时放弃或替换，以免因小失大。的搭配要及时放弃或替换，以免因小失大。5.拼写拼写词汇量不大的同学不要贸然挑战高难词汇，否则会在拼词汇量不大的同学不要贸然挑战高难词汇，否则会在拼写上漏洞百出。多字母、少字母、错字母都会成为难看的风写上漏洞百出。多字母、少字母、错字母都会成为难看的风景，让人愈加挑剔。景，让人愈加挑剔。6.用词用词用词丰富、精确到位需要长期的摸索与积累，考试时用用词丰富、精确到位需要长期的摸索与积累，考试时用词不当和中文式英文措词难免出现。但考生要对把握不住或词不当和中文式英文措词难免出现。但考生要对把握不住或字对字翻译的表达提高警惕，没有把握的表达则果断放弃调字对字翻译的表达提高警惕，没有把握的表达则果断放弃调整。好的用词令人刮目相看，而拙劣的表达令人难以忍受。整。好的用词令人刮目相看，而拙劣的表达令人难以忍受。这一点只能在考试中适当把握尺度，总之不要盲目冒险。这一点只能在考试中适当把握尺度，总之不要盲目冒险。总之，我们只有总之，我们只有40分钟完成写作。少些即兴冒险，多些分钟完成写作。少些即兴冒险，多些理性沉稳，把握写作流程，突破自己的一般水准。希望考生理性沉稳，把握写作流程，突破自己的一般水准。希望考生们能超常发挥，把自己的语言知识精华展现在试卷上。们能超常发挥，把自己的语言知识精华展现在试卷上。 This cartoon metaphorically shows that a number of cybercafe habitues, locked in their dim cubicles, are surfing the web in a street-corner Internet caf. Indeed, the parlor is so over-crowded that it offers just enough elbow room for them to log on the Net. Some of the surfers are playing Internet video games or watching movies, while others are talking in the chat rooms. What the picture is intended to convey is far from all that web users are doing in their virtual world. Instead it reveals a thought-provoking phenomenon. The fact that these netters are sitting so close but have no interactions between one another elucidates that the Internet, which has brought us instant information from a long distance, may leave us estranged from those who are close-by. In other words, modern technology, which has rendered us a lot of conveniences, may bring us curses as well. Since it takes only a computer with Internet connections to surf the Web, or to play web games, more and more net users become indifferent and immerse themselves in the Web, refusing to communicate with people around. Small wonder, a teenager has reportedly turned from a top student into an Internet addict in just a few months. In spite of this, we should not wean ourselves away from new technology. Specifically, we should take a positive attitude towards the Internet. On the one hand, we can take advantage of the Internet to secure the biggest sources of information from the Web and to talk with friends from afar. On the other hand, netizens should be aware of the weakness and hazards of cyberspace so as not to be addicted. Only in this way will we not be led by the nose or even worse head for destruction. 2003年作文Directions: Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you shoulddescribe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, andpoint out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）20分例文It goes without saying that the drawings aim at revealing a common and serious problem in China: how to educate and cultivate the young. Lets take a closer look at the drawings. In an ideal condition, the flower blooms. But when moved out of the green house, it perishes under the rain and storm. It is obvious that the flower in greenhouse cant withstand wind and rains. Nowadays the young generation in China, like the flower in the greenhouse, live under the full protection from their parents. Parents want to show all their love to their children. They give their children all the best things they can afford and do not let their children do anything at home. Self-centeredness and arbitrariness have become a trait of the young generation. Once leaving their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own. They get lost when stepping into the complex reality and cannot face any hardships and difficulties. Children education has become one of the most popular topics discussed not only by education experts, but also by people in all walks of life. The failure of children education does more harm to the development of our society and our civilization than to children themselves. Thus, its high time that parents, educators and the government made concerted efforts to put an end to this situation. 开头段主题句；展开句（12句）；小结句。开头段的展开方法开头段的展开方法先总体描述，再具体细节，最后细微特征先总体描述，再具体细节，最后细微特征静态图：可以写一个倒装句，以静态图：可以写一个倒装句，以06年年“小贝小贝头头”第一副图为例，可以写成：第一副图为例，可以写成：On his face is writtten the name of “Beckham” to show his fancination on super stars.动态图：可以用分词来起始一个句子，以动态图：可以用分词来起始一个句子，以06年年“小贝头小贝头”第二副图为例：第二副图为例：Copying the hairstyle of Beckham, the young man is voluntary to spend three hundred yuan in the hair studio. 中间段的展开方法1、列举法(Listing) first, second, third.lastfirstly, secondly, thirdly.finallyto begin with, whats more, in the end/finallyfirst of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore.in the first place, in the second place, last but not least2、举例法(Exemplification) for example, for instance, such as, like a good case in point isThere are many examples to prove.Here I will cite just a few.There is enough/convincing/sufficient evidence to prove.Take.as an example. There are numerous cases to illustrate this point in our modern world. For instance, those Olympic gold medalist certainly stand for the top level in sports. Instead of losing their initiative, they put themselves into the intense practice to meet more challenging competitions. Likewise, the same truth can be found in those Nobel Prize winners. None of their astonishing breakthroughs can stop them from conquering more scientific mysteries. Needless to say, such a positive attitude is indispensable for ordinary people.3、比较对比法(Comparison and Contrast) just as, in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar toin contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, whileThere are some similarities/differences between.have something/little in common with.4、因果法(Cause and Effect) because, because of, since, now that, owing to, due to cause, result in, lead to, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, as a consequenceThe reasons why.can be traced to.The causes for.are as follows.结尾段1、解决问题，展望未来（2005年）As far as I am concerned, we should do something to prevent such an evil phenomenon from happening again. To begin with, all the society should condemn such a wrongdoing and these children should be punished by law. Whats more, every citizen must realize it is our duty to support our parents when they are old. Only with the joint efforts can we hope to solve this problem. 2000年Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to our survival. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also, I believe that we human beings can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a bright future. 2002年As Chinese citizens, we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations, which will enable us to make great progress in many ways. I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally. With Chinas entry into WTO and Olympic Games to be held in Beijing, China will play a more important role in this multi-cultural and global world. To keep up with the trend, we should be open-minded and rational toward the heritage of every culture and dedicated to promoting the cultural exchange. Only in this way can we enjoy the harmony and diversity of the global culture.2、总结归纳（1998年）I dare say that our society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition in the market economy. They should remember the old saying, Honesty is the best policy. 2001年So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. 注意四：文章脉络清晰As is vividly described in the two pictures, many young people are fans of stars and they try every means to show their adoration. The first photo shows a face of a guy who has the name “Beckham”a famous British footballer written on his face, while in the second picture another guy spends 300 yuana big sum of money for many people doing a hairstyle of Beckham. The photos clearly reveal a serious and pervasive social problem nowadays. First of all, there is no denying that many youngsters want to be famous or rich overnight, therefore their focus is only on the success of the superstars, ignoring the fact that the famous people have to overcome many hardships and difficulties before they attain their success. A case in point is Beckham or Liu Xiang. Whats more, following the footsteps of superstars will waste the youngsters precious time. They are at a prime time to learn new knowledge and lay a solid foundation for their future career. Sheer adoration of stars will ruin their study and their future. Last but not least, some stars are not the ideal idols for young people, for example, the famous footballer Maradona used to abuse drugs. This, of course, has a negative effect on the development of the young people.In my point of view, effective measures must be taken to correct this situation. It is the responsibility of the authorities to educate the young people to achieve success in a correct way. Meanwhile, the younger generation should redirect their adoration for stars to hard work, thus making greater contributions to the society. 注意五：题材一、问题解决型1、19972、19983、19994、20005、20036、20057、2006二、积极弘扬型1、20012、20023、2004三、客观分析型1、20062、20072003年66. Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the set of drawings,interpret its meaning,and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)温室花朵经不起风雨范文The above two pictures have shaped sharp contrast to each other. In one picture, a flower grows in a greenhouse and is in full bloom in spite of the outside rain. But in the other, the flower, moved outside and without the protection of the greenhouse, is withering in the thunderstorm. The two pictures show us that the flower, which is raised in a greenhouse and carefully protected, cannot stand natural wind and rain at all. It is most likely that the drawer means to compare children in our country to the flower in his drawings and reflect a problem in the present education of our children. For one thing, nowadays, most children are brought up by their parents with tender care. Parents always try their best to meet the childrens demands, to provide them with the best environment of growth and study and to protect them from any possible harms, setbacks and sufferings. For another, owing to the present examination-oriented education system, most children are too heavily burdened with studies to have time to take part in social activities, so they learn little about the society, the real world outside their family and school. Growing up in such a manner and such an environment, the children will inevitably and naturally lack the ability to stand sufferings and overcome obstacles when they leave their parents and step into the society. To sum up, the problem of childrens education must be solved timely and effectively because it is they that constitute the future of our country.2004年66. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning,and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)终点又是新起点范文Section WritingIn the picture presented to us, there is a boy running on annular tracks and reaching the finishing line. Heavily sweating as he is, a happy smile hangs on his lips. However, as an arrow marked “End” points on the finishing line, there occurs another arrow marked with “Beginning”.Though this picture only describes a runner who is going to start a new run after reaching the finishing line, yet it demonstrates a universal law that governs the development of mankind. In other words, if we want to make constant progress we must keep forging ahead instead of resting on laurels. Robertson once said, “Whenever he is satisfied with what he does, he has reached his culminating pointhe will progress no more.” This reminds me of Picasso, whose works greatly influenced the path of 20thcentury art. But what has impressed me most is not the notable success he has achieved but his enterprising spirit. Besides “the greatest artist of the 20th century”, he is acclaimed as “the youngest artist in the world” because he unremittingly pursued and explored new styles of painting all his life. After producing his most famous post-impressionist style, he later developed many other styles and even at the last moment of his life he was producing a new painting.52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)What a distressing irony to see such a special “football” match! The ball is an old father, and none of the four goal keepers, three sons and a daughter, would let the “ball” go into their goals. The father can do nothing but huddle himself up in the middle of the field. Looking at the picture, I believe, every reader with conscience will feel intensely pained by the pitiful situation of the father and the hardhearted filial impiety of the sons and the daughter. It is no doubt that the sons and the daughter are to be condemned. Father is the person who has brought them up with great love. How can they treat him so cruelly? Filial piety has been advocated as a traditional Chinese virtue throughout history. Every step of a childs growth, from birth to death, bears so much time and energy of the parents and above all, their unselfish love. So our parents rightly deserve our rewardlove, respect, care and support. Whats more, family relationship is very much like a mirror. If you smile upon it, it will smile back upon you. By treating our parents kindly, we will set an example for our sons and daughters and gain their respect and love in return.In a word, it is our innate obligation to be filial to our parents.06年的题目：52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should 1. describe the photos briefly, 2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,3. give your point of view. You should write 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)范文The photos show two big fans of Beckhama British football star. One writes the stars name on his face and the other is having his hair made an expensive Beckham style.From them, we can vividly sense the enthusiasm of hero worship, which is an ordinary phenomenon in modern society. As a matter of fact, with mass media and multi-culture fast developing, hero worship covers an increasingly large scope. People from all walks of life, usually if they are successful, outstanding or popular, may be admired by others. Hero worship is not absolutely right or wrong. It depends on what the worshipper does for his idol. If handled appropriately, hero worship may stimulate the positive aspects in us, such as passion for life, motivation for work and noble values. Learning from our idols we can gain enlightenment, encouragement and qualities that we need when we strive for a career. By loving them, we can add color to our life and explore a larger range of social experiences. But as everything has its limits, hero worship will bring adverse effects beyond proper control. If we are indulged in it and lose ourselves, we will be shaded by our idols and then what will be the meaning of our personal life?Therefore, the key lies in whether we can maintain our independence and individuality. It is up to us to live in the shadow or the sunshine of the heroes we admire.07年的题目：52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)In the picture, there shapes a sharp conflict between the goal keeper and the ball player. The former exaggerates the goal and minimizes himself in his mind while the latter thinks otherwise. Actually, both the goal and the keeper are just in normal size. What causes the problem is that they have overestimated the difficulty they are each faced with. Such attitude towards difficulty will surely produce negative effects on the results. Difficulties are in the pathway of everyone. To overcome them, we must at first make correct judgment on the situation, which is based on confidence, courage and rational thinking. Lets take memory for example. In the process of learning, students need to remember a lot of things, such as Chemical Elements Periodic Table, ancient articles and mathematical formulae. But many complain that it is hard to remember them accurately and they are ready to give up when they feel so. On the contrary, those who learn successfully are confident about themselves and willing to try although they also feel difficult at first. And later they find the more they practise the memory, the easier it becomes to remember. In conclusion, if we are to succeed in handling the difficult things, we must have self-confidence, judge the situation rationally and be courageous enough to keep trying.08年的真题52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 你一条腿，我一条腿，你我一起，走南闯北范文The picture presents a touching sight to us. Two handicapped men are walking quite quickly by binding their disabled legs together and holding fast to each others shoulders, with their crutches left behind. What respectable persons they are! They have surpassed their own physical deficiency and explored a smoother and easier way of advancing by drawing strength and support from each other. Obviously, what is highlighted in the picture is cooperation.In modern times, cooperation has become an efficient and effective way to solve many problems. It is commonly acknowledged that, through cooperation, we can heighten our strength so as to accomplish the things that are impossible to be done only by one person. We all have our own limitations and with the fast development of science and technology, we are facing a world that is more and more sophisticated. Therefore, we often need to combine others abilities and resources to gain success. Whats more, cooperation is not the simple addition but fusion of all partners strength. Making use of different members strong points, offsetting the weaknesses, supporting mutually and sharing resources with each other, we can then attain a capacity that is much stronger than the sum of all partners.All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further.具有一定语法难度的句型：1. is the est +名词+ （that）+ I /people + have ever seen/known/heard/had/readInternet is the most influential technology that is ever known in the world.2. Nothing is more/ er than to +VNothing is more important for the youth than to receive education.3. cannot emphasize the importance of . too muchWe cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much. 4. There is no denying that There is no denying that the quality of our life has gone from bad to worse.5. It is universally acknowledged that It is universally acknowledged that natural resources are indispensable to us.6. The reason why. is thatThe reason why we have to develop public transportation is that it is the best way to solve traffic problems.7. There is no doubt thatThere is no doubt that our educational systems leaves something to be desired.8.So + 形容词+ be+ 主词+ that+ 句子So precious are the natural resources that we cant afford to waste them.9. Adj +as+主语+be, S+VDifficult as the task is, we should spare no effort to accomplish it.10. The +er+S+V, the + er+ S+V The +more +adj+S+V, the + more+adj+S+VThe harder you work, the more progress you will make.The more books we read, the more learned we become.11. Pose a great threat to Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.12. enable to do Doing Yoga exercise enables us to feel relaxed. 13. On no account can we On no account can we ignore the value of education.14. It is time +S+过去式It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.15. Those whoThose who violate the law should receive due punishment. 16. There is no one but (没有人不)There is no one but longs to go to college.17. Have a great influence/impact onEducation during ones childhood has a great influence on ones whole life.18. It is conceivable/obvious/ apparent that +句子It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in in our life.19. That is the reason whyLaptop is so convenient. Thats the reason why I like it.20. For the past+时间，S+现在完成时For the past ten years, our government has been making great efforts to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.21. It pays off to +V.It pays off to protect the wild animals.22. Be forced/compelled/ obliged to +VSince the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.23. How vivid and symbolic the picture is to describe the meaning of love!What a simple but meaningful picture!24. As is shown/described in the picture , .As we can see from the picture, As the picture indicts/ reveals,