Commercial chicken meat and Commercial chicken meat and egg productionegg productionTextbook:Commercial chicken meat and egg productionTextbook:Commercial chicken meat and egg production(5(5thth Edition) Edition)References:References:家禽学第三版，四川科技出版社家禽学第三版，四川科技出版社家禽学第三版，四川科技出版社家禽学第三版，四川科技出版社 家禽生产学家禽生产学家禽生产学家禽生产学, ,中国农业科技出版社中国农业科技出版社中国农业科技出版社中国农业科技出版社Periods:Poultry science Periods:Poultry science British poultry science British poultry science Poultry international( Poultry international(国际家禽国际家禽国际家禽国际家禽 PoultryInternational/) PoultryInternational/) 中国家禽中国家禽中国家禽中国家禽 中国禽业导刊中国禽业导刊中国禽业导刊中国禽业导刊家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Poultry refers the birds which have been domesticated and/or bred by mankind, and they can survive and reproduce themselves in the domesticated conditions and provide meat and eggs for mankind.Main poultry species now utilized by mankind include: chicken, duck, goose, turkey, pigeon, quail, guinea fowl, ostrich etc. Poultry industry: a business involved in the research of poultry, production and the trade of poultry products.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Commercial chicken meat and egg industries and their componentsCharacteristics of modern poultry industryWorld chicken meat and egg industryChina poultry industryComponents of the poultry industries家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Characteristics of modern poultry industryTodays poultry industry is characterized by vertical integration and economics of scale.Vertical integration is the ownership and/or coordination of the various stages of poultry production, processing and marketing in a single business enterprise, means that a single company owning more than one stage of production.Non-integrated systems-The alternative to a vertically integrated structure.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Characteristics of modern poultry industryEconomies of scale means that a company must produce and process enough products at its processing plant to get the lowest possible cost per pound of products. This is extremely important in the broiler industry. Slogan in broiler industry:If there is no definite scale, you cannot get any profits.The next challenge of world poultry industry would be the globalization of the industry.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Robert A. et al. Million-Dollar Farms in the New Century 2008 Economic Information Bulletin 42(12)An example of Million Dollars in Sales-Arkansas broiler farm:To generate just over $1million in sales, this farm produced 475,000 broilers under production contracts.The broilers are actually owned by the contractor, who also provides specific inputs, such as feed. The farm operator receives a fee for his or her services provided. Thus, the gross revenue of the farmlargely the fees receivedis much lower than the $1 million in sales, which includes the value of the birds removed by the contractor (Hoppe etal., 2007).家禽生产英文家禽生产英文R Ro ob be er rt t A A. . e et t a al l. . MMi il ll li io on n- -D Do ol ll la ar r F Fa ar rmms s i in n t th he e N Ne ew w C Ce en nt tu ur ry y 2 20 00 08 8 E Ec co on no ommi ic c I In nf fo or rmma at ti io on n B Bu ul ll le et ti in n 4 42 2( (1 12 2) )家禽生产英文家禽生产英文家禽生产英文家禽生产英文家禽生产英文家禽生产英文World chicken meat and egg industrySource:poultry international 2007:12家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Source:poultry international 2008:3Source:poultry international 2008:3家禽生产英文家禽生产英文China poultry industryThe elite breeding, commercial production, products processing and marketing etc., which are necessary sectors for modern poultry production, are formedThe system for poultry production varies, some are specialized production in large and/or moderate scale and the number of this kind enterprises is increasing, but others are decentralized production in thousands of families.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文China poultry industryThe production level of some export-orientation enterprises reaches or is close to the world advanced level. China enterprise dominant in the world market of fine cut-up of poultry meat.China have large capacity to produce poultry products but the quality of products is ragged. In comparison with the developed countries, there is large difference in the prevention of diseases and the drug residue in the products.China poultry industry has quite weak links in the products processing and the marketing.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Consumption of poultry products in ChinaPoultry meat1.Culling layers constitute an important part in the poultry meat consumption.2.It is very popular to eat water-fowl meat and there are many ways to processing water-fowls.3.Some by-products such as internal organs, chicken wings, chicken claws, duck webs etc., are high price(sometime even higher than poultry meat) and are consumed in tremendous amount.4.There is difference for the consumption between different areas in China. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Consumption of poultry products in ChinaThe consumption of poultry meat in China center largely on the large cities, towns and the developed areas, the people in rural areas and undeveloped areas consume only a small part of poultry meat.The consumption in developed areas such as the areas along the coast of east and south in China and the large cities increases very fast. The share of poultry in the consumption of meat of Chinese would increase because the prices of other meat such as pork, beef and mutton are heightening.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Consumption of poultry products in ChinaPoultry eggs1.The main poultry eggs consumed in China are fresh eggs, including 90% chicken eggs and 10% duck eggs, and about 1.5mt fresh eggs are marketed annually.2.Abut 10% of chicken eggs are processed and 10% of duck eggs are made into salted eggs and pidan (black eggs) according to some traditional ways，3.In the north area, people eat mainly chicken eggs and they do not care the shell color of eggs.4.In the south area, people eat more eggs from water-fowl and they like brown chicken eggs ,especially the light brown eggs.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryGenerally, the poultry industry consists of production and processing. In reality, there are many separate but related businesses that comprise todays modern poultry industry.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文PoultryChicksPoultry behaviors, Environmental scienceHatcheriesFeedNutritionFeedstuffHouse, facilitiesPoultry breeding and geneticsDiseases preventionImmunology, Veterinary scienceMeat and eggsProducts processing and promotionOperation and Management 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryPoultry breeding1.Poultry breeders work on the improvement of their stocks.2.The so-called primary breeding industry for poultry is comprised of fewer than two dozed major companies worldwide for meat and egg type chickens.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryHatcheries:1.A hatchery operation commonly includes parent stock rearing and hatching egg production farms. 2.Some hatcheries and/or breeders even provide detailed management advice, often in computer print-out form. Emphasis is on achieving flock standards for the strain.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryFeed services1.Feed represents the greatest single cost of production and an efficient and competitive feed industry is of critical importance to the success of the poultry industry2.The relationship of source of feed production, transportation costs for feed vs. product, and the location of the consuming population are all key determinants when locating the poultry production industry. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryBreeder and replacement pullet rearing1.The production of replacement birds represents a major investment and a very important one in regards to the effect it may have on subsequent company profits.2.The rearing programs associated with the chicken meat industry are usually under the complete control of the contracting company 3.Today, most major companies have their own rearing farms. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryBroiler grow-out1.The majority of broilers are raised by growers on contract with a company The company:chicks, feed, service, technical expertise, bird processing and marketing. The grower:the facilities and labor; 2.In some regions of the US and areas of the world, integrators also own the grow-out farms and employ their own workers. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryEgg production1.Table egg farms are commonly company owned with a smaller fraction on contract. 2.Egg farms commonly receive new pullets at ages from 16 to 20 weeks. 3.Farms have either single aged birds, common with contract farms, or multiple aged birds. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryPoultry processingThe poultry processing industry is made up of:Plants owned by integrated poultry companies, broiler industry.Independent companies that process poultry from other suppliers., e.g., fowl processors. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryShell egg packagingThe processing plant is responsible for cleaning, grading, and packaging eggs. The shell egg packaging industry is structured in one of three ways:1.Egg packaging on the site of productioncommonly used with an in-line system where eggs are transported directly to the plant from the production houses on conveyor systems.2.Off-site packaging of eggs within the same company that owns or contracts for the production.3.Independent companies that purchase supplies directly from producers. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryBreaker egg processing1.Products produced in the breaker egg processing plants include fresh liquid, frozen, and dried eggs. 2.Most of these products are provided to the food processing industry in these forms for user convenience or specific needs for yolks or albumen. 3.Other processed eggs are sold to further processors who produce specialized consumer products which utilize either yolk, albumen, or whole eggs.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文This is a view of the egg transporting mechanisms within a layer house. The use of advanced mechanical engineering has greatly reduced the occurrence of human egg handling to the point that eggs are rarely touched by human hands.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文As the eggs reach the end of each level, automatic collectors place the eggs into plastic egg handlers (“D”). Plastic egg handlers carry the eggs directly to the egg processing facility via a large overhead belt.DDD家禽生产英文家禽生产英文These eggs are traveling to the egg processing/breaker facility. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Eggs are mechanically washed with a mild detergent and sanitized (“E”). Eggs are washed in 120oF water.EE家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Here the eggs are entering the first stage in the egg grading process. The eggs are evaluated by an automated computerized detection system. Eggs are graded into categories of AA, A, B, and Loss Quality Standards.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Brushes transport eggs away from the egg graders to the packaging area of the plant. It is at this point that eggs will either be placed into cartons or be sent to the breakers.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文This is a view of the entire “carton line.” Each stack of cartons (blue, white, yellow, pink) represents a different egg size. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Eggs are mechanically placed into cartons for shipping to the grocery market.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文On the left, eggs are stacked in cardboard flats for shipment to the retail market. Eggs on the right are stacked in plastic flats and are awaiting transfer to the egg further processing (breaker) room. Again, plastic is used inside the plant for sanitation and recycling purposes.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文This is an egg breaker machine. This machine cracks the egg shells and separates the yolk (yellow) from the albumen (white). The separation process works exactly like a household egg strainer. This machine will process 18,000 eggs per hour.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文This is also egg breaker machine. However, this machine will process 500,000 eggs per hour.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文These are bulk bins full of pasteurized egg yolks awaiting shipment. Egg pasteurization occurs at 145oF for seven minutes for 3,000 pounds of egg.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryProduct marketing, promotion and advertising1.Marketing is a major component in both the poultry meat and egg industries. Most large companies have marketing departments and, in addition, may rely on outside companies and consultants to assist them with their marketing needs. 2.Product promotion and advertising is done privately by companies with branded products and industry-wide (regional or national) with generic advertising and promotion of poultry and egg products. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryPackaging1.Most types of poultry and egg products require some type of outer packaging for shipment to retailers, further processing sites, or storage. 2.Packaging comes in a variety of forms and appearances. Poultry meat is commonly packed in trays with a clear over wrap plus appropriate labeling.Eggs are packed in either pulp or foam cartons.3.Outer containers for both poultry and eggs are commonly designed to protect the inner containers, facilitate storage and handling, and are constructed of material suitable for transportation. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryHousing and equipment manufacturers1.Todays modern, technology-driven poultry industry is highly dependent upon housing and equipment designers and manufacturers and a wide variety of suppliers of specialized equipment. 2.Different needs for weather protection, systems of waste handling and labor availability commonly dictate the type of housing utilized within a local industry.3.Equipment tends to be more similar within a country but may vary between countries because of national regulations which require specific management systems.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industryVaccine, drug, chemical and feed additive manufacturers1.This group manufactures a wide assortment of products used to meet the health and nutritional needs of poultry flocks. 2.Poultry health products include vaccines and pharmaceuticals for the prevention and treatment of the dozens of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic problems faced by the poultry industry. 3.Feed additives include synthetic vitamins, amino acids, fermentation products, and other products necessary for poultry flocks. 家禽生产英文家禽生产英文Components of the poultry industrySummary:The system to develop new strains or cross-lines and to breed these strains.The feed industry to support the poultry industryThe system to prevent poultry diseasesThe system to provide the equipments for poultry industryPoultry production and management systemThe process and marketing system for poultry products.家禽生产英文家禽生产英文New wordsPoultry:家禽家禽Vertical integration:纵向整合纵向整合Economics of scale:规模经济规模经济Broiler:肉鸡肉鸡;layer:蛋鸡蛋鸡Globalization:全球化全球化Elite:优良种禽优良种禽Water-fowls:水禽水禽Breed/breeding/breeder:育种、繁育、育种者、饲养者育种、繁育、育种者、饲养者Genetic improvement:遗传改良遗传改良家禽生产英文家禽生产英文