名词性从句名词性从句11.什么是名词：名词 (Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 名词的作用：名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。2 1.主语：The bag is in the desk. 2.宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday. 3.表语：This is a good book. 4.宾语补语：We selected him our monitor.5.介词宾语：Mary lives with her parents.6.定语：He is a Party member. 3什么是名词性从句 掌握名词性从句并不难。只是在我们过去学过掌握名词性从句并不难。只是在我们过去学过 的的句型中出现名词的位置上，根据需要将名词扩大句型中出现名词的位置上，根据需要将名词扩大成一个句子，并做相应的小小的改动。成一个句子，并做相应的小小的改动。 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组）（词组）, 它在复合句中能担任它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 4以宾语从句为例I know the teacher.I know that he is rich.I know that there is a wallet on the desk.I know that he studies English.I know that you are a fool. 上面的例句可以看出，宾语从句只是将宾语扩大成一个句子，并用适当的连词引导。5 主主 语语 谓谓 语语 宾语宾语 每个人都知道 地球 围着太阳 运行。 主语主语 状语状语 谓语谓语 Everyone knows that the earth moves around the sun. 同样的一个句子，当把它放在宾语的位置时，我们便称其为宾语从句。 宾语从句宾语从句6主语主语 系系 表语表语 地球围着太阳运行 是 一条真理。主语主语 状语状语 谓语谓语That the Earth moves around the sun is a truth.It is a truth that the Earth moves around the Sun.形式主语形式主语 系系 表表 语语 主语（主语从句）主语（主语从句） 同样的一个句子，当把它放在主语的位置时，我们便称其为主语从句。通常将主语从句放在句子的后面，并用 it 代替其原先的位置，叫做形式主语。在这种情况下，连词 that 通常不省。主语从句主语从句7 主主 语语 系系 表语（表语从句）表语（表语从句） 我的意思 是 星期天我们去长城。 My idea is that we will go to the Great Wall on Sunday. 从上面的句子可以看出将一个完整的句子置于表语的位置，便称作表语从句。主语从句、表语从句以及宾语从句在句子中所占的位置是名词的位置，所以称它们为名词性从句。8名词性从句常见的引导词1.由连接词that、if、whether 引导的名词性从句。9高考重点：1. that 在句子中没有实际意思，有时可以省略，而 if、whether 因为有是否的意思，故不可省略。（1）但是这3个词只起连接作用，不做句子成分。（2）that和whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句。2. whether可以做介词的宾语，if 不能。3. whether引导的句子可以置于句首，if 只能放在主句谓语动词之后。4.引导宾语从句时whether、if可以互换。5. whether+to do / or not ; if不能6.wonder+if / whether / that7.no matter whether / if8.doubt 肯定句中+if / whether ; 否定句，疑问句中+that9.if 不引导表语从句。10That he passed the exam is a piece of good news.(主语从句)whether he comes or not makes no difference.(句首主语从句，不用if)I dont know whether / if he will attend the meeting.The problem is whether you love her.()The problem is if you love her.()I doubt whether he is right. ()Can you doubt that she will win? ()112.关系代词，关系副词（连接代词，连接副词）关系代词，关系副词（连接代词，连接副词）（1）引导名词性从句的）引导名词性从句的关系代词关系代词有有 who -谁（主格）谁（主格）whom -谁（宾格）谁（宾格）what -什么什么.的东西；所的东西；所.的的which -哪一个哪一个/些些whose -谁的（所有格）谁的（所有格） whatever无论什么无论什么 whichever无论哪个无论哪个 whoever-无论谁无论谁使用要点理解：使用要点理解：这些词在句子中既起连接作这些词在句子中既起连接作用，同时又担当从句中的一个成分。用，同时又担当从句中的一个成分。12Who will be the president has not been decided yet. (who引导主语从句的同时担任从句的主语)He asked whom I borrowed the money form.(引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的宾语)Which team has won the game is not known yet.(引导主语从句的同时做从句的定语)That is what he said to me.(引导表语从句的同时做从句的宾语)13宾语从句宾语从句 I dont know who bought the English book. who引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的主语引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的主语宾语从句宾语从句 I dont know what you bought. what引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的宾语引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的宾语宾语从句宾语从句 I dont know whose sister bought the English book.whose引导宾语从句的同时担任引导宾语从句的同时担任 从句的定语从句的定语宾语从句宾语从句 I dont know which book you bought.which引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的定语引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的定语主语从句主语从句 It is clear who will be our boss. who引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的主语引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的主语表语从句表语从句 The question is whom we will send there. whom引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的宾语引导宾语从句的同时担任从句的宾语14Note：1.whatever = anything that2.whoever = anyone who3.whichever = anything which 任何的人（或东西），在句中可以作主语、宾语。 He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。她要他做什么，他就做什么。Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 无无论谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。论谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。Ill give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。谁想要这票，我就把它给谁。Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。15Note：what = the thing(s) that .所所的的what相当于一个相当于一个“先行词先行词+定语从句定语从句”What I want to buy(=The thing that I want to buy) is this. This is what I bought(=the thing that I bought). 它引起的从句可以在句中作下列成分：它引起的从句可以在句中作下列成分：What he said is wrong! What is over is over.I cannot do what they ask of us. I could not express what I felt. He cant give a description of what he had seen. I was not happy at what he had said. Thats what I hope.Thats what you should always keep in mind. 162.由连接副词由连接副词where, when, why, how引导的名引导的名词性从句词性从句 where = the place where 什么地方when = the time when 什么时候why = the reason why 为什么how =the way in which 如何，怎么样使用要点理解：这些关系副词起双重作用，这些关系副词起双重作用，在句子中既是连接词，同时又做从句在句子中既是连接词，同时又做从句的状语。的状语。17He told me how he studied English in the university to go abroad five years ago.He told me where he studied English hard to go abroad five years ago.He told me why he studied English hard in the university five years ago.He told me when he studied English hard in the university to go abroad.The question is how we can get so much money.Fall is when the fruits become ripe.Thats where he used to lived.The question is how we can get there on time.18名词性从句的具体分类在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。）。 名词性从句的功能相当名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组）于名词（词组）, 它在复合句中能担任它在复合句中能担任主语、主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。语从句和同位语从句。 19（一）（一） 主语从句主语从句1.概念： 在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句.要点要点1. 主语从句的时态不受主句的时态影响和限制。要点要点2：连词位于句首不能省略要点要点3：主语从句大多数情况下视为三单 20要点要点4：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 (1)It is 名词从句名词从句 1.It is a fact that he is a good student. 2.It is an honor that I can address the meeting. 3.It is common knowledge that the sun moves around the earth.21(2)it is 形容词从句形容词从句 1. It is certain that he will win the match.2. It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.3. It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.4. It is strange that he should do that.22(3) it 不及物动词从句不及物动词从句 It seems that he has no problems. It happened that he bought the TV. (4) it is过去分次从句过去分次从句 此结构中的主语从句不可提前 It is reported thatIt has been proved that 23（二）宾语从句（二）宾语从句概念：宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态，语序，连接学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态，语序，连接词。词。 要点要点1：连接词的使用连接词的使用 1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略。 2从句为特殊疑问句，常选择 what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。3. whether 与 if 的使用请参与第一部分所学内容。 24要点要点2：时态 1.主句用一般现在事态，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。要点要点3：宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job 25要点要点4： that引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分，常省略。但下列情况除外： （1）介词宾语从句的that不省略 （注意：介词后面一边不用that引导，只有在in, but, except 等少数几个介词后可由that引导宾语从句，已形成固定搭配，即 in that 在于, but that要不是, except that除了,）（2） and连接的几个从句，第二个从句以后的从句的that不省略。 （3）在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中，that不省略。 - I heard it said that he had gone abroad - We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time 26要点要点5：许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it做形式宾语。结构常是： 主语+动词+it+形容词/名词等宾语补足语+宾语从句 -We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. - I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. -He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.27要点要点6：否定前移 在think ; believe ; suppose ; guess ; imagine ; expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反义疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） I think you are not right ,arent you ? I dont think you are right ,are you ? I believe they have not finished their work yet, havent they ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet, have they ? 28（三）表语从句（三）表语从句概念：1.表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing/-ed、从句来充当，它常位于系动词 之后。 PS:换句话说，标语就是系动词之后的主语补语。 29 当名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句； 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。The problem is how we can get the things we need. The chairs are not what I need. That is what I want to tell you. The question is whether we should do it.The reason why he did it is that he was ill.30 （四）同位语从句（四）同位语从句要点要点1：什么是同位语什么是同位语 由两个或两个以上由两个或两个以上同一层次同一层次的语言单位组成的结的语言单位组成的结构构,其中前项与后项其中前项与后项所指相同所指相同,句法功能也相同句法功能也相同,后后项是前项的同位语。项是前项的同位语。 -Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. -Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. -He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. -We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 31要点要点2：什么是同位语从句？什么是同位语从句？同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句, 作用是对名词进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句的用法是4种名词性从句中最固定的，可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words，possibility等有包包容性，可说明性容性，可说明性的名词。把关键的这些词熟悉下来。 321）I heard the news that our team had won 2）I had no idea that you were here 3）Ive come from Tom with a message that he wont be able to meet you.4) I have no idea when he will be back 5)He must answer the question whether he agrees to it.6)Several years later，words came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 7)The thought came to him that maybe he could sell it.33要点要点3：同位语从句与定于从句的区别同位语从句与定于从句的区别 （共（共3点）点） 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。换种说法就是或补充一些情况。换种说法就是同位语从句相当同位语从句相当于一个名词，对前面的名词起解释说明作用，而于一个名词，对前面的名词起解释说明作用，而定语从句相当于一个形容词，对前面的名词、代定语从句相当于一个形容词，对前面的名词、代词起修饰限制作用。词起修饰限制作用。 342、关系词作用不同。 关系词在句中是否做成分 。 名词性从句中的引导词不再从句中担任句子成分，名词性从句中的引导词不再从句中担任句子成分，他的从句部分应当是完整的，他的从句部分应当是完整的， 定语从句由于引导定语从句由于引导词在从句中要担任成分，他的从句部分应当是不词在从句中要担任成分，他的从句部分应当是不完整。完整。 35虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用要点要点1：虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用。在command; request; insist; require; decide ; promise; arrange; ask ; advise; intend; prefer; persuade; agree; sentence; permit; suggest等单词后面接宾语从句，用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should do, should可以省略。注意：1.wish的使用。 2.suggest ; insist 1.It was arranged that he should leave next week.2.She insisted that the seat be booked in advanced.3.He advised the doctor be sent for.4. wish：were/did; had done/could have done/ would(should,might,could) do36要点2：虚拟语气在主语，表语，同给与从句中的使用。下列名词：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, requirement, suggestion, request, plan, sentence等后面接主语，表语，同位语从句时，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用should do, should可以省略。1.My order is that all work be done in five days.2.The sentence is that the murder be shot.3.His suggestion was that you should do it with the help of the machine.4.The demand is that the composition be written on one side only.37