长句的翻译长句的翻译汉语与英语构句的不同特点汉语与英语构句的不同特点n英语长句结构：英语长句结构： 主语主语+谓语谓语+修饰语修饰语 并列成分或并列句并列成分或并列句 短语或从句短语或从句n英语主谓关系非常明显，其他成分英语主谓关系非常明显，其他成分通过各种手段（介词、连词、关系通过各种手段（介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词）同主谓成分挂钩代词、关系副词）同主谓成分挂钩n汉语连接词相对少，使用频率也低，汉语连接词相对少，使用频率也低，n少用介词而多用动词少用介词而多用动词n结构松散，分句间缺乏应有的形式结构松散，分句间缺乏应有的形式连接连接n汉语构句注重意义连贯汉语构句注重意义连贯n逻辑顺序，先后及因果逻辑顺序，先后及因果原序翻译：原序翻译：n按按原原来来的的句句子子顺顺序序将将原原文文译译成成英英文文，而而且且原原文文是是一一个个长长句句，译译文文保保持持长长句句的的形形式式。原原序序翻翻译译的的基基础础是是，中中国国人人和和英英美美等等西西方方人人在在思思维维方方式式上上存在共性存在共性。n这这家家实实业业公公司司建建于于四四年年前前，隶隶属属上上海海工工业业技技术术发发展展中中心心，注注重重协协调调帮帮助助所所属属企企业业进进行行生生产产技技术术的的更更新新、老老厂厂机机制制的的转转换换，并并且且参参与与投资。投资。nSet up four years ago, this Enterprises Corporation is subordinate to the Industrial Technology Development Center of Shanghai. It helps to coordinate and assist subordinate enterprises in updating production technology and to transform mechanism of old factories, as well as taking part in capital investment.n上上海海大大众众汽汽车车公公司司是是一一家家中中德德合合资资企企业业，去去年年汽汽车车产产量量为为十十万万辆辆，预预计计今今年产量可再增加五万两。年产量可再增加五万两。nShanghai Volkswagon, a German-Sino joint venture which turned out 100,000 cars last year, is expected to increase production by 50.000.n你你可可能能知知道道中中国国一一向向坚坚持持开开放放政政策策并并对对引引进进国国外外投投资资采采取取积积极极立立场场，以以在在平平等等互互利利的的基基础上与其他国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。础上与其他国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。nYou are probably aware that China has always persisted in an opening up policy and taken a positive stand to attract foreign investment, with a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.分译：分译：n拆句或断句。汉语句内关系不明显，拆句或断句。汉语句内关系不明显，英语通过使用连词明确表现出来。英语通过使用连词明确表现出来。汉语分句可独立成句，因此英译时汉语分句可独立成句，因此英译时1.透彻理解原文，体会思路，分析句透彻理解原文，体会思路，分析句子内部关系子内部关系2.根据英语表达习惯重新分译根据英语表达习惯重新分译含以下句式则分译含以下句式则分译n疑问、感叹、反诘句疑问、感叹、反诘句n比方句比方句n概括句概括句n对立句对立句n阐述句阐述句n多层次意义多层次意义疑问、感叹、反诘句疑问、感叹、反诘句1. 许多人都说他是个笨蛋许多人都说他是个笨蛋, 但果真如此吗但果真如此吗?Many people say he is an ass. But is that so ?2. 应应当当承承认认, 每每个个民民族族都都有有它它的的长长处处, 不不然然它它为为什什么么能能存在存在? 为什么能发展为什么能发展?It must be admitted that every nation has its strongpoints. If not , how can it survive ? How can itprogress ?n中国学生很灵中国学生很灵, 一挥而就一挥而就, 洋教师阅后洋教师阅后,评出了最佳作文一篇评出了最佳作文一篇, 学生们听后大为不学生们听后大为不解解, 这种文章怎么能被评为这种文章怎么能被评为“最佳最佳”?His Chinese students , quick at writing , finished the homework at one go and turned it in very soon. He went through the papers and picked the one that he thought the best . When he read it out to the students, they were generally perplexed. Of all the comments, why did he like this one best?n几几千千年年来来，形形成成老老者者自自以以为为经经验验丰丰富富而而鄙鄙薄薄少少年年为为处处事事幼幼稚稚，而而少少年年自自以以为为活活力力充充沛沛而而蔑蔑视视老老者者为为老老朽朽昏昏庸庸。这这真真是是偏偏颇颇的的见地！见地！nFor thousands of years it has been assumed that the aged, thinking themselves experienced and more skillful, look down upon the young for their greenness in worldly affairs, while the young, thinking themselves fresh in life and more energetic, call the aged old fogies. Either of these views, of course, is far from being impartial.概括句概括句n农农民民的的生生活活水水平平不不断断提提高高，大大部部分分农农民民已已解解决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上小康生活。决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上小康生活。nThe living standard of farmers has been continuously improving. The majority have solved the problem of ample food and clothing and quite a few have already been moderately better off.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐, 她的男朋友她的男朋友是什么样的人是什么样的人, 父亲一看就知道。父亲一看就知道。After all , father has eaten more salt than she over the years. He will be able to tell at a glance whether her boyfriend is a man of character.另另一一种种态态度度, 学学习习的的时时候候用用脑脑筋筋想想一一想想,学学那那些些和和我国情况适合的东西我国情况适合的东西, 即吸取对我们有益的经验即吸取对我们有益的经验, 我们需要的是这样一种态度。我们需要的是这样一种态度。The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things which suit our conditions , that is , to absorb whatever experience is useful to us. That is the attitude we should adopt .他他很很少少乘乘车车坐坐船船, 几几乎乎全全靠靠双双脚脚翻翻山山越越岭岭, 长长途途跋跋涉涉; 为为了了弄弄清清大大自自然然的的真真相相, 他他总总是是挑挑选选道道路路艰艰险险的的山山区区、人人迹迹稀稀少少的的森森林林进进行行考考察察, 发发现现了了许许多多奇山秀景。奇山秀景。He would walk across hills and dales , and trudge long distances to find out the true features of the great world of nature. He would venture far out into mountainous areas with the most treacherous trails and into jungles seldom visited by human beings. The reward for his work was the discovery of many fantastically beautiful scenes.对立句对立句n你你们们的的人人参参酒酒质质量量很很好好，但但包包装装较较差差，瓶瓶子子易易碎碎，纸纸盒盒太太薄薄，对对我我们们今今后后的的订订货货，请请每每瓶瓶套套一一只只泡泡沫沫塑塑料料套套，并并装装在在较较厚厚的的纸纸盒盒内内，否则我们只能放弃这个业务。否则我们只能放弃这个业务。nThe quality of your Ginseng Wine is fine, but its packing is rather poor. Bottles are subject to breakage and the paper boxes are too thin. In our future orders, please put each bottle in a foamed plastic bag before placing it into the cardboard box. Otherwise, we will have to give up this business. n这这种种经经营营方方式式的的特特点点是是共共同同投投资资，共共同同管管理理，共共负负盈盈亏亏，可可使使双双方方的的关关系系更更为为密密切切，协协作作更为加强，对双方都是有利的。更为加强，对双方都是有利的。nThe features of this form of business are joint investment, joint management and joint share in profits and losses. These will be beneficial to both parties in that their relation will be more close and the cooperation be strengthened.我在学堂里坐着我在学堂里坐着, 心里也闷心里也闷, 不如给他家放不如给他家放牛牛, 倒快活些。倒快活些。I feel sitting in school boring anyway. Id rather look after our neighbors buffaloes.前半部分是我在学校里感到闷前半部分是我在学校里感到闷, 后半部分后半部分是给他家看牛感到快活。译者在中间处断句是给他家看牛感到快活。译者在中间处断句, 使使两部分内容对比更加清晰。两部分内容对比更加清晰。阐述句阐述句要解决问题要解决问题, 还需做系统而周密的调查研究还需做系统而周密的调查研究, 这这就是分析的过程。就是分析的过程。In order to solve the problem , it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation. This is the process of analysis.各种语言嘈杂极了各种语言嘈杂极了, 有的在吵架有的在吵架, 有的在患难中有的在患难中谈爱谈爱, 真是一个热闹的世界。真是一个热闹的世界。People quarreled , and lovers , in spite of the hard times , talked to each other affectionately in a babel of languages. It was a very lively place.n中中国国目目前前的的教教育育制制度度可可以以分分为为四四个个阶阶段段：学学前前教教育育，也也就就是是托托儿儿所所和和幼幼儿儿园园阶阶段段，然然后后从六岁开始六年小学，六年中学和四年大学。从六岁开始六年小学，六年中学和四年大学。nAt present, Chinese educational system can be divided into four stages. Preschool education refers to the period of going to nurseries and kindergartens. School age begins at six. Primary school lasts for six years, so does the secondary education. It takes four years for students to finish tertiary education/to complete college education.长句含多层意思时分译，使关系更清晰n我我们们工工厂厂引引进进了了最最先先进进的的工工艺艺和和设设备备来来提提高高印印花花行行业业的的技技术术，我我们们倡倡导导高高科科技技和和高高生生产产力力，产产品品质质量量稳稳定定，花花样样美美观观，另另外外我我们们还还坚持高产低耗的原则。坚持高产低耗的原则。nOur factory has enhanced the printing technology by bringing in the most advanced workmanship and equipment. We advocate sophisticated technology and high productivity. Our products enjoy stable quality and beautiful patterns. In addition, we adhere to the principle of low cost and high output.华华大大妈妈在在枕枕头头底底掏掏了了半半天天, 掏掏出出一一包包洋洋钱钱, 交交给给老老栓栓, 老老栓栓接接了了, 抖抖抖抖的的装装入入衣衣袋袋, 又又在在外外面面按按了了两两下下, 便便点上灯笼点上灯笼, 吹熄灯盏吹熄灯盏, 走向里屋去了。走向里屋去了。(鲁迅鲁迅药药)After some fumbling under the pillow , his wifeproduced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over. Old Chuan pocketed it nervously , patted his pocket twice , then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp , went into the inner room.变序翻译变序翻译n汉英两民族思维方式上有差异，汉语重汉英两民族思维方式上有差异，汉语重时间先后，因果，英语则可按顺序也可时间先后，因果，英语则可按顺序也可逆顺序排列句内语义成分，因此有需要逆顺序排列句内语义成分，因此有需要适当调整以符合英语表达习惯。适当调整以符合英语表达习惯。 因因此此,如如果果要要使使学学生生充充分分利利用用他他们们(上上大大学学)的的机机会会,就就得得为为他他们们提提供供大大量量关关于于课课程程的的更更为为详详尽尽的的信信息息,作更多的指导作更多的指导,这个问题显得越来越重要了这个问题显得越来越重要了 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 1974年年8月月研研究究所所接接到到指指示示说说,如如果果研研究究成成果果能能应应用用于于市市场场预预测测,则则研研究究工工作作可可继续进行。继续进行。 In August 1974, the Institute was instructed to carry on its research on the condition that the result of which did have a usefulness for market forecast. n合资企业的产品可有一部分在国内市场销售，合资企业的产品可有一部分在国内市场销售，但为能满足合资企业再生产和其他方面对外但为能满足合资企业再生产和其他方面对外汇的需要，至少应有汇的需要，至少应有70%的产品外销以赚取的产品外销以赚取外汇。外汇。nA proportion of the products of the joint venture may be sold in the domestic market while at least 70% of the products should be exported to obtain foreign exchange to meet its need for foreign currencies and reproduction.