中考英语知识点总结初一年级（ 上）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. Sit down2. on duty3. in English4. have a seat5. at home6. look like7. look at8. have a look9. come on10. at work11. at school12. put on13. look after14. get up15. go shoppingI I .重要句型1. help sb. do sth.2. What about.?3. Lefs do sth.4. I ts time to do sth.5. I ts time fbr .6. Whafs.?I t is./ I fs.7. Where is.8. How old are you?Fm.9. What class are you in?I m in.10. Welcome to.11. Whats 12. 1 think.13. Whos this?This is.14. What can you see? I can see*.15. There is (are).16. What colour is it (are they)?I ts (Theyre)17. Whose .is this?I fs.18. What time is .I I I .交际用语1. Good morning, Miss/Mr.2. Hello! Hi!3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.4. How are you?I m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?5. See you. See you later.6. Thank you! Youre welcome.7. Goodbye! Bye!8. Whats your name?My name is .9. Here you are. This way, please.10. Whos on duty today?11. Lefs do.12. Let me see.I V .重要语法1 . 动词b e用法；2 . 人称代词和物主代词用法；3 . 名词单复数和所有格用法；4 . 冠词基本用法；5 . There be句型用法。【 名师解说】l.in/on在表达空间位置时，in表达在某个空间范畴以内，on表达在某一种物体表面之上。例 如 : There is a bird in the tree.树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the w all.墙上有张图。2. this/that/these/those(l)this常惯用来指在时间、地点上更接近发言人人和事，these是 this复数形式。that常惯用来指在时间、 地点上离发言人更远一点人和事， those时 that复数形式。 例如： You look in thisbox and I H look in that one over ther已你看看这个盒子，我去看那边那个盒子。I want this car, not that car.我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。Take these books to his room, please.请把这些书拿到她房间去。This is mine； that, s yours.这个是我，那个是你。These are apples； those are oranges.这些是苹果，那些是橘子。在打电话用语中，this经常指是我，that经常指是对方。例如：This is Mary speaking. Who s that?我是玛丽。你是谁？3. There be/ haveThere b e ”有 ，其确切含意为” 某处或某时存在某人或某物。” 其构造是：There be + 某人或某 物 +表达地点或时间状语。 There b e 背面名词事实上是主语， b e 动词形式要和主语在数上保持一致，be动词背面名词是单数或不可数名词时用i s , 名词是复数时用are。例如：( 1)There is a big bottle of coke on the table.桌上有一大瓶子可乐。 There is a doll in the box.那个盒子里有个娃娃。(3) There are many apples on the tree.那树上有许多苹果。总之，There be构造强调是一种客观存在“ 有“ 。have表达” 拥有，占有，具备” ，即：某人有某物(sb. have/has sth.)。主语普通是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，- - 种姐姐。 That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。4. look/ see/ watch(l)look表达“ 看、瞧” ，着重指认真看，强调看动作， 表达故意识地注意看，但不一定看到，以提示对方注意。 ，如：Look! The children are playing computer games.瞧 ！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。Look! What s that over there?看 ！那边那个是什么？单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人/ 物，其后接介词a t , 才干带宾语，如：He s looking at meo她正在看着我。(2)see强 调 “ 看”成果，着重是look这个动作成果，意思是“ 看到” ，see是及物动词，背面能直接跟宾语。如：What can you see in the picture?你能在图上看到什么？Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板！你看至U 了什么？(3)watch 观看，注视” ，侧重于场面，表达全神贯注地观看、观测或注视某事务活动，强调过程，惯用于“ 看电视、看足球、看表演”等。如：Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天咱们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。4. put on/ / inputon意 为 “ 穿上，戴上” 。重 要 指 “ 穿上”这一动作，背面接表达服装、鞋帽名词。i n 是介词，表 达 “ 穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：I t s cold outside, put on your coat.外面冷，穿上你外衣。He puts on his hat and goes o u t .她戴上帽子，走了 出去。The woman in a white blouse is John s mother.穿白色衬衣那个妇女是 John 妈妈。5. house/ home/familyhouse ： “ 房子” ， 指居住建筑物； Home： “ 家” ， 指一种人同家人共同经常居住地方； Family： 家 庭 ， 家庭成员 。例如：Please come to my house this afternoon.今天下午请到我家来。He is not at hom e.她不在家。My family all get up early.咱们全家都起得很早。6. fine, nice, good, well四者都可用作形容词表达“ 好” 之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。重要区别在于：(1) fine指物时表达是质量上叫青细” ，形容人时表达是“ 身体健康” ，也可以用来指” 天气晴朗例如：Your parents are very fine.你父母身体很健康。Thats a fine machine.那是一台较好机器 I ts a fine day for a walk today.今天是散步好时候。(2)nice重要侧重于人或物外表，有“ 美好“ ，“ 美丽” 意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如：Lucy looks nice.露西看上去很美丽。These coats are very nice.那些裙子较好看。Nice to meet y o u .见到你很高兴。I ts very nice of you.你真好。(3)good形容人时指“ 品德好” ， 形容物时指“ 质量好” ， 是表达人或物各方面都好普通用语。例如：Her son is a good student.她儿子是一种好学生。The red car is very good.那辆红色小汽车较好。（ 4） well只可用来形容人 身体好” ， 但不能作定语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修饰动词之后。例如：I m very well, thanks.我身体较好, 谢谢。My friends sing w ell.我朋友们歌唱得好。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 动词be用法;2 . 人称代词和物主代词用法；3 . 名词单复数和所有格用法；4 . 冠词基本用法；5 . There be句型用法。6 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；7 . 本单元学过寻常交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 . （ 北京市中考试题）Mary, please show your picture. A. my B. mine C. I D. me【 解析】答案：D。该题考查是人称代词和物主代词用法。本题中动词show背面跟双宾语,空白处应填入人称代词宾格m e作宾语。2 . （ 上海市徐汇区中考试题）orange on the desk is for you Mike. A. A B.An C. / D. The【 解析】答案：D。该题考查是冠词基本用法。由于是特指课桌上那个橘子，因此用定冠词lhe3 . （ 哈尔滨市中考试题）-What the number of the girls in your class? - About twenty.A. is B. am C. are D. be【 解析】答案：A o 该题考查是动词be用法和主谓一致。the number作主语，应当是单数第三人称，动词be变为is。4 .（ 陕西省中考试题）There a football match on TV this evening.A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have【 解析】答案：B o 该题考查是There be句型和动词have用法区别。There be句型自身就表 达 “ 在某个地方存在某个人或物” ，不能和动词have混在一起用。初一年级（ 下）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. a bottle of2. a little3. a lot （ of）4. all day5. be from6. be over7. come back8. come from9. do ones homework10. do the shopping11. get down12. get home13. get to14. get up15. go shopping16. have a drink of17. have a look18. have breakfast19. have lunch20. have supper21. listen to22. not.at all23. put.away24. take off25. throw it like that26. would like27. in the middle of the day28. in the morning / afternoon/ evening29. on a farm30. in a factoryI I .重要句型1. Let sb. do sth.2. Could sb. do sth.?3. would like sth.4. would like to do sth.5. What about something to eat?6. How do you spell .?7. May I borrow.?I I I .交际用语1. Thanks very much!一Youre welcome.2. Put it/them away.3. Whats wrong?4 .1 think so. I dont think so.5 .1 want to take some books to the classroom.6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.9. Whats your favourite sport?10. Dont worry.1 l.Tm (not) good at basketball.12. Do you want a go?13. Thats right./ Thats all right./ All right.14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?Yes, I do. / No, I dont.15. We / They have some CDs.We / They dont have any CDs.16. What day is it today / tomorrow?I ts Monday.17. - - May I bon ow your colour pens, please?- Certainly. Here you are.18. Where are you from?-From Beijing.19. Whats your telephone number in New York?20. Do you like hot dogs? 一 Yes, I do. (A little. / A lot. / Very much.)-No, I dont. ( I dont like them at all.)21. -What does your mother like?-She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.22. When do you go to school every day?- I go to school at 7:00 every day.23. What time does he go to bed in the evening?一He goes to bed at 10:00.I V .重要语法1 . 人称代词用法；2 . 祈使句；3 . 当前进行时构成和用法；4 . 动词have用法；5 . 普通当前时构成和用法；6 . 可数名词和不可数名词构成和用法【 名师解说】1. Thats right./ Thats all right./ All right.That sright意 为 “ 对” ，表达赞同对方意见、看法或行为，必定对方答案或判断。例如：Ithink we must help the old man.我想咱们应当协助这位老人。Thats right.或 Youre right.说得对 。That sail right.意 为 “ 不用谢” 、“ 没关系” ，用来回答对方道谢或道歉。例如：Many thanks. Thats all right. Sorry. I ts broken. Thats all right.AH right.意 为 “ 行了” 、“ 可以” ，表达批准对方建议或规定。有时还可以表达“ 身体较好”Please tell me about it.” 请把此事告诉我。 All right.好吧。I s your mother all right?你妈身体好吗2. make/do这两个词都可以解释为“ 做” ，但含义却不同，不能混用。m ake指做东西或制东西，d o 指做一件详细事。Can you make a paper boat for me?你能为我做个纸船吗？He s doing his homework now.她正在做她作业。3. say/speak/talk/tellsay：是最口语化最普通一种词，意 为 “ 说出” 、“ 说道” ，着重所说话。如：I want to go there by busM , he said . 她说， “ 我要坐汽车到那里去。 Please say it in English .请用英语说。speak ： “ 说话” ，着重开口发声，不着重所说内容，普通用作不及物动词（ 即背面不能直接接 宾 语 ）。 如: Can you speak about him?你能不能说说她状况？ I don, t like to speak like this.我不喜欢这样说话。speak作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇能力。如：She speaks English well.她英语说得好。talk ：与 speak意义相近，也着重说话动作，而不着重所说话，因而，普通也只用作不及物动词， 但是，talk 暗示话是对某人说，有较强对话意味，着重指持续地和别人谈话。如:I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟她谈那件事。Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。tell ： “ 告诉”， 除较少状况外，普通背面总接双宾语。如：He s telling me a story.她在给我讲故事。tell a lie 撒谎 tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth 如：.Miss Zhao often tells us to studyhard.4. do cooking/ do the cookingdo cooking作 做 饭 ”解，属泛指。do the cooking特指某一顿饭或某一家人饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复数，但 前 面 可 用some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似短语：do some washing 洗些衣服 do some shopping 买些东西 do some reading 读书 dosome writing 写些东西 do some fishing 钓鱼从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠词。go shopping去买东西go fishing去钓鱼go boating去划船go swimming去游泳5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.like doing sth .与like to do sth .意思相似，但用法有区别。前者强调普通性兴趣或者表达动作习惯性和经常性；日后表达一次性和偶尔性动作。例如：He likes playing football, but he doesn t like to play football with Li Ming.她喜欢踢足球，但是她不喜欢和李明踢。6. other/ others/ the other/ anotherother表别的，另 如 ：Have you any other questions?你尚有其她问题吗？others 别人，别东西. 如：I n the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里某些人是美国人， 其她是法国人。the other 表另一种 （ 两者之中）one ， the other 如：One of my two brothers studies English,the other studies Chinese.我两个哥哥中一种学习英文， 另一种学中文。another 表三者以上另一种，另某些如：There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。7. in the tree/ on the treein the tree与 on the tree.译成中文均为“ 在树上” 但英语中有区别。in the tree表达某人、某事( 不属于树自身生长出别东西) 落在树上，表达树枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用on the tree.如 : There are some apples on the tree.那棵树上有些苹果。 There is a bird in the tree.那棵树上有只鸟。8. some/ anysome和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有如下两点需要注意。(l)some惯用于必定句中，any惯用于否定句和疑问句中。如：There is some water in the glass.I s there any water in the glass?There isnt any water in the glass.在说话者但愿得到必定答复普通疑问句中，或在表达祈求，邀请疑问句中，咱们依然用some。如： Would you like some tea?9. tall/ high 说人，动物，树木等有生命东西，重要用ta ll,不用h ig h ,例 如 a tall woman 一种高个子妇女a tall horse * 种高大马 说一种不与地面接触人和物高时，要用h ig h ,而不用ta ll,例如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天时，例如： He is high up in the tree.她高高地爬在树上。 The plane is so high in the sky.飞机在空中这样高。(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或 high都可以，但是high限度比tall高。(4)high可作副词，tall不能。(5)tall反义词为short, high反义词为low.10. can/ could(1) can表达体力和脑力方面能力，或依照客观条件能做某种动作“ 能力” 。例如：Can you ride a bike?你会骑自行车吗? What can I do for you?要帮忙吗？ Can you make acake?你会做蛋糕吗？ can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表达说话人“ 怀疑 “ 猜测” 或不必定。例如:Where can he b e ? 她会在什么地方呢？ Can the news be true?这个消息会是真吗？I t surely cant be six oclock already?不也许己经六点钟 了吧？You cant be hungry so soon, Tom, yoiTve just had lunch.汤姆，你不也许饿得这样快，你刚吃过午饭。What can he m ean?她会是什么意思？在寻常会话中， can可代替may表达 容许 ， m ay比较正式。 例如： You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。-Can I use your pen?我能用你钢笔吗? 一 Of course, you can.固然可以。You can have my seat, Fm going now.我要走了，你坐我座位吧。（ 3） couldcould是 can过去式，表达过去有过能力和也许性（ 在否定和疑问句中） 。例如：The doctor said he could help him .（ 能力）医生说她能协助她。Lily could swim when she was four years o ld .（ 能力）当丽丽四岁时候她就会游泳。At that time we thought the story could be true.（ 也许性）那时咱们觉得所说也许是真。could可代替can表达当前时间动作，但语调较为婉转。例如：Could I speak to John, please?我能和约翰说话吗？Could you?在口语中表达祈求对方做事。例如：Could you wait half an hour?请你等半个小时好吗？ Could you please ring again at six ?六点钟请你再打电话好吗？（ 4） can形式只有当前式can和过去式could两种形式。能表达普通当前和普通过去两种时态，有时也能表达将来。所有其她时态（ 涉及将来时）须用be able to 加动词不定式来表达。例如：They have not been able to come to Beijing.她们没有能到北京来。11. look for/ findlook fo r意为“ 寻找 ， 而 find意为“ 找到, 发现” , 前者强调“ 找” 这一动作, 并不注重“ 找”成果，而后者则强调“ 找”成果。例如：She can tfind her ruler.她找不到她尺子啦。Tom is looking for his watch, but he can, t find it.汤姆正在寻找她手表，但没能找到。12. be sleeping/ be asleepbe sleeping表达动作，意思是“ 正在睡觉” ；be asleep表达状态，意思是“ 睡着了如：一What are the children doing in the room?孩子们在房间里做什么？They are sleeping.她们正在睡觉。The children are asleep now.当前孩子们睡着了。13. often/ usually/sometimesoften表达“ 经常” ， sometimes表达” 有时候” ， 在表达发生频率上often要高于usually, usually要高于sometimes。这三个词表达是经常性，普通性动作或状况，常与普通当前时连用，常位于重要谓语动词前面，其她谓语动词（ b e 动词，情态动词和助动词）背面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语调，则放在句首。We usually play basketball after school.咱们普通放学后打篮球。Sometimes I go to bed early.有时，我睡觉很早。He often reads English in the morning.她经常在上午读英语。14. How much/ How manyhow much惯用来询问某一商品价格，常用句式是How much is/are？How much is the skirt?这条裙子多少钱？ How much are the bananas?这些香蕉多少钱？how much后加不可数名词，表达数量，意 为 “ 多 少 “ ，how many后加可数名词复数形式。How much meat do you want?你要多少肉呀？ How many students are there in your class?你们班有多少人？15. be good for/ be good to/ be good atbe good fo r表达” 对 有好处 ，而 be bad for表达” 对 有害 ；be good to 表达 对和谐 ， 而 be bad to表达” 对 不好 ； be good at表达” 擅长， 在 方面做得好 ， 而 be bada t表达” 在方面做得不好” 。如：Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你眼睛有好处。Eating too much is bad for you health.吃太多对你身体有害。Miss Li is good to all of us.李教师对咱们所有人都很和谐。The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对她工人不好。Li Lei is good at drawing, but Pm bad at it.李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。16. each/ everyeach和 every均有“ 每一种” 意思，但含义和用法不相似。each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。each可用于两者或两者以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。如： We each have a new book.咱们每人各有一本新书。 There are trees on each side of the street.街两旁有树。He gets up early every morning.每天上午她都起得早。each可以用作形容词、 副词和代词； every只能用作形容词。 如： Each of them has his own duty.她们各人有各人义务。They each want to do something different.她们每个人都想做不同事情。1 7 .普通当前时/当前进行时普通当前时表达经常性或习惯性动作或存在状态，也表达说话者能力，尚有自然现象；而当前进行时表达正在进行或发生动作（ 构成方式为am/is /are/+doing）oI do my homework in the evening.我在晚上做作业。 Fm doing my homework now.我当前正在做作业。当前进行时常与now, these days, at the moment或 Look, listen等词连用；而普通当前时常与 often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays 等连用 We often clean the classroom after school.咱们经常放学后打扫教室。Look! They are cleaning the classroom . 看!她们正在打扫教室呢。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 动词普通当前时和当前进行时用法，人称代词用法，可数名词和不可数名词构成和用法。2 . 本册书中常用交际用语3 . 本册书中某些重点词组和短语考试形式往往是单项填空、完形填空、短文改错和短文填空。【 中考范例】1 . （ 安徽省中考试题）-Hurry up! Were all waiting for you.-1 for an important phone call. Go without me.A. wait B. was waiting C. am waiting D. waited【 解析】答案：C。表达当前正在进行动作，用当前进行时。2 . （ 长春市中考试题）Could you help_with English, please?A. I , my B. me, me C. me, my D. my,I【 解析】答案：C o 第一种空作宾语，应用人称代词宾格m e ,第二个空作定语，应用形容词性物主代词my。3 .（ 长春市中考试题）Dr. White can French very well. A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell【 解析】答案：A。说什麽语言惯用动词speak。4 . （ 黄冈中考试题）English is spoken by _ people. A. a lot B. much many C. a large number of D. a great deal of【 解析】答案：C 只有a large number o f 能用来修饰复数可数名词people。4. he, say, Beijing, big, beautiful, like, work, here初二年级（ 上）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. on time2. best wishes3. give a talk4. for example5. short for6. a waste of time7. go on a field trip8. go fishing9 .1 agree10. next week11. the day after tomorrow12. have a picnic13. have some problems doing sth.14. go the wrong way15. hurry up16. get together17. in the open air18. on Mid-Autumn Day19. come over20. have to21. get home22. agree with23. in the country24. in town25. all the same26. in front of27. on the left/right side28. next to29. up and down30. keep healthy31. grow up32. at the same time33. the day before yesterday35. last Saturday36. half an hour ago37. a moment ago38. just now39. by the way40. all the time41. at firstI I .重要句型1. have fun doing sth.2. Why dont you.?3. Were going to do sth.4. start with sth.5. Why not.?6. Are you going to.?7. be friendly to sb.8. Youd better do sth.9. ask sb. for sth.10. say goodbye to sb.11. Good luck(with sb)!I I I . 交际用语1 .Welcome backto school!2 .Excuse me. Tm sorry I m late, because the traffic is bad.3.I t doesnt matter.4 .Happy Teachers Day !5 .Thats a good idea.6 .What are you going to do?7 .Where are we going ?8 .What are we going to do ?9.I m good at.l O.I fs not far from.11 . Are you free tomorrow evening?12 .Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?13Tm glad you can come.14 .Thanks for asking us.15 .How about another one?16 .May I have a taste?17 .Let me walk with you.18 .What do you have to do?19 .Do you live on a farm?20 .Which do you like better, the city or the country?21 .Which do you like best, dogs， cats or chickens?22 .Shall we go at ten?Good idea!23 .-Lets make it half past one. OK.24 .一Why not come a little earlier?-All right.25 .Excuse me. Wheres the nearest post office, please?26. 1fs over there on the right.27. I m sorry I dont know.28 .Youd better.29 .Thank you all the same.30 .Which bus do I take?31 .Go along this road.32 .What day was it yesterday?33.I m sorry to hear that.34.1 hope youre better now.35.Why did you call me?36.1 called to tell.I V .重要语法l .be going to 用法；2 . 形容词比较级、最高档；3 . 形容词和副词比较4 . 普通过去时【 名师解说】1. on the street / in the street表 达 “ 在街上”时 , on the street和 in the street都可以，在美国多用on the street,在英国多用 in the street.例 如 : We have a house in the street.咱们在街上有座房子。I met him on thestreet.我在街上碰见了她。2. would like / likewould like和 like含义不同。lik e意 思 是 喜 欢 兴趣 , 而 would lik e意思是 想要试比较： I like beer.=IJ m fond of b e e r.我喜欢喝啤酒。 I d like a glass of beer= I want a glassof beer.我想要一杯啤酒。Do you like going to the cinema?你喜欢看电影吗？ Would you liketo go to the cinema tonight?你今晚想去看电影吗？3. another / the other(l)another通惯用于三个或三个以上或不拟定数量中任意一种人或 物体。 例如：May I have another apple, please?请在给我一种苹果好吗？This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。(2)the other普通指两者中另一种。例如：He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long.她有两把尺子，一把短，另一把长。 I havetwo brothers. One works in Xi an . The other works in Beijing.我有两个兄弟，一种在西安工作，另一种在北京工作。4. have to /must(l)have to 和 m ust都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必要去做而又想去时，惯用must。如果谈论某种来自“ 外界”义务，惯用have to 例如：I must stopsmoking.我必要戒烟。(自己想戒烟) They have to work for the boss.她们不得不为那个老板工作。(条件逼得她们去工作)(2)have t o 可用于各种时态，m ust只能用于普通当前时。例如：r 1 1 have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天上午我必要早早起床。We had to work longhours every day in order to get more money.为了多挣钱，咱们不得不每天长时间地工作。(3)用于否定句时, m us t 意思是“ 决不能” ，“ 禁止” ，而 don t have 2 意思是“ 不必” ，相称于 needn, to 例如： You mustn, t be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。 You dont have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.hear sb. or sth.doing sth.意思是“ 听到某人或某物在做某事 ， 而 hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思“ 听到某人或某物做过某事” 。试比较：I hear him singing an English song.听见她在唱英歌曲。I heard him sing an English song.我听见她唱一首英文歌。类似hear这种用法尚有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。6. any /someany和 som e都可以同不可数名词和可数名词复数形式连用，但 some普通用在必定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。 试比较： I want some money.我想要点钱。 Have you any money?你有钱吗？ I don t have any money.我一点钱也没有。som e有时也用于疑问句，表达说话人期待一种必定回答或勉励人家说“ 是” 。例如：Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？7. hear /listen tolisten t o 和 hear均 有 “ 听”意思，但含义有所不同。Listen to 强 调 “ 听”动作，hear强调“ 听”成果。例如：Listen to me ,please 1 V m going to tell you a story.请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room?听 ！ 你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。hear背面如果接宾语从句，经常表达“ 据说” 。例如：I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我据说某些外国学生将要访问咱们学校。I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.我据说今晚咱们学校要演一场电影。8. Lefs. /Let us.Let, s - 和 Letus 都表达“ 让咱们” ，如果u s 涉及听话人在内，其含义相似，附带问句用shall w e .如果u s 不涉及听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us附带问句要用will you。例如：Let, s go shopping, shall we?咱们去购物好吗?9. take/ bring/ carry /get这四个动词均有“ 拿”和 “ 带”意 思 ,但含义有所不同。take意 为 “ 带走” ，“ 拿走” ，bring意 为 “ 带来” ，“ 拿来” ，get表 达 “ 到别地方把某人或某物带来或拿来” ，carry不强调方向，带有负重意思。试比较：My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母经常带我到那里去度假。I , m going to take you to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。Bring me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。I 1 1 bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。 The waiter carried the me to thetable服务员把肉送到桌上。The monkey carried the bag on her back.猴子把那个包背在背上。She went back to get her handbag.她折回去拿她手提包Let me get the doctor.让我去请医生吧。10. far away /faraway(l)far away是一种副词短语，意思是” 很远二例如：Some are far away. Some are nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近某些。The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。(2)faraway是一种形容词，意思是“ 遥远” ，可以在句中作定语。例如：He lives in faraway mountain village. 她住在一种遥远小山村。11. find / look forfind和 look fo r均 有 “ 找”意思, 但含义不同。fin d 强调“ 找”成 果 , 而 look fo r强调“ 找”过程。请看下列例句：He is looking for his bike.她在找她自行车。IJ m looking for my watch,but can, t find it.我在找我手表，但是找不到。I hope you will soon find your lost ring.但愿你尽快找到丢失戒指。此外，find尚有“ 发现” ； “ 感到”等意思。例如：I found a wallet in the desk. 我在课桌里发现了一种钱包。I find this book very interesting.我觉得这本书很故意思。12. in front of /in the front ofI n front o f 表达在某物前面，不在某物范畴内。I n the front o f 表达在某物前部，在某物范畴内。试比较：My seat is in front of Mary s.我座位在玛丽座位前面。He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.她和司机坐在小车前部。【 考点扫描】1 . be going to 用法；2 . 形容词比较级、最高档；3 . 形容词和副词比较4 . 普通过去时5 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；6 . 本单元学过寻常交际用语。【 中考范例】1 . （ 烟台市中考试题）I n the exam, the you are, the mistakes youll make.A. carefully, little B. more carefully, fewest C. more careful, fewer D. more careful, less【 解析】答案：C 该题考查是形容词和副词比较以及她们比较级别用法。第一种空应填形容词careful比较级，由于它在句中作表语，第二个空应填few 比较级，由于它修饰是复数可数名词。2 . （ 河北省中考试题）Bob never does his homework Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.A. so careful B. as carefully as C. carefully D. as careful as【 解析】答案：B o 该题考查是形容词和副词用法比较。该空应填副词，由于它修饰是动词doeso该题用是not as+副词+as构造，因此答案应是B。3 . （ 重庆市中考试题）That day I saw some parents at the back of the classroom, to the teacher.A. sitting, listened B. sat, listened C. sitting, listening D. sat, listening【 解析】 答案： C o该题考查是see sb. doing sth.句型构造和分词作状语用法。 第一种空stting在句中作saw宾语补足语，第二个空listening做随着状语。4 （ 杭州市中考试题）You open the door before the train gets into the station.A. dont have to B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not【 解析】答案: B。该题考查是几种情态动词否定式用法区别。don th av eto 和 needn t 意思都是“ 不必” , may not意思是“ 可以不” , 只 有 mustn t 表 达 不 许 意 ” 禁止可初二年级（ 中）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. give a concert2. fall down3. go on4. at the end of5. go back6. in ahurry7. write down8. come out9. all the year round10. later on11. at times12. ring sb. up13. Happy New Year!14. have a party15. hold on16. hear from17. be ready18. at the moment19. take out2O. the same as21. turn over22. get-together23. put on24. take a seat25. wait for26. get lost27. just then28. first of all29. go wrong30. make a noise31. get on32. get off33. stand in line34. at the head of35. laugh at36. throw about37. in fact38. at midnight39. enjoy oneself40. have a headache41. have a cough42. fall asleep43. again and again44. look over45. take exerciseI I .重要句型1. be good for sth.2 .1 think .3 .1 hope.4 .1 love.5.1 dont like.6. Tm sure.7. forget to do sth.8. take a message for sb.9. give sb. the message10. help yourself to sth.11. be famous for sth.12. on ones way to.13. make ones way to.14. quarrel with sb.15. agree with sb.16. stop sb. from doing sth.in.交际用语1 .Whats the weather like today?2.I ts cold, but quite suuny.3 .How cold it is today!4 .Yes, but itll be warmer later on.5 .Shall we make a snowman?6 .Ok. Come on!7 .H叩py New Year!8 .May I speak to Ann, please? ?9 .Hold on, please.lO .Thanks a lot fbr inviting me to your party.1 l.Ok. But I m afraid I may be a little late.12 .Can I take a message for you?13 .Thats OK. I t doesnt matter.14. 1m very sorry, but I cant come.15. I m sorry to hear that.16 .Happy birthday!17 .Would you like .?Would you like to .?18 .Do you think ？ Yes, I think so. / No, I dont think so.19 .Do you agree?Yes, I agree. / No, dont really agree. I really cant agree.2O .There are a few / a lot o f. / on it.21 .So do we.22. 1m happy you like it.23 .Which is the way to . please?24 .Tum right/left at the . crossing.25 .Go on until you reach .26 .How can I get to .?Go down/up/along this road.27 .Whats the matter?28 .I tll take you half an hour to .29.Wed better catch a bus.30.lt may be in . Ah, so it is31 .You must be more careful!32 .You mustnt cross the road now.33. I f you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.34 .Please stand in line.35 .You must wait for your turn.36.1f you dont go soon, youll be late.37. 1 dont feel very well.38 .My head hurts.39 .You mustnt eat anything until you see the doctor.4O .Whats the trouble?41 .Whafs the matter with.?42 .She didnt feel like eating anything.43.Nothing serious.44 .Have/get a pain in.45 .No problem.46 .Take this medicine three times a day.I V .重要语法1 . 普通过去时；2 . 反意疑问句用法；3 . 普通将来时；4 . 感叹句；5 . 简朴句五种基本句型；6 . 情态动词can, may和 must, have to 用法；7 . 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。【 名师解说】1. above/ over/ on这三个介词都表达“ 在之上” ，但含义不同。o n 指在某物表面上，和某物接触；above指在某物上方，不和某物接触，但也不一定在某物正上方；over指在某物正上方，不和某物接触。试比较：There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。I raise my right hand above my head.我把右手高举过头。There is a stone bridge over the river.河面上有座石桥。2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.forget to do slh.意思是“ 忘掉做某事” ，事实上还没做；forget doing sth,意思是“ 忘掉做过某事” ，事实上已经做过了。试比较：I forgot to tell him the news.我忘掉告诉她这条消息了。I forgot telling him the news.我己经把这条消息告诉她了，我却忘了。类似词尚有：remember, regret等。3. hope/wishhope和 w ish在汉语中均有“ 但愿”意思，但其含义和用法有所不同。重要区别如下： wish可以用来表达不可实现愿望；hope只能用来表达也许实现愿望。例如：I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。I hope you 1 1 be better soon.我但愿你能不久好起来。I wish the weather wasn t so cold.但愿天气不这麽冷。I hope he will come, to o .我但愿她也能来。(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth .构 造 , 而 hope不可以。例如：Do you wish me to come back later?你与否但愿我再来？4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth.(l)be sure to do sth.可以用来表达说话人给对方提出规定，意思是“ 务必” ，也可以用来表达说话人做出推断，意思是“ 一定” ，“ 必 定 例 如 ：Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。I t s a good 61m. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，你必定会喜欢。 be sure of/about sb.or s t h .可用来表达“ 某人对某事有把握” 。例如：r m sure of his success.我相信她会成功。I think it was three years ago, but T m not sure about it.我想那是三年前事情, 但我没有把握。5. hear from/hear ofhear意思是“ 听到 ，从哪里听到要用from来表达。例如：I ve heard from Xiao Wu that we I I start out military training tomorrow.我听小吴说，咱们明天开始军训。Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到内容。hear from尚有一种意思是“ 收到某人来信 ( = receive a letter from sb.) 。例如：I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A, last month.上个月我受到了美国笔友来信。I heard from her last w eek.我上周接到了她来信。hear o f和和hear from含义不同。hear o f 意思是“ 据说” ，“ 得知”( 某事或某人存在) ，惯用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：Who is he?r ve never heard of him.她是谁？我从来没有据说过她。I never heard of such a thing! 这样事我从来没有据说过。6. I ts a pleasure./With pleasure.I t, s a pleasure这句话惯用作别人向你表达道谢时答语，意思是“ 那是我乐意做: 例如：一Thank you for helping m e.谢谢你地协助。一 - I t, s a pleasure.那是我乐意做。Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。 再会。一I tJ s a pleasure.那是我乐意做。再会。类似话尚有 “Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “That sail right.With pleasure也用作客气答语， 重要用在别人要你做某事， 而你又非常乐意去做场合。 例如：Will you please pass me the newspaper, please?请你把报纸递给我好吗？With pleasure.固然可以。7. seem/look两者都可以作“ 看起来”讲，但 seem暗示凭借某些迹象作出有依照判断，这种判断往往接近事实；look着重强调由视觉得出印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如：Heseems / looks (to be) very happy today.她今天看起来很高兴。I t looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain.好像要下雨了。(2)但下列状况中只用seem不用look：1)后跟不定式to do时。如：He seems to know the answer,她似乎懂得答案。2)在 I t seems that.构造中。如：I t seems that he is happier now than yesterday.她像比昨天高兴些了。8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for(l)be ready to do和 be ready for表 达 ” 己作好准备” ，强调状态(2)get ready to do和 get ready for表 达 ” 为做准备” ，强调行为。如：Pm ready to do anything you want me to d o .我乐意/ 随时准备做一切做你要我做事。rm ready for any questions you may ask.我乐意/ 随时准备回答你也许问问题。He,s getting ready to leave for Tokyo.她正准备动身去东京。Lets get ready for the hard moment.咱们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。（ 3） be ready to d o 普通可理解“ 乐于做某事” ，即思想上总是有做某事准备。 be not ready to do表 达 “ 不容易做某事 。如：He，s usually not ready to listen to others.她普通不容易听从别人。9. at table/at the tableat table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：The Greens are at table.格林一家人在吃饭。Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。10. reach, arrive/get to三者均有“ 到达” 之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和 arrive是不及物动词，不能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get to 后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to 去掉；arrive at + 小地方，arrive in十 大地方。如：Lucy got to the zoo before 8 oclock.露西 8 点前到了动物园。When did your parents arrive in Shanghai?你父母何时到上海？I t was late when I got hom e.我到家时天色已晚。ll.sick/ill两者都是形容词。当 “ 生病，患病 之意时，川 只作表语、 不作定语；而 sick既可作表语也可作定语。sick有 呕吐，恶心” 意思，只能作表语，而 ill无此意。如：Li Lei was ill last week.（ 只作表语） 李磊上周生病了。Hes a sick m a n .（ 作定语）她是病人。不能说成：Hes an ill man.My grandfather was sick for a month last y e a r.（ 作表语）我祖父去年病了一种月。12. in time/on timein time 是“ 及时 意思，on time 是 准时，准时 。如：I didn*t get to the bus stop in tim e.我没有及时赶上汽车。Well finish our job on tim e.咱们要准时完毕任务。13. may be/maybeI t may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside pocket.也许在你里边口袋里。第一句中may b e是情态动词+ b e动词构成谓语某些， 意思是 也许是 ， 也许是 ； 第二句中maybe是副词， 意思是 也许 ， 常位于句首， 不能位于句中， 相称于另一副词perhaps再如： Maybeyou put it in that bag.也许你放在了那只包里。( 不能说You maybe put itin that bag.) I t may be a hat.那也许是顶帽子。( 不能说 I t maybe a h at.或 I t maybe is a hat.)14. noise/ voice/ soundnoise指嘈杂声，噪音大吵杂声。voice是指说话声音，嗓音，嗓子。sound是指耳朵可以听到声音、闹声等。它是表达声音之意最普通字。有时还用作科学上声音。例如：Dont make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！I didnt recognize Johns voice on the telephone.在电话里我听不出约翰声音。He spoke in a low voice.她低声说话。We heard a strange sound.咱们听到了一种奇怪声音。Sound travels fast, but light travels faster.声音传得快，但是光传得更快。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 普通过去时；2 . 反意疑问句用法；3 . 普通将来时；4 . 感叹句；5 . 简朴句五种基本句型；6 . 情态动词can, may和 must, have to 用法；7 . 时间状语从句和条件状语从句；8 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；9 . 本单元学过寻常交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型天空、短文填空和完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 . （长沙市中考试题）-D o you know if we will go to the cinema tomorrow?-1 think well go if we too much homework.A. will have B. had C. wont have D. dont have【 解 析 】答案：D。该题考查是条件状语从句时态。在条件和时间状语从句里通惯用普通当前是表达将来动作。2 .（ 佛山市中考试题）You have been to Tibet, ?I was told that the snow-covered mountains were very beautiful.A. have you B. havenJt you C. dont you【 解 析 】答 案 ：B o该题考查是反意疑问句构成。反意疑问句前一某些是必定句，后一某些就应当与否定疑问某些，并且要和前一某些保持时态上一致。3 . （扬州市中考试题）-Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoisl（ 相扑手） . - -Wow, !A. How a fat man B. What a fat man C. How fat man D. What fat man【 解 析 】答 案 ：B o该题考查是感叹句构成。这个感叹句省略了主谓某些，只保存了感叹某些 。如 果 以What开 头 ，就 应 当 是What a fat man!如 果 是How开头，就 应 当 是How fat!4 .（福建省泉州市中考试题）- Thanks fbr your help, . 一A. I t doesnt matter B. Dont thank me C. Youre welcome D. Thats right【 解 析 】答 案 ：C o该题考查是寻常交际用语。回答别人道谢通惯用That sallright.或 “You re welcome.初 二 英 语 （ 下 ）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. on time2. out of3. all by oneself4. lots of5. no longer6. get back7. sooner or later8. run away9. eat up10. take care of11. turn off12. turn on13. after a while14. make faces15. teach oneself16. falloff17. play the piano18. knock at19. to ones surprise20. look up21. enjoy oneself22. help yourself23. tell a story / stories24. leave.behind.25. come along26. hold a sports meeting27. be neck and neck28. as. as29. not so / as . as30. do one*s best31. take part in32. a moment late33. Bad luck!34. fall behind35. high jump36. long jump37. relay race38. well done!39. take off40. as usual41. a pair of42. at once43. hurry off44. come to oneself45. after a while46. knock on47. take care of48. at the moment49. set off50. here and there51. on watch52. look out53. take ones placeI I .重要句型1. Wed better not do sth.2. leave one. oneself3. find ones way to a place4. stand on ones head5. make sb. Happy6. catch up with sb.7. pass on sth. to somebody8. spend time doing sth.9. go on doing sth.10. get on well with sb.11. be angry with sb.12. be fed up with sth.13. not.until.14. make room for sb.I I I .交际用语1. Were all by ourselves.2 .1 fell a little afraid.3. Dont be afraid.4. Help!5. Cant you hear anything?6 .1 cant hear anything / anybody there.7. Maybe its a tiger.8. Lefs get it back before they eat the food.9. Did she learn all by herself?10. Could she swim when she was .years old?11. She didnt hurt herself.12. He couldnt buy himself many nice things.13. Did he enjoy himself?14. Help yourselves.15. Bad luck!16. Come on!17. Well done! Congratulations (to.)!18. I t must be very interesting.19. I dont think you71 ! like it.20. I t seems to be an interesting book.21. I m sure (that) I m not sure if I m not sure what to.22.1 hope so.23. What was he/she drawing when.?24. I m sorry to trouble you.25. Would you please.?26. What were you doing at ten oclock yesterday morning?27. You look tired today.28. Youd better go to bed early tonight, if you can.29. How kind!30. Lefs move the bag, or it may cause an accident.31. I ts really nice of you.32. Dont mention it.33. Dont crowd around him.I V 重要语法1 . 不定代词/ 副词运用；2 . 反身代词用法；3 . 并列句；4 . 形容词和副词比较级别；5 . 冠词用法；6 . 动词过去进行时；【 名师解说】1. bring/takeBring表 达 “ 带来、拿来” ，指从别处朝说话人所在或将在地方“ 带来、拿来” 。而 take则表达 “ 拿去、带走” ，它表达方向与bring相反，指从说话人所在地“ 拿走、带走” 。如：Bring me the book, please.把那本书给我拿来。Take some food to the old m an.给那位老人带去些食物。2. somebody/ anybody/nobody普通说来，somebody用于定句，anybody用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句。例如：Somebody came to see you when you were o u t.你出来时有人来见你。Does anybody live on this island?有人在这岛上住吗？I didnt see anybody there.我在那儿谁也没看见。Dont let anybody in. I m too busy to see anybody.别让任何人进来。我太忙，谁也不想见。There is nobody in the room .房间里没人。Nobody told me that you were ilh so I didnt know about it.谁也没告诉我你病 了因此我不懂得。3. listen, listen to, hear这三个词意思都是“ 听” ，但是它们用法不完全相似。它们区别在于：(l)listen只用于不及物动词，背面接人或人物做宾语，着重于“ 倾听” ，指是故意识动作，至于与否听到，并非强调重点。如：Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.听 ！有人在教室唱歌。(2)listent。为 listen及物形式，背面一定要接人或物做宾语，这里to 是介词。如：Do you like listening to light music?你喜欢听轻音乐吗？(3)hear可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“ 听到、听见” ，指用耳朵听到了某个声音，表达无意识动作，着重于听能力和成果。如：We hear with our ears.咱们用耳朵听。She listens but hears nothing.她听了听，但是什么也没有听见。4. many/ much/ a few/ a little/ few/ little(l)many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；都表达许多。例如：He has many books.她有许多书。He drank much milk.她喝 了许多牛奶。(2)a few和 a little都表达“ 有一点儿” ，侧重于必定，相称于“ some，但 a few修饰可数名词，a little修饰不可数名词，例如：He has a few friends in London.她在伦敦有某些朋友。Would you like some coffee?Yes, just a liltle.喝点咖啡好吗？好，只要一点。(3)few和 little表达” 几乎没有” ， 侧重否定。 few后接可数名词， little后接不可数名词。 例如：He is a strange man. He has few words.她是个怪人，她几乎不说什么话。Hurry up, there is little time left.赶紧，没什么时间了。5. either/ neither/ botheither可作形容词，普通指” 两者中任何一种， 有时也可表达” 两个都” 意思，后跟名词单数形式；neither：指两者中没有一种，全否定；both：指两者都，必定。句中可作主语、宾语和定语，both背面应跟名词复数形式。如：Neither of the dims is good.两部电影者R不好。( 没有一部是好) Either of the films is good.两部电影都不错。( 谓语动词用单数) Both theteachers often answer the questions.这两个教师都经常解答问题。6. take part in/jointake part in参加某种活动; join参加， 加入某一政党或组织。 例如: Can you take part in my party.你能来参加我派对吗？ We often take part in many school activities.咱们经常参加学校里某些活动。 He joined the party in 1963.她 1963 年入党。 My little brother joined the army last year.我小弟去年参军。7. quite/ rather/ very(l)quite表达限度“ 很 , 十 分 , 完 全 地 ” ，“ 相称 。如 : She is quite right.她对极了。Thats not quite what I want. 那并不完全是我所要。(2)rather表达限度上“ 相称” ， 比预想地限度要大， 通惯用在不喜欢状况下。 如： I ts rather coldtoday.今每天气相称冷。(3)very表达限度“ 很，甚，极其，非常” ，用于修饰形容词或副词，既可用在喜欢状况下，也可用于不喜欢状况下。应注意“a very +形容词+ 可数名词单数”构造中，“ a”应置于“very”之前，该构造相称“quite a/an +形容词+ 名词”构造。如：Two months is quite a long time. / avery long tim e.两个月是一段很长时间。I ts a very nice day / quite a nice day.今每天气较好。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 .不定代词/ 副词运用;2 . 反身代词用法；3 . 并列句；4 . 形容词和副词比较级别；5 . 冠词用法；6 . 动词过去进行时；7 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；8 . 本单元学过寻常交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 . （ 江西省中考试题）-1 called you yesterday evening， but there was no answer.Oh, I am sorry I dinner at my friends home.A. have B. had C. was having D. have had【 解析】答案： C o 该提考查是动词时态。表达过去某一时刻正在进行动作应用过去进行时。2 . （ 北京市中考试题）-Which is, the sun, the moon or the earth?-Of course the moon is.A. small B. smaller C. smallest D. the smallest【 解析】答案：D。该提考查是形容词比较级别。三者进行比较，其中最小应用最高档，而形容词最高档之前必要加顶冠词the。3 . （ 河北省中考试题）Bob never does his homework Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as【 解析】答案：B o 该提考查是形容词和副词用法区别。空白处所缺词是修饰动词短语doeshis homework,应当用副词。此外， 表达“ 某人做事不如某人细心” 应用anot as carefully as,T这样构造。4 .（ 吉林省中考试题）-1 like riding fast. I ts very exciting.- O h ! You mustnt do it like that, it may have an accident.A. and B. or C. so D. but【 解析】答案：B o 该提考查是连接并列句并列连词选取。And普通连接两个意思一致并列句，so连接两个有因果关系并列句，but连接两个有转折关系并列句，or相称于if not意思 是 “ 否则二初三年级（ 上）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. at the moment2. used to3. for a while4. walk away with sth.5. leave for some place6. sooner or later7. pay for8. come up with an idea9. think of10. have a try11. all over the world12. be famous for13. large numbers of14. all the year round15. no matter what16. give up17. for example18. by the way19. on business20. so far21. come true22. set off23. slow down24. go on doing25. wait for26. be proud of27. be afraid of28. speak highly of29. a year and a half30. half a year31. pick up32. as soon as33. keep. clean34. take care of35. cut down36. make a contribution to37. base on38. make sure39. take away40. begin with41. right now42. as soon as possible43. leave a message44. all kinds of things45. walk around46. fall asleep47. wake up48. go on a trip49. have a good time50. take photos51. come out52. come on53. have a family meeting54. talk about55. go for a holiday56 go scuba diving57. write down58. by oneself59. walk along60. get a chance to do sth61. have a wonderful time62. book a room63. have an accident64. be interested in65. use sth. to do sth.66. make a TV show67. be amazed at68. take part in69. feed on70. get out ofn.重要句型1. Why dont you do sth.?2. make sb. Happy3. borrow sth. from sb.4. forget to do sth.5. pay fro sth.6. return sth. To sb.7. learn sth. from sb.8. be famous for sth.9. No matter what.10. be with sb.11. go on doing sth.12. speak highly of sb.13. keep doing sth.14. allow sb. To do sth.15. encourage sb. to do sth.16. I t is said that.I I I .交际用语1. Excuse me, have you got.? Yes, I have. (Sorry, I havent.)2. 一 Why dont you .?一 Thanks, I will.3. - Thanks a lot. (Thank you very much.)-You are welcome.4. Have you ever done.?-Yes, I have, once. (No, never.)5. - Fve just done.-Really?6. Whats., .like?7. How long have you been.?-Since.8. - Have you ever been to.?I ve never been there. (None of us has./ Only .has.)9. 一 Would you like to have a try?-I dont think I can.10. - What have you done since.?11. How long have you been at this .?一 For.12. - How long has she/ he worked there.? Shes / Hes worked there for. / all her / his life.13. - I m sorry he isnt here right now.14 . iMay I help you?15. - Thafs very kind of you.16. Could we go scuba diving?17. 一 Could you tell us how long were going to be away?18. Lets try to find some information about it, OK?19. - Could you please tell me how to search the I nternet?20. - Go straight along here.21. Please go to Gate 12.22. iPlease come this way.23. Could you tell me what you think about Hainan I sland?24. - That sounds really cool!I V .重要语法1 .宾语从句2 .当前完毕时3 .普通过去时与当前完毕时用法比较：【 名师解说】1. Maybe/ may be(l)m aybe是副词，意思 是 “ 大概，也许 ，惯用作状语。例如：Maybe you put it in your bag.也许你把它放在包里了。“Will he come tomorrow?” Maybe not.” 她明天来吗？ ”“ 也许不” 。 may be相称于是情态动词may与be动词搭配一起作谓语， 意思是“ 也许是， 也许是二例如：I t may be 9:00 when ihey arrive.她们也许于九点至! | 达。The man may be a lawyer.那人也许是律师。2. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use(1) borrow表达是从别人那里借来东西，即咱们普通所说“ 借进来” 。例如：We often boirowbooks from our school library.咱们经常从学校图书馆借书。I borrowed this dictionary from myteacher.我从教师那儿借来了这本字典。borrow是一种瞬间完毕动作，因而不能与时间段连用。例如： You can borrow my recorder for three days.( 错 误 )1 have borrowed this book for onlyone week.( 错误) lend表达是把自己东西借给别人， 即咱们普通所说“ 借出去” 。例如： Thank you for lendingme your bike.谢谢你把自行车借给我。He often lends money to his brother.她经常借钱给她弟弟。lend与 borrow同样，也是一种瞬间完毕 动作，不能与一段时间连用。(3) keep意思也是“ 借” ，但普通是指借来后保存或使用阶段，是一段持续时间，因而可以与时间段连用。例如：You can keep my recorder for three days.我录音机你可以借用三天。I have kept this book for only one week.这本书我才刚借了 一星期。(4) use也可以当“ 借用”讲，但它本意是“ 用，使用” 。例如：May I use your ruler?我能借你尺子用一下吗？ He had to use this public tel印hone.她不得不使用这部公用电话。3. leave/ leave for(1) leave意思是“ 离开，留下” 。 例如：We left Shanghai two years ago.咱们两年前离开了上海。He left his cell phone in the taxi last week.她上周把手机落在出租车里了。(2) leave for意思是 前去 ，表达要去目地。例如：We will leave for Tibet next month.咱们将于下月去西藏。The train is leaving for Moscow.这趟火车即将开往莫斯科。4. since/ for(1) since用于完毕时态，既能用作介词， 也能用作连词， 后常接时间点， 意思是“ 自从二例如:He has been a worker since he came into this city.自从她来到这个都市，她就是工人 了。I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .自从咱们上次在上海见过之后我再也没见过她。since 作连词，尚 有 “ 既然”意思。例如： Since you are interested in it, just do it. 既然你对它感兴趣，那就做吧。 You can have fun now since you * ve finished your work.既然你已经做完了功课，就开心玩会儿吧。(2)for用于完毕时, 用作介词，后常接一段时间，意思是“ 通过肘 例 如 ： I have learnedEnglish for five years.我已经学 了 五年英语 了。They have waited for you for 30 minutes.她们已经等了你三十分钟了。for也可以用作连词，但意思是“ 由于。 例如： They missed the flight for they were late.她们由于完到了而误了航班。He fell ill for many reasons.她由于各种因素病倒了。5. neither/ either/ both(1) neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“ 两者都不” ，作主语时谓语动词用单数. 例如： Neither of the boys is from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国 J know neither of them .她们两个我都不结识。neither用作形容词， 也修饰单数名词， 意思与作代词时相似； 用作连词时， 普通与nor搭配,表 达 “ 既不也不” 。 作主语时， 谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 例如： She neither ate nor drankyesterday.她昨天既不吃也不喝。Neither he nor we play football on Sundays. 她和咱们星期天都不踢球。(2) either作代词时，是指两者中任意一方， ( 两者之) 每一种，故作主语时谓语动词用单数.例如：Either of the books is new.这两本书任何- 一本都是新.She doesn t like either of the films.这两部电影她都不喜欢.either作形容词，用来修饰单数名词， 意思与作介词时相似.例如：Either school is near my h o m e .( 这两所学校中) 任何一所学校都离我家很近.Either question is difficult.两个问题( 中任何一种) 都难.either作连词时, 普通与o r搭配， 表达两者选其一，意思是“ 不是就是。作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。Either he or I am right.不是她就是我是对。Either my sister or my parents are coming to see me.不是我姐姐就是我父母要来看我。(3) both作代词时，指是所涉及到“ 两者都” ，故作主语时， 谓语动词用复数形式。I like both of the stories.这两个故事我都喜欢。 Both of my parents are teachers.我父母两人都是教师。bolh作形容词时，用来修饰两者， 意思与作代词时相似.Bolh his arms are hurt.她两只胳膊都受伤了。Both these students are good at English.这两个学生都擅长英语。bo由用作连词时，多与and搭配，表 达 “ 既又，不但并且” ，作主语时， 谓语动词仍用复数形式。Both piano and violin are my bobbies.钢琴和小提琴都是我兴趣。They study both history and physics,她们既学历史，又学物理。6. find/look for/ find out(1) find强调找成果，意思是“ 找到” 。此外尚有“ 发现，发现”意思，后可接宾语从句。例如：Jim couldn t find his hat.吉姆找不着帽子了。Have you found your lost keys?你找到丢失钥匙了吗？He found the lights were on along the street.她发现沿街灯都亮了(2) look for意思为“ 寻找” ，指是找动作而非成果。此外，尚 有 “ 盼望，期待”意思。例如： She is looking for her son.她正在找她儿子。 Weve been looking for the car since early thismorning.咱们从今天一大早就开始找这辆车了。I look for the coming holiday.我期待着即将来临假期。(3) find out具有通过观测、研究或摸索而得知意思，后常接较抽象事物，意思是“ 找出，发现，查明( 真相) ”等。例如： I can find out who took my money away.我能查出谁拿了我钱。Could you find out when the plane arrives?你能设法懂得飞机何时至U 吗？7. forget to do/ forget doing（ 1） forget to do是指忘掉去做某件事了，即该事还没有做。例如： Please don * t forget to callthis afternoon.今天下午不要忘 了给我打电话。I forgot to take some small change with me.我身上忘了带零钱了。 forget doing是指忘掉某件已经做过事情， 即该事已经做了， 但被忘掉了。例如： He forgottelling me his address.她忘了告诉过我地址了。 They forgot having been here before.她们忘了此前曾来过这儿。8. stop doing/ stop to do（ 1） stop doing是指停止做某事, 即doing这个动作不再继续。例 如 : They stopped debating.她们停止了辩论。（ 不辩论了 ） He had to stop driving as the traffic lights changed in to re d .由于交通灯变成了红色她不得不断车。（ 2） stop to do是指停下来开始做另一件事，即停止原先事，开始做do这个动作。例如：She stopped to have a rest.她停下来休息会儿。（ 开始休息）They stopped to talk.她们停下来开始交谈。9. except/ besides（ 1） except是指不涉及背面所提人或物在内“ 除了” ，可以理解为“ 撇开不谈”， 表达两某些不同。 Everyone is excited except me.除我以外每个人都很激动。（ 她们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him.除她以外所有游客都是日本人。（ 其她人是I I 本人，可她不是）（ 2） besides是涉及背面所提人或物在内“ 除了” ，可以理解为“ 除之外还、除之外又” ，表达两某些相似性。例如：Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除她以外，尚有 25个学生去看了电影。 （ 她和此外25人都去了） We like biology besides English.除了英语外，咱们还喜欢生物。（ 生物和英语都喜欢）besides还可用作副词，意思是“ 此外；并且” ,惯用于句首或句尾。例如：He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.她是一名伟大思想家，除此以外，她还是一位政治家。They encouraged me, and they supported me with money, besides.她们不但勉励我，并且与我以金钱上支持。10. keep doing/ keep on doing(1) keep doing指是持续地、 坚持不断地做某事， 中间不间断。例如: I t kept blowing for a wholeday.刮了一成天风了。The temperature keeps dropping.温度持续下降。 keep on doing是指重复坚持做某事， 但动作之间略有间隔。 例如： They have kept on writingto each other for many years.她们已经互相通信近年了。After drinking some water, he kept ontalking.喝了某些水后，她坚持发言。11. seem/ look(1) seem普通着重于以客观迹象为根据，意思是“ 似乎、好象、看起来: 例如： The babyseems to be happy.婴儿看上去似乎很高兴。 He seemed to be sorry for that.她似乎为那件事感到抱歉。seem能与to do构造连用, 而look不能。 例如：I t seems to rain.似乎要下雨了。They seemed to have finished their work.她们似乎已经完毕了工作。在 it作形式主语句型中只能用seem。 例如：I t seems that he is quite busy now.她当前看起来很忙。I t seems to us that there is nothing serious.在我看来没什么大不了。(2) look用 作 “ 看起来；好像”时，常从物体外观或样貌上来判断，是以视觉所接受印象为根据。例如：The room looks clean.这间房看起来很干净。The girl looks like her mother.那女孩看起来向她妈妈。12. such/so(l)such惯用作形容词, 用来修饰名词。 例如：Don t be such a fool.别这样傻。He is such a clever boy.她是如此聪颖一种男孩。(2) so 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。 例如：He is so kind 1 她真好心！Why did you come so late?你为什么回来得如此晚？当名词前有many, much, few, little等表达多、少时，应当用so。例如：He has so many friends.她有如此多朋友。 Only so little time is left! 才剩这样一点儿时间！13. either/ too/ also(l)either用 作 “ 也”时是副词，惯用于否定句句尾。例如：She is not a Japanese, I m not, either.她不是日本人，我也不是。My sister doesny t like this song, either.我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。(2)too惯用于必定句或疑问句尾，表 达 “ 也二例如：He likes China, too.她也喜欢中华人民共和国。 Are you in Grade 3, too?你也在三年级吗？(3)also也惯用于必定句或疑问句，但普通位于句中。例如：We are also students.咱们也是学生。 He also went there on foot.她也是走着去。Did you also want to have a look?你也想看看吗？14. if/ whether在下列状况下只能用whether而非if： 与 or not连用时 ,只能用whether.We want to know whether you are ill or n o t.咱们想懂得你与否生病 了。Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.请告诉咱们你与否完毕了 工作。(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用whether.Adam didn t know whether to go or stay.亚当不懂得是走还是留。He hasn, t decided whether to have dinner with me.她还没决定与否和我共进晚餐。(3)所引导宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用whether.Whether it will rain or snow, we don t m ind.咱们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。Whether I won or lost, she didn t want to know.我是赢是输她不想懂得。引导主语从句或表语从句时，普通用whether.The most important was whether they had gone.最重要是她们是不是已经走了。Whether he will go with me is a secret.她与否会和我一起去还是个秘密。if能引导条件状语从句，表 达 “ 如果，如果 ，而 whether没有此用法。We 1 1 have a football match if it doesn t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨, 咱们 要进行足球赛。V 1 1 tell him if I sees him.我看见她就告诉她。I f you* re in danger, please call 110.如果你遇到危险，请拨打 110。15. cost/ spend/ pay/ take(1) cost普通用某物来做主语，表 达 “ ( 某物) 值、耗费” ，既能指耗费时间也能指金钱。The new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百元。I t will cost you a whole to read through this book.通读这本书将会耗费你整整一周时间。co st还可以用作名词，表 达 “ 成本、费用、价格、代价”等。What* s the cost of this TV set?这台电视机成本是多少钱？They succeeded at the cost of hard work.她们辛苦地工作换来成功。(2) spend普通用某人来作主语，表 达 “ ( 某人) 耗费，付出” ，也能指时间或金钱，指时间 时 常 与 in搭配，指金钱时常与on或 for搭配。We spent two days in repairing this machine.咱们花了两天时间修理这台机器。Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.李先生每月花二十美元在书上。(3) pay用作动词时，普通也以某人作主语，但普通指花钱、付款等，很少用来指耗费时间。常与for搭配使用。例如：They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.她们花了七十元买票。He was too poor to pay for his schooling.她穷得交不起学费。pay还可以用作名词，意思为“ 薪水、工资”等。I t s hard for me to live with such low pay.我很难靠这样低薪水生活下去。(4)take也 指 “ 耗费( 时间、金钱) ” ，但通惯用某事、某物做主语，或用形式主语it.How long will the meeting take?会议要开多久？ I t took me several hours to get there.我花了几种小时才到那儿。16. bad/ badly这两个词意思具有“ 坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同比较级worse和最高档w orst。(l)b ad是一种形容词，意思是“ 坏，糟糕，差，严重” 。例如：I don I think he is a bad person.我并不以为她是一种坏人。I had a bad headache.我头疼得很厉害。 badly是一种副词, 意思是“ 不好地，差” ，也可以表达限度，意 为 “ 严重地，非常，极度” 。例如：We need help badly.咱们急需协助。His arm was badly hurt.她胳膊严重受伤了。17. interested/ interesting(1) interested是 指 “ 对产生兴趣，对感兴趣” ，普通用人做主语，后惯用介词in.例如：He was interested in biology before.她此前对生物感兴趣。 I m not interested in art.我对艺术不感兴趣。(2)interesting意思是“ 有趣” ，指可以给人带来兴趣某人或某事物。例如：He is an interesting old man.她是个有趣老头。 The interesting story attracted m e.这个有趣故事吸引了我。18. dead/ die/ death/ dying(l)dead是形容词，意思为“ 死了、无生命” ，表达状态，可以与一段时间连用。 例如：The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了 有十年 了。 The rabbits are all dead.这些兔子都是死。(2)die是动词，意思为“ 死、死亡” ，是一种瞬间动词，不能与一段时间连用。例如：My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。The old man died of cancer.老人死于癌症。(3) death是名词，意思为“ 死亡、去世”等。The memorial hall was built one year after his death.她死后一年，纪念馆建成了。His death is a great loss to us.她死是咱们巨大损失。（ 4） dying是 die当前分词，用作形容词，意思是“ 垂死、即将死去” 。The doctors have saved the dying man.医生们救活了 那个垂死人。The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜狗没有食物, 将近饿死了。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 宾语从句时态和语序；2 . 普通过去时和过去完毕时用法区别；3 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；4 . 本单元学习寻常交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 .（ 北京市海淀区中考试题）- Do you know?-Only ten months old.A. when does Tiger Woods start golfing B. when did Tiger Woods start golfingC. when Tiger Woods starts golfing D. when Tiger Woods started golfing【 解析】答案：D。该题考查是宾语从句时态和语序。这个宾语从句时态应用普通过去时，应为这里说是过去事情。语序应用陈述句语序，因此对的答案是：when Tiger Woods startedgolfing2 .（ 北京市海淀区中考试题）I ,m interested in animals, so I every Saturday working in an animal hospital.A. pay B. get C. take D. spend【 解析】 答案： D 该题考查是pay, get, take和 spend这四个动词用法区别。 只有动词spend可以用在sb. spends time doing sth .这个句型里，因此对的答案影视spend。3 .（ 天津市中考试题）Could I your telephone?! have something important to tell my parents.A. keep B. borrow C. use D. lend【 解析】答案：C o 该题考查是keep, borrow, use和 lend四个动词用法区别。keep真正含义 是 “ 保存 ，borrow含义是“ 借入 ，lend含义是“ 借出” ，只有use含义是“ 使用” 。在这个句子里事实上是“ 使用”意思, 因此应选use。4 .（ 鄂州市中考试题）Hi, Ann. Wheres your brother?! need his help.-He left home two weeks ago and away ever since.A. is B. was C. has been D. had been【 解析】答案：C o 该题考查是动词时态用法区别。普通当前时表达经常发生动作或当前所处状态； 普通过去时表达过去动作或过去所处状态； 过去完毕时表达过去动作或过去时间此前发生事情；当前完毕时表达动作或状态从过去某一时间开始始终延续到当前或刚刚结束。这里只能用当前完毕时。初三年级（ 中）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. give up2. try out3. most of4. not.any more5. at the age of6. at that time7. send message by telegraph8. graduate from9. turn down10. put up11. at the top of12. get together13. from house to house14. at the end of15. on top of16. as well17. climb down18. in a single night19. even though20. live on21. once upon a lime22. according to23. keep warm24. on the other hand25. on show26. on display27. in the future28. look up29. Tree Planting Day30. just right31. as often as possible32. wash away33. in this way34. in a few years* time35. point to36. thanks to37. more or less38. so far39. shut down40. send up41. put offI I .重要句型l.set ones mind to do sth.2. put. together3. stop. .from.4. keep.from.5. be filled with sth.6. give birth to7. be covered with8. be made of9. fill.with.10. match.with11. be used for12. have nothing to do with13. come up with14. no matter how.15. keep sb./sth.warmI I I .交际用语1. -I m trying to .2. I ll .3. - Which of these would you like most to .?4. - What do you want to . ?5 . I want to.6. I hope to .7 . I plan to.8. I m going to.9. - I m so happy that.10. I m glad .11. - me too.12. What*s this called in English?13. - Whats it made of?14. I t*s made o f.15. Whats it used for?16. I ts used for .17. 一 English is widely used fbr business/.18. - I t is one of the worlds most important languages as it is so widely used.19. 一 Where is / are . grown / produced / made ?20. - The (ground ) must be just right.21. I ts best to .22. - The hole should not be too deep.23. - The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.24. - The more, the better.25. More or less!26. 一 The (ground ) must be just right.27. - The hole should not be too deep.2 8 . 掌握如下常用标志：ENTRANCE EXI T PUSH PULL NO SMOKI NG NO PARKI NGFRAGI LE THI S SI DE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSI NESS HOURSPLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFFI V .重要语法1 . 动词被动语态构造和用法：2 . 动词不定式功能和用法。【 名师解说】1. be able to/ can(1 )都能表达“ 可以，具备干某件事能力”这个含义，此时可以互换。Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.格林先生可以准时完毕这项工作。(2) be able to 可以用于各种时态，而 c a n 为情态动词，多用于当前时，其过去式为could。We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.咱们相信她长大后可以成为一名画家。Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.林小姐已经可以自己承担那辆车了。(4) Can除了表达“ 可以，有能力做某事”以外，尚有如下用法，而 beableto则没有。表达祈求，但语调没有could委婉Can I have a look at this picture?我能看看这张图片吗？Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ? 咱们可以在下午6 点之后再离开学校吗？表达也许性。That man can, t be our new teacher.那人不也许是咱们新教师。The exam can* t be too difficult.考试不会太难。2. bring/ take/carry/fetch(1) bring普通是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“ 带来” 。He brought us some good news.她给咱们带来了某些好消息。Please don t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.明天请别忘 把家庭作业带来。 take普通是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“ 带走二Please take the umbrella with you. I t s going to rain.要下雨 了，请把伞带上。She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。(3) carry不强调方向，表 达 “ 携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意思。They carried the boxes into the factory.她们把箱子搬进了工厂。A taxi carried them to the station.出租车送她们到了 车站(4) fetch表达是“ 去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包括去和来两趟。The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者为她们取来了某些苹果。Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.妈妈为生病儿子请来了 医生。3. whole/ all(1) whole强调一种完整如一,互不分割整体。The whole country is suffering the w ar.整个国家正遭遇战争。I just want to know the whole story.我仅仅只想懂得完整故事。whole在句中位置是放在所有格，冠词和批示代词之后。They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.她们将到加拿大渡过整个假期。( 所有格后)She has finished writing the whole book. 她己经写完了整本书。（ 冠词后）whole用来修饰可数名词（ 名词用单数） 。He ate the whole cake.她把整个蛋糕都吃了。（ 强调节整一种蛋糕）（ 2） all强调由一种个某些构成“ 所有” 。Miss Green knew all the students in the class.格林小姐结识这个班上所有人。（ 一种一种全结识）all在句中位置是放在所有格，定冠词和批示代词之前。Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.吉姆在20分钟之内完毕了所有作业。 （ 所有格前）Of all the boys here, he sings best.在这里所有男孩之中，她唱最佳。（ 定冠词前）The boy can answer all these questions.那个男孩可以回答所有这些问题。（ 批示代词前）all既能修饰可数名词（ 名词须用复数） ，又能修饰不可数名词。All these five books are mine.这五本书都是我。（ 修饰可数名词）She was worried about her son all the time.她总在为她儿子紧张。（ 修饰不可数名词）4. fill/ full（ 1） fin常作动词，与 喇由连用，意思是“ 注满、装满” ，也能表达“ 填空；补缺”意思。例如：He filled the box with chalk.她把粉笔装满 了盒子。 The bucket is filled with water.水桶里装满了水。（ 2） full是形容词，翻译成“ 满，装满” ，常与o f连用。此外还能表达“ 完全”和 “ 吃饱，过饱二All the rooms are full of people.所有房间都满人了。The bus was full. He had to wait for the next one.这辆车人满了，她只有等下一辆。5. be made of? be made from/ be made in/ be made into（ 1） be made of表达” 由制成” , 普通指可以看出原材料，或发生是物理变化。例如:This table cloth is made of paper.这张桌布是由纸做。This salad is made of apples and strawberries.这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做。(2) be made from也表达” 由制成” ，但普通指看不出原材料，或发生是化学变化。例如：Bread is made from corn.面包是小麦做。The lifeboat is made from some special material.这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成。 be made in 指是产地，意思为 于制造The caps are made in Russia.这些帽子产于俄罗斯。My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.我妈妈喜欢买中华人民共和国产东西。(4) be made into意思为 被制成为This piece of wood will be made into a small bench.这块木头将要被制成一种小凳。The paper has been made into clothes for the doll.纸被做成了洋娃娃衣月艮。6. none/ no one/ neither(1) none既能指人，又能指物，意思是“ 没有一种，无一” ,惯用作代词，与 of连用。None of us has heard of him before.咱们没有- - 种人此前据说过她。I like none of the coats.那些外套我一件都不喜欢。none用作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。例如：None of the answers is true.没有一种答案是对的。None of the rooms are mine.没有一间房子是我。 no one只能用来指人，且不能与o f连用。例如：No one is absent.没有人缺席。I knew no one there.那里我一种人也不结识。no one用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。例如：No one agrees with you.没有人批准你说法。 neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“ 两者都不“ ，作主语时谓语动词用单数。例如：Neither of the boys is from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。I know neither of them.她们两个我都不结识。7. found/ find(1) find意思是， 找到、发现” ，其过去式和过去分词都是found.I cant find my glasses.我找不着我眼镜了。He found it boring to sit here alone.她发现独自坐在这里很没劲。(2) found是此外一种词，与 find并没关于系，意思是” 成立、建设” ，惯用作及物动词。The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于 1949 年。The school was founded by the local residents.这所学校是由本地居民修建。8. hear / hear of/ hear from hear意思是” 听见；据说，得知” ，背面能接名词、代词或宾语从句。例如： We heard the news just a moment ago.我刚据说这个消息。Can you hear me?能听见我说话吗？ hear o f意思是“ 据说“ ，普通指非直接听见，而是听别人说。后不能接宾语从句。例如：I have never heard of her.我从未据说过她。They heard of the film long time ago.她们好久止匕前就据说过这部电影。(3) hear from意思是“ 收到来信“ ，与“ 听“ 无关。例如：I often hear from him .我经常收到她来信。He hasnt heard from his mother for a long time.她好久没有收到妈妈信 了9. send/ send for(1) send意思是 送往, 派遣” , 尚 有 “ 发信, 寄信 意思。例 如 : The company sent him to studyabroad.公司派她到国外学习去了。Mr. Brown sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩子们。(2) send for意思是 召唤；派人去取；派人去拿” ，而非本人亲自去。例如：They have sent fora repairman.她们已经派人去请了 一名修理工。 She sent for some flowers.她派了人去买花。10. get to/ arrive/ reach(1) arrive后不能直接接地点， 是一种不及物动词。 若表达到达一种相对大地点， 用 arrive in ；若表达相对小地点, 用arrive a t.The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表团将于下午 5:00 到达北京。I t was dark when they arrived at the railway station.当她们到达火车站时候，天已经黑 了。When did she arrive here last time?她上次是什么时候到这儿？ （ 副词前省略介词）（ 2） reach能直接接所到达地点，是一种及物动词。例如：They reached London on Friday.她们星期五到达了伦敦。The news only reached me yesterday.我于昨天才接到这个消息。reach尚有 伸手去取，伸手触及，联系 等意思。Can you reach that apple on the tree?你可以到树上哪个苹果吗？He can always be reached on the phone.可随时打电话跟她联系。（ 3） get在表达“ 到达” 时是不及物动词，应与to 搭配使用。We often get to school on foot.咱们经常步行到学校。They got to the top of the hill at noon.她们于中午到达了 山顶。【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 动词被动语态构造和用法；2 . 动词不定式功能和用法；3 . 本单元词汇、短语和句型；4 . 本单元学过交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 . （ 北京市中考试题）Aunt Li often asks her son too much meat. I ts bad for his health.A. dont eat B. not to eat C. not eat D. to not eat【 解析】 答案： B o该题考查是动词不定式构成和用法。 这个句子基本句型是ask sb. not to dosth .这里，not io e a t是不定式否定式做宾语补足语。2 . （ 嘉兴市中考试题）China is becoming stronger and stronger, so Chinese in more American schools now.A. was taught B. is taught C. teaches D. taught【 解析】答案：B o 该题考查是动词语态和时态。Chinese是一种语言，只能被人教，因而要用被动语态。又由于说当前状况，动词要用普通当前时。因此选B。3 . （ 河北省中考试题）This painting to a museum in New York in 1977.A. sells B. sold C. was sold D.is sold【 解析】答案：C o 该题考查是动词语态和时态。This painting只能被卖，因此用被动语态,又由于是1977年卖，因此用普通过去时。4 . （ 扬州市中考试题）- I f youa new idea, please call me as soon as possible. -Sure, I will.A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with【 解析】答案：D o 该题考查是短语动词用法。本单元学习短语动词come up with a new idea意思是想出新主意，正符合题意。初三年级（ 下）【 知识梳理】I . 重点短语1. beg ones pardon2. multiply .by.3. slow down4. wear out5. try on6. make a decision，7. a place of interest8. make a mistake9. drop off10. think about11. make up ones mind,12. at all,13. at least14. by the time15. carry on16. never mind17. from now on18. come down19. hands up20. before long,21. no one,22. not.any longerI I .重要句型1. be busy doing sth.2. prefer to do sth.3. regard. as.4. be pleased with sth./sb.5. be angry with sb.I I L 交际用语1. How much does. cost.?2. 一I t can cost as little as . yuan and as much as . yuan.3. -I t costs .4. -I t*s worth .5. -1 dont agree with .6. 一I wasnt sure whether.7. 一I wonder if.8. What size .?9. Have you got any other colour / size / kind?10. Have you got anything cheaper?11. How much are they?12. How much does it cost?13. 一How much is it?14. -Thats a bit expensive.15. -Even though theyYe a little expensive, I ll take them.16. PH think about .17. I dont think Fil take .18. I like .19. -1 dont really like .20. -Can I help you, girl?21. -Would you like me to look in the back?22. 一We can find .23. Do you like being .?24. Can I ask you some questions?25. -Sure.26. 一 I t was great.27. Wow!28. Yeah!29. Oh dear!30. Hands up!31. PH shoot anyone who moves.32. Theres no need to thank me.33. i Can you remember anything else about him?34 . -Come down, Polly!35 . 一 There is a little traffic accident.36 . Theres a big traffic jam.37 . Well, I m sure hell be here before long.38 .-I m beginning to get angry with him!39 .-Yes, we canl wait any longer. Lets go without him.40 . 一Thats terrible!41 . -Thats a really bad excuse!I V .重要语法1 . 过去将来时2 . 过去完毕时3 . 动词不定式4 . 定语从句【 名师解说】1. think/ think/about/ think of(1) think单独使用时表达“ 思考 ， 接 th at宾语从句时意为“ 以为“ ，“ 觉得，I am thinking how to work out the problem. I think she is a good student.当宾语从句具有否定概念时，普通形式上否定think , 但意义上却与否定宾语从句。I dont think he can come. I dont think it will be windy.(2)think about可接一种名词，动词-in g形式或由疑问词引导不定式或宾语从句，意思是” 考虑. I have thought about it for a long time. Please think about how to tell her the bad news. think o f 表达“ 以为“ ， 普通用于疑问句中，与 w hal连用。What do you think of the TV play?= How do you like the TV play?2. big/ large/ great上述形容词都表达“ 大” ，但侧重点及限度不同。(1) big指详细事物大小，强调比正常形体原则大，既可用在普通场合， 也可用在正式场合。它可用来指人身材高大或” 长大了“ ，还可表达“ 伟大“ ，“ 重要” 之意。如：Can you lift up this big stone? On the last day I made a big decision.(2) large特别强调远远超过原则大，指体积、面积、容积、数量之大。如：A whale is a large animal. A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.(3) great除了表达数量体积之大外，又指抽象限度，意味着伟大性，重要性， 优越性；惯用于抽象或无形东西；用于有形东西时，常带有“ 伟大“ ，“ 大得令人吃惊” 等意思，具有一定感情色彩。如：China is a great country with a long history. He was one of the greatest scientists.3. cost/ take/ spend/ pay(l)cost表达“ 花钱” ， 耗费， 付出( 只能用于钱、 精力、 生命等； 主语必要是物。 ) The book costme five yuan. take主语是动词不定式，通惯用it做形式主语。I t took me five yuan to buy the book.(3) spend,在积极语句中主语是人 I spent five yuan on (for) the book.或 I spent five yuan (in)buying the book.(4) pay 主语是人。I paid five yuan for the book.4. expensive/ high/ cheap/ low这四个词在谈论到价格高低时， 要注意使用。 expensive与 high涉及到价格“ 高” ， 而 cheap与low涉及到价格“ 低” 。(1) expensive昂贵，花钱多。这个单词若谈到“ 价格高，货贵” 时其主语不能是价格，必要是货品、物品自身。如：This watch is expensive.这只表很贵。These glass-products are notexpensive.这些玻璃制品不是很值钱。注意：cheap表达“ 价廉“ ，“ 便宜 ，其主语也不能是价格，必要是物品自身。如：The cheap table was bought from him .这张便宜桌子是她卖给咱们。This cloth doll is very cheap.这只布娃娃很便宜。(2)high在表达价格时，含义是“ 高” ，low在表达价格时，含义是“ 低 ，这两个词不能用于物品自身，只能用在价格上。如：The price of this watch is very high.这只表价格太高了。The price of this book is not low for m e.这本书价格对我来说是不低。下面咱们试看几种句子正误对照：The price of this computer is expensive.( 宜改为： This computer is expensive.或 The price of thiscomputer is high.)The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.( 宜改为： This pen is not cheap for him to buy. 或The price of this pen is not low for him.)5. alone/ lonelylonely与 alone意思比较接近，但在使用时有所区别：(l)lonely用作形容词，意思是 孤单；寂寞” 。可指心灵上寂寞，也可指偏僻地点。在句中既可作表语，也可作定语 (2)alone可作形容词和副词，意思是 单独；独自” ，不指心理上寂寞感觉。She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never felt lonely.她被带到一种荒岛上，自己居住，但她从不感到寂寞。6. before long/ long before(l)before long作 “ 不久后来”讲，切不要按字面译为“ 长时间此前”或 “ 好久此前” 。如：We hope to finish our experiment before long.咱们但愿不久( 后来) 就把实验做完。(2)long before作 好久此前 讲。原意为” 此前好久” ，故也可译为“ 老早 。long before跟before long不同，前者在其背面可以接名词或一种从句；当上下文明确时，名词或从句还可以省略。Before long 则没有上述搭配用法。They began the test yesterday, but we had made experimentlong before.咱们昨天开始做实验，但咱们在那此前好久就已经做准备了。7. as/ when/ while(l)a s是连词，意思是 当 时候，一面 一面 ，( 强调同步，普通持续时间不长) ，如：As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in .合法咱们谈论 泰坦尼克号” 这部电影时，教师进来了。The students sing as they go along.学生们边走边唱。(2)When和 a s 同样都是连词，注意它们不同。如 when当时候 ( 普通表达动作紧接着发生) ； 那时 ( 等立连词，前有逗号分开) I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain.我始终呆到太阳下山，那时天开始下雨了。(3)while是 当 时候; 和 同步 ( 强调同步发生， 普通持续时间较长) 例如： While I waswatching TV, he was reading.当我在看电视时候， 她正在看书。 While there is life, there is hope.有生命就有但愿。8. beat/win/ hit(l)beat是动词，意思是 持续地打；打败；敲打 。beat后可接人或队名。意思是 击败对手。” 如:I can beat you at swimming.(2)win意思是” 赢得某个项目” ，背面常接“ match, game， 如：He won a gam e.她胜一局。We won a match.咱们比赛得胜。(3)hit 意思是 击中 ( 有时可表达“ 打一下 ) 。如：The mother hit her child out of anger.妈妈气愤，打了她孩子一下。9. keep doing/keep on doing(l)keep doing侧重表达” 持续不断地做某事 或 持续某种状态 。 如: The girl kept crying all thetim e.那个女孩始终在哭 The baby kept sleeping about four hours.这个婴儿持续睡了大概四个小时。(2)keep on doing表达” 总不断做某事” , 不表达静止状态。不能与sitting, sleeping, lying,standing止 匕 类词连用。如：I t kept on raining for seven days. Dont keep on asking such silly questions.10. get/ turn/ become这三个词都可作系动词用，表达状态变化，后跟表语，但三个词用法稍有不同。get强调情感、气候和环境变化；lum 强调色彩变化；而 become则强调职务、职称等变化。如：The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter. 冬天白天越来越短。She couldnt answer thequestion and her face turned re d .她回答不出问题，脸红了。When did you become a teacher?-Ten years ago.你什么时候当教师？十年前。11. steal / rob从意思上讲steal表达盗窃意思。而 rob表达抢劫意思；从搭配上来讲，steal sth from sb/sth ;而 rob 则用 rob sb/sth of sth； 例如： He stole money from the rich to give it to the poor.They robbedthe bank of one million dollars.12. see/look/watch/notice在英语中，see, look, watch, notice均 有 “ 看”意思，要注意她们区别。see意 为 “ 看到” ，表达视觉器官故意识或无意识地看到物体，强 调 “ 看到”成果。look意 为 “ 看” ，表达故意识地观看，强 调 “ 看”动作。watch意 为 “ 观看，注视” ，指以较大注意力观看。notice意 为 “ 看到，注意到 ，指故意识注意，具有从不注意到注意变化意义。例如：What can you see in the picture?在图画中你能看到什么？Look! How happily they are playing! 看 ！她们玩得多高兴啊！He s watched TV for over two hours. 她看 了两个多小时电视。He noticed a purse lying on the ro ad .她注意到地上有个钱包。13. Shoot/ shoot atshoot是及物动词，意思是“ 射中，射死” ，宾语多为人或动物等。而 shoot a t是一种动词词组，意 为 “ 向射击” ，至于射中或射死与否不得而知。如：The man shot five birds in the forest.那个人在森林里射死( 中) 了五只鸟。The hunter shot atthe b e a r.猎人朝熊射击了。They shot at the shewolf, but didn*t shoot h e r.她们向那只母狼射击，但是没有射中/ 死。14. escape/ run away(l)escape作 “ 逃跑 、 逃 脱 或 逃 避 ”讲时，往往会有成功之意。如：The old man escapedd eath .那个老人死里逃生。The thief escaped from prison.那个小偷越狱了。 run away作 “ 逃跑” 、“ 跑走”讲时，往往强调动作。如：Dont let him run a w a y .别让她跑了。口语中escape和 nm away可以互用。15. so that./ so. that.(1) so that .为了，以 便 。引导一种目状语从句，从句中往往有情态动词。也可引导一种成果状语从句。如：I left at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus. Speak loudly, so that they can hear what yousay.He didnt study English so that he lost a chance to work in a foreign company.（ 2） so. that.既可引导一种成果状语从句，也可引导一种目状语从句。如：The classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study. I got up so early in the morning that Icould catch the train.【 考点扫描】中考考点在本单元重要集中在：1 . 过去将来时；2 . 过去完毕时；3 . 动词不定式；4 . 定语从句；5 . 本单元学过词汇、短语和句型；6 . 本单元学过交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完毕句子。【 中考范例】1 . （ 济宁市中考试题）He wanted to know.A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would startB. what hes going to do at the meeting D. where would the meeting be held【 解析】答案：B o 该题考查是宾语从句语序和时态。由于主句时态是普通过去时; 因此从句应用过去将来时，这就排除了 A 和 B。宾语从句时态应当是陈述句语序，因此只有B 是对。2 . （ 烟台市中考试题）一Why didnt you go to the movie yesterday?- - Because I it before.A. had watched B. have seen C. have watched D. had seen【 解析】答案：D。该题考查是动词搭配以及当前完毕时和过去完毕时用法区别。看电影习惯商用see a m ovie,又由于说昨天此前发生事情，应当用过去完毕时。只有D 对的。3 . （ 重庆市中考试题）-Did you win the football game?-Bad luck. Our team in the final one.A. won B. beat C. was won D. was beaten【 解析】答案：D。该题考查是动词搭配和动词语态。动词win普通和比赛一类词连用，不与人或队连用，因而可以排除A 和 C。beat是个及物动词，既然咱们运气不好，就是输了，应当用被动语态。4 . （ 广州市中考试题）-Who is the man was talking to our English teacher? -Oh! I ts Mr Baker, ourmaths teacher.A. he B. that C. whom D. which【 解析】答案：B。该题考查是引导定语从句关系代词选取。由于先行词是人，可以排除A和 D。而该词在定语从句中作主语，只有B 适当。