第二部分第二部分 专项语法专项语法 高效突破高效突破专项专项1 1名词名词高频考点高频考点精讲精讲1.规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加scapcaps；dogdogs；GermanGermans以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾加esbusbuses；wishwishes以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i，再加esladyladies；centurycenturies以“元音字母y”结尾直接加sboyboys；monkeymonkeys以f或fe结尾一般变f，fe为v，再加esleafleaves；lifelives考点考点1 1 可数名词复数可数名词复数以o结尾有生命的加es tomatotomatoes；heroheroes；potatopotatoes 无生命的加sradioradios；zoozoos；photophotos【注意】 有些名词虽以s结尾，但它们不是复数。如：physics物理；maths数学；politics政治；news新闻。2不规则变化类型例词字母变化manmen；womanwomen；EnglishmanEnglishmen；FrenchmanFrenchmen；childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice 单复数同形ChineseChinese；Japanese Japanese；peoplepeople；sheepsheep；deerdeer 复合名词的复数形式a man teachermen teachers；a woman teacherwomen teachers 考点考点2 2 不可数名词不可数名词1.不可数名词通常没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词a/an限定。2可用much，a little，a lot of/lots of，some，any，plenty of等修饰。如：There is a little milk in the bottle.在瓶子里有一点牛奶。3不可数名词的数量表达法：基数词/不定冠词量词of不可数名词。如：a glass of water一杯水；two pieces of paper两张纸。【注意】 不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词取决于of 前面的名词的数。如：There are three glasses of milk on the table.桌子上有三杯牛奶。考点考点3 3 名词所有格名词所有格 名词所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式，一种是在名词后加s；另一种是用of，表示 “的”。1s所有格类别构成方法举例有生命的单数名词加s Jims father吉姆的爸爸；Fathers Day父亲节有生命的复数名词以s结尾加 the students desks 学生们的课桌；Teachers Day教师节 不以s结尾一般加sChildrens Day儿童节；Womens Day妇女节类别构成方法举例表示两个人共有一物时在后一个名词后加sTom and Peters room汤姆和彼得的房间(两人共有)表示两个人分别拥有某物时在两个名词后分别加sToms and Peters rooms汤姆和彼得的房间(两人分别拥有)表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词时可在词尾加s或en minutes walk步行十分钟的路程；an hours rest一个小时的休息2.of 所有格用来表示无生命的名词所有格。如：the map of China中国地图；the door of the room房间的门。3双重所有格of名词所有格。如：He is a friend of my brothers.他是我弟弟(哥哥)的一位朋友。of名词性物主代词。如：Is she a daughter of yours? 她是你的一个女儿吗？考点考点4 4 名词词缀名词词缀名词后缀例词erwaitwaiter；reportreporterorvisitvisitor；actactor istartartist；sciencescientist；tourtourist；pianopianist mentdevelopdevelopmentnessillillness；sadsadness；busybusinesstioneducateeducation；inviteinvitationcedifferentdifference；importantimportanceiondecidedecision；expressexpressionanAmericaAmerican；RussiaRussianshipfriendfriendship；relationrelationshipsurepleasepleasuredomfreefreedom 英语中，有时一个名词加上不同的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如：sleep(睡觉)asleep (睡着的)sleepy(瞌睡的；困乏的)；help(帮助)helpful (有帮助的)等。常见的名词变形容词的方法有：名词方法举例表天气的名词ycloudcloudy；sunsunny；windwindy；rainrainy表方位的名词ernwestwestern；southsouthern；easteastern；northnorthern表时间的名词lyweekweekly；daydaily；yearyearly表物质的名词en/ywoodwooden；goldgolden；sandsandy；stonestony表情感的名词ful carecareful；beautybeautiful；hopehopeful；useuseful ylucklucky；healthhealthy；noisenoisylesscarecareless；homehomeless；hopehopeless表大洲与国家的名词nAmericaAmerican；RussiaRussian考点考点5 5 名词辨析名词辨析1.语境辨析 分析临沂近十年的单项填空可以看出，名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查，同时减少对单复数和固定搭配的考查。学生在做题时，首先要读懂句意，抓住题干中的关键信息，并分析各个选项的意思，结合日常生活中的常识及语境，即可选出正确答案。如：我们口渴了就需要水(water)和饮料(tea，coffee，juice等)；饿了就需要食物(bread，rice，meat，noodles等)；我们邮寄东西就要去邮局(post office)等。2近义词辨析(1)house，family与homehouse指供一家人住的“房子”，侧重于具体的建筑物family指由父母、子女所组成的“家庭”，是集体名词，既可把它看成单数名词(指整体概念)，也可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)home指一个人出生或居住的地方，是有抽象意义上的“家”(2)sound，noise与voicesound 指可以听到的任何“声音”noise常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，多指“嘈杂声；噪音”等voice 指“说话声；唱歌声；嗓音”等(3)job与workjob是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工”work是不可数名词，指“工作；劳动；努力；用功”(4)problem与question两个词都表示“问题”。problem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与其搭配的动词是solve；question总是与“疑问；质问；询问”相联系，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，与其搭配的动词是answer。十年真题十年真题全练全练近十年来，临沂中考对名词的考查，主要考查的是名词复数、名词所有格及名词词缀。考查形式主要是单项填空、词形转换、听写等。预计2018年，可数名词复数、名词所有格和名词词缀仍是考查的重点。考点考点1 1 可数名词复数可数名词复数1.2017临沂，63How long does it take you to get to school?About 20 _ _ by subway.(minute)22016临沂，57You may find most Chinese _ _ (kid) dont get enough exercise.32015临沂，57By the end of this month，people in Beijing will be able to brush their_ _ (tooth) with water from Hubei.42014临沂，58Everyone knows that _ _ (library) are places for people to study.minuteskidsteethlibraries52013临沂，63Please finish your food.There are many hungry _ _(baby) in the world，you know.62011临沂，73As we know，Zhang Jiajie is famous for the different _ (shape) of mountains.72008临沂，71There are many fresh _ _ (potato) in the supermarket.82008临沂，68How do you know that autumn has arrived?One way is that the tree_ _(leaf)become yellow or red.babiesshapespotatoesleaves考点考点3 3 名词所有格名词所有格9.2015临沂，19I live near the station.Its only about five walk.Aminutes BminuteCminutes Dminutes102014临沂，60It is said that (tomorrow) sports meeting has been put off because of the bad weather.112008临沂，18This is not my dictionary.Its_ She lent it to me this morning.Amy sister Bmy sistersCmy sisters Dmy sisters CtomorrowsC考点考点4 4 名词词缀名词词缀12.2017临沂，67Mary and Tony are a pair of pet pigs.The two have recently got a special license so that their _ _ (own)can take them for a walk.132016临沂，62School bus _ _ (safe) is a big problem in China.142015临沂，63After class，children went out of their classroom to enjoy the_ _ (warm) of the sun.152014临沂，62The _ _ (win) of the photo competition was a 30yearold man from Shanghai.162013临沂，64The boy is too young to know the_ _ (dangerous) of smoking.owner(s)safetywarmthwinnerdanger172013临沂，65Nancy wants to become a _ _ (translate) when she grows up.182012临沂，71Li Na is an outstanding tennis _ (play)192011临沂，74David is good at drawing and hes going to be an _ _(art) when he grows up.202010临沂，72The Palace Museum has a large _ _(collect)People can learn a lot in it.212008临沂，67Xiaomeng is a popular _ _ (report)at CCTV Station.translatorplayerartistcollectionreporter猜押预测猜押预测一、单项填空1Each couple in China can have two _ _from January 1st，2016.Aboy Bgirl Cchildren Dchild2What would you like to eat?Some _ _，please.Abread Bapple Ccoffee Dtea3What would you like for breakfast?Id like_ _Atomato noodle Btomato noodlesCtomatoes noodle Dtomatoes noodles4There are many _ _ about this farm.Yes，lots of _ are planted on it.Aphoto；potato Bphotos；potatosCphotos；potatoes Dphotoes；potatoesCABC5Its about _ _ from my school to my house.A20 minutes walk B20 minutes walkCwalk of 20 minutes D20 minutes walks6Your _ is very helpful.I guess Ill take it.Asecret Badvice Cpromise Dpurpose7Great _for football loversmore than 50，000 soccer schools will be built in our country by the end of 2025.Anews BmessageCsituation Dinformation8He was born in Germany，but he has made China his _Afamily Baddress Chouse DhomeABAD9Cathy has such a good _ that she won many prizes in singing competitions last year.Asleep Bidea Cvoice Dtime10Its hot today.Have some _，please.No，thanks.Im not thirsty at all.Awater Bpotatoes Cbread Dcakes二、词形转换用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空，每空格限填一词。1How many _ _have you been to？(city)2My grandma is interested in taking _ _ with her mobile phone.(photo)3More action must be taken to stop_ _ (pollute)4Therere some_ _between them.(different)CAcitiesphotospollutiondifferences5Tonys father and uncle are both _ _They help keep the city safe.(policeman)6On _ _ Day，I often prepare a special gift for my father.(father)7Dick decided to lose _ _by eating less and doing more exercise.(weigh)8Jim laid out the _ _ and forks at the lunch table.(knife)9_ _ grandparents usually have a walk around the lake in the morning.(Kate)10This bookstore sells many English _ _.You can choose what you like.(dictionary)11Its easy to travel from Linyi to Beijing by taking highspeed railway soon.Yes.Maybe its only five _ _ ride.(hour)12Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Zhan Tianyou?Of course.They are our national _ _(hero)_policemenFathersweightknivesKatesdictionarieshoursheroes