英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比静态与动态（静态与动态（ Static vs. Dynamic ）英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比英语的静态倾向表现在：英语的静态倾向表现在：1、名词化、名词化u Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. u 胰岛素用于胰岛素用于治疗治疗糖尿病。糖尿病。2、用名词表示施事者，以代替动词、用名词表示施事者，以代替动词(大量由动词派生大量由动词派生的名词的名词)uHe is a good eater and a good sleeper.u他能他能吃吃能能睡睡。英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比3、用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语、用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语(名词连用名词连用)uspace shuttle flight test programu航天飞机试飞计划航天飞机试飞计划4、名词优势造成介词优势、名词优势造成介词优势uHe is at his books.u他在读书。他在读书。uThe machine is in operation.u机器正在运转。机器正在运转。英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义uYou are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. u你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。uHe is out.u他出去了。他出去了。英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比汉语的动态倾向表现在：汉语的动态倾向表现在：1、动词连用、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子连动式和兼语式句子)u他他想想办法办法摆脱摆脱了困境。了困境。(连动式连动式)uHe thought his way out of the dilemma.u我们我们请请她她唱唱歌。歌。(兼语式兼语式)uWe asked her to sing.2、动词、动词(词组词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分可以充当汉语句子的各种成分u他们喜欢乘火车旅行。他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语连动式词组做宾语)uThey enjoy traveling by train.英汉语言宏观对比英汉语言宏观对比3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠、汉语动词常常重复或重叠u要吃有吃，要穿有穿。要吃有吃，要穿有穿。uYou will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on.u说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。uTalking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.句子翻译之谓语确定句子翻译之谓语确定汉语句子中否定表达的翻译汉语句子中否定表达的翻译句子翻译之谓语确定句子翻译之谓语确定英汉谓语之比较英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当；She was smiling.He likes translation.They have become health-conscious.John is at home.We gave him advice.We consider that plan wonderful.He has put the salt on the table.The children might have been playing in the garden.I agree with you on that point.In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、名词或其他词语充当。他买了一本书。他是江苏人。小王今年29岁。南京的秋天很美。我的老师今天不在学校。在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成分的形式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受主语支配，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。He has put the salt( them) on the table.汉语句子中主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致，而无须在形式上对应。汉语句子中谓语不受主语支配，没有人称、数和时态变化。我常去北京。I often go to Beijing.他常去上海。He often goes to Shanghai.他昨天去了常州。He went to Changzhou yesterday.从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化，而英语的谓语有变化。英译时谓语的确定1 谓语确定应充分谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意；贴切传达愿意；中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.The economy of China will converge with that of the world.中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.这些时装模特逐渐镇定下来，有了自信。These fashion models gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence;Gradually, these fashion models calmed down and regained self-confidence.这座旅馆能接待300多个旅客。This hotel can contain/accommodate over three hundred passengers/guests.学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来表达，英译时谓语时态要与原文一致；表达，英译时谓语时态要与原文一致；新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。窗户玻璃打破了。在教室里，有人问了老师许多问题。今年要多考几个资格证。据说，他已经去了日本。It is said that he has gone to Japan.已经达成了多项协议。A lot of agreements have been reached.今年要出台多项新政策。Many new policies will be formulated this year.同学们选他做代表，他很高兴。His classmates elected him representative, he was very glad.这位驾驶员开车时心不在焉，几乎引起一场车祸。The drivers absent-mindedness during his driving nearly caused a traffic accident.他从未料到问题会这么复杂。He has never expected that the problem is so complicated.3 用系表结构作谓语；用系表结构作谓语；连系动词之后须带主语补语（Subject complement)Eg: the capital of the United States was once New York City.The puddle got bigger the more it rained.这些椅子舒适大方，携带方便。These chairs are comfortable and convenient to carry.她变得如此温柔和体贴。She becomes so gentle and considerable.在陌生的环境里她感到很不自在。She didnt feel completely at ease in the strange surroundings.大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。Already, the universitys role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized.我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful.他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive.他们的言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.4 谓语和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致；谓语和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致；当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.五十英里对我来说是很长一段路程。Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.Either my brothers or my father is/are coming.No one except his own supporters agree/agrees with him.Neither Julia nor I am/is going.Joes new trousers are/is black and white.Domestic cattle provide/provides us with milk, beef and hides.Bread and milk is/are a good breakfast.Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy.Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need.My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home.Either my father or my brothers are/is coming.Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming.Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five.Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve.All of the cargo was/were lost.All of the crew were/was saved.5 如果在一个句子中有几个动词，就确定一如果在一个句子中有几个动词，就确定一个动词作谓语，其他动词可译作非谓语动个动词作谓语，其他动词可译作非谓语动词或介词短语。词或介词短语。中国观察问题不是看社会制度。China does not regard social system as criterion in its approach to problems.他告诉我在各种情况下都要保持冷静。He told me to keep calm under all circumstances.女主人端着几杯葡萄酒走了进来。The hostess came in with several glasses of wine.南宁市政府招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来南宁洽谈项目。The delegation of inviting investment of Nanning City has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Nanning to hold talks on different projects.上海采取了一系列优惠政策吸引外资。A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.我看见几朵嫩黄的向日葵，衬托在一片碧蓝的天空里。I saw some fresh yellowish sunflowers against a blue sky.6 如果不知道原文动作发出者是谁，或原文如果不知道原文动作发出者是谁，或原文主语为人们、大家等，或句中含有据说、主语为人们、大家等，或句中含有据说、据传等提法时，译文中谓语常用被动；据传等提法时，译文中谓语常用被动；新改建的城中公园建了许多草坪。Plenty of lawns were built in the gardens of the newly-renovated citys centers.大家知道盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.应该教育孩子讲实话。Children should be taught to speak the true.几年前发现了一颗新彗星。A new comet was discovered a couple of years ago.据说，这条高速公路明年通车。It is said that this highway will be open to traffic next year.为了欢迎外国贵宾，安排了一场音乐会。A concert was laid on for the distinguished foreign visitors.汉语句子中否定表达的翻译汉语句子中否定表达的翻译一一 汉语否定句汉语否定句汉语中否定概念通过词汇手段来表达，否定句带有否定字词的标记。例如：我不喜欢这部电影。他这样说毫无道理。你得赶紧走，否则会迟到。汉语中也常用“不怎么，不总是，几乎不，几乎没有，不都是，并非所有”等词来表达部分否定。常用“不.没有”“非.不”“非.莫”“不是.不”“决不.没有”等来表达双重否定。二二 英语否定句英语否定句英语表达否定概念同样采用词汇手段。如可借助否定词no, never, nor, not, neither等，或具有否定意义的词语，如hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, narrowly, few, little等。以及由前缀no-, non-, in-, dis-, un-, im-, 和后缀-less等组成的词语。英语中含有否定意义的词汇，还包括其他各类词语和词组：动词：lack, fail, deny, miss, exclude, run short/out of, keep/stop/refrain/prevent (from), (get) rid of/overlook/deny.名词：absence, exclusion, lack, want, failure, ignorance, denial.WantHe wants the courage to speak the truth.After the disaster, there were many who wanted food and shelter.形容词：absent, missing, ignorant, gone, free/far/safe from, short of, exclusive of.介词：beyond, without, above, except, save, but, 连词：before, unless也可采用句法手段：Rather thanI think I will have a cold rather than the coffee.It is management that is at faults rather than the work force.Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything.Other thanHe never speaks to me other than to ask for money.She has no close friend other than him.Morethan.I like her more than her husband.It had more the appearance of a deliberate crime than of an accident.too.to.He is too young to take care of himself.三三 以否定形式译之以否定形式译之我认为他不够格。I dont think he is qualified.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。Never have we been daunted by the difficulties.我对他的情况一无所知。I dont know anything about him.这房子尽管富丽堂皇，但住起来一点也不舒服。With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.动物没有水不能生存，植物没有水也不能生长。Animals cannot live without water, neither can plants grow.中国人口的百分之八十在农村，如果不解决这百分之八十的人的生活问题，社会就不会安定的。Eighty percent of Chinas population live in the rural areas. There will be no social stability unless their daily needs are met.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age.四四 将汉语双重否定译成英语双重否定将汉语双重否定译成英语双重否定如果你的学习方法对头，那么在短时间内掌握一门外语并不是不可能。It is not impossible to master a foreign language within a short period if you have a good study method.开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。At the beginning of learning English, you cant speak it without making mistakes.我几乎没有一天不想念他。Hardly a day goes by when I dont miss him.巧妇难为无米之炊。You cant make something out of nothing.不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。a.A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.b.No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.五五 以肯定形式译之：英译时借助含有以肯定形式译之：英译时借助含有否定意否定意义义的词来传译的词来传译汉语里的否定意义译成英语中的肯定词语有：free from/of, safe from, ignorant of, independent of, devoid of, foreign to, blind to, different from, less than, dead to, impatient of, deficient in, alien to等等。汤姆在这次期末考试中未及格。Tom failed in the final examination.玛丽不愿意去很远的地方工作。Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.他无可指责。He is above blame.我们不能让孩子们去河里游泳。We must keep the kids from swimming in the river.这尊雕像在经历大地震后竟毫发未损，仍然矗立。The statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.我的朋友都不抽烟。None of my friends smokes.那决不是明朝的建筑。That is anything but a building of the Ming Dynasty.欲速则不达。More haste, less speed.人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.没有设备，我们就自己制造。Short of equipment, we make it on our own.女孩儿未出嫁，是颗无价宝珠。A girl before marriage is a precious pearl.这位老人还没到医院就死了。The old man died before he reached the hospital.我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的期望。We will live up to the expectation of the people all over the country.他的解释不能让人满意。His explanation is far from satisfactory.做母亲的有时不能觉察到自己孩子的过错。Mothers are sometimes blind to the faults of their children.一般的读者几乎读不到这本书。The book can scarcely reach the common readers.这个计算上的错误没有被会计看出。The error in calculation escaped the accountant.没有检测到信号。No signal is detected.在任何情况下，中国都不会首先使用核武器。Under no circumstances should China be the first to use nuclear weapons.咱们打开天窗说亮话吧，我不怕误解。I will therefore speak to you without reserve, and without any dread of being misunderstood.在场的所有的人一点也不了解发生了什么。All the people present knew nothing about what had happened.六六 将汉语肯定句译成英语否定句。将汉语肯定句译成英语否定句。他在这上面费了很多力。He took no little pain over it.我对你万分感激。I couldnt thank you enough.我完全同意。I couldnt agree more.智者千虑，必有一失。Even the wise are not always free from errors.这些细菌要在温度达到一百摄氏度才会死亡。These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100.我认为这篇论文不是他写的。I dont believe the paper is written by him.