20222022年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题及解析年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题及解析Section ISection IUse of EnglishUse of EnglishDirections:Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEETANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s;the term “plant neurobiology” was _1_ around the notion that some aspects of plantbehavior could be _2_ to intelligence in animals. _3_ plants lack brains, the firing ofelectrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that_4_consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complexand fascinating, but it _5_ so greatly from that of animals that so-called _6_ of plantsintelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have _7_ that plants possess neuron-like cells thatinteract with hormones and neurotransmitters, _8_ “a plant nervous system, _9_ to thatin animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They _10_ claimed that plants have“brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”This _11_ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, _12_ it toan array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals._13_, the signaling in a plant is only _14_ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold _15_ of complexity andcapacity is required,” he _16_.”Since plants dont have nervous systems, the _17_ thatthey have consciousness are effectively zero.”And whats so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants cant run away from _18_,so investing energy in a body system which _19_a threat and can feel pain would be avery_20_ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1. Acoined3. Aunless5. Asuffers7. AdoubtedB discoveredB directedB whenCcollectedCcomparedConceDissuedDconfinedD thoughD extendedD differsD creationD requestedD testingD sensitive2. Aattributed4. Acoped with6. Aacceptance8. Aadapting9. AanalogousB consisted ofChinted atB benefitsB evidenceB deniedB formingB essentialCdevelopsCcultivationCarguedCsuitable1 1 / 2121Crepairing10. AjustB everCstillD evenD demandD exposingD OtherwiseD imaginarilyD localD addedD assumptionsD controlDrecognizesD easy11. Arestriction12. Aattaching13. AHowever15. AlistB experimentB reducingB MoreoverB levelB agreedB risksB failureB poorCperspectiveCreturningCThereforeCsuperficiallyClabelCexcusesCrevealsCquestionedCwarningCpractical14. AtemporarilyB literally16. Arecalled17. Achances18. Adanger19. Arepresents20. AhumblePart APart ADirections:Directions:B includesSection IISection IIReading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEETANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, andother trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics areeverywhere and dont break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. Theycrack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which createshuge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally importantobjects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disney films, and the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didntalways know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of theNetherlands. “Its like baking a cake: If you dont have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” shesays. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, its not the artists fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardibegan to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds ofroses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” -large rectangles decorated withfoam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on thecarpets -which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Its especiallyvulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardis pumpkins, roses, and otherfigures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.2 2 / 2121So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures. They infusedsome with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild wornpolymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeitsometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens, preservation of plastics will likely get harder.Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistantprofessor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history -Stone Age,Iron Age, and so on -after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic,she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have astrong impact on how in the future well be seen.”21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in_.A maintaining their plastic items.B obtaining durable plastic artifacts.C handling outdated plastic exhibits.D classifying their plastic collections.22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects areA immune to decay.B improperly shaped.C inherently flawed.D complex in structure.23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardis artworks to_.A keep them from hurting visitors.B duplicate them for future display.C have their ingredients analyzed.D prevent them from further damage.24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_.A costlyC unpopularB unworthyD challenging25. In Ferreiras opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_.A will inspire future scientific research.B has profound historical significance.C will help us separate the material ages.D has an impact on todays cultural life.3 3 / 2121Text 2Text 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh uptheir options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degreehas changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of theireducational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would beset up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, theybecame devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double theaverage among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degreeis not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one andthat other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking tolearn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in thedegree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who oftenprove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too areseeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the firstof many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduatesnow earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, itmakes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need tobe constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimatedthat this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment anddesire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working lifeand have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will bea core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am ageographer or I am a classist. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; its as ifthey already know that their degree wont define them in the same way.26. the author suggests that Generation Z should_A be careful in choosing a collegeB be diligent at each educational stageC reassess the necessity of college educationD postpone their undergraduate application27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect4 4 / 2121A Millennials opinions about workB the shrinking value of a degreeC public discontentwith educationD the desired route of social mobility28. The author considers it a good sign that_A Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.B School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.C Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreesD Parents are changing their minds about education.29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree shouldA make an early decision on their careerB attend on the job training programsC team up with high-paid postgraduatesD further their studies in a specific field30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?A Lifelong learning will define them.B They will make qualified educators.C Depress will no longer appeal them.D They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text 3Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Naturereaders used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles onpartnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people whoresponded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost allsaid they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking outvisual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. ”Artists help scientistsreach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” Onerespondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came lastmonth when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of AntonioVivaldis The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latestclimate prediction data for each season-provided by MonashUniversitys Climate ChangeCommunication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead ofNovembers United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientistsresponded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply5 5 / 2121assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be consideredonly as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have ashared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each others work. Suchan approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened itsCenter for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. Thefounders deliberately focused their projects around light-hencethe “visual studies “in thename. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and thereforecould form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided intomore sub-disciplines, the centrewas simultaneously looking to a time when leadingresearchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Natures poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make acollaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. Thereach of art-science tie-upsneeds to go beyond the necessary purpose of researchcommunication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery andinvention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have_.A caught the attention of criticsB received favorable responsesC promoted academic publishingD sparked heated public disputes32. The reworked version of TheFour Seasons is mentioned to show that_.A art can offer audiences easy access to scienceB science can help with the expression of emotionsC public participation in science has a promising futureD art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership_.A their role may be underestimatedB their reputation may be impairedC their creativity may be inhibitedD their work may be misguided34. What does the author say about CAVS?A It was headed alternately by artists and scientistsB It exemplified valuable art-science alliancesC Its projects aimed at advancing visual studiesD Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations_.6 6 / 2121A are likely to go beyond public expectationsB will intensify interdisciplinary competitionC should do more than communicating scienceD are becoming more popular than beforeText 4Text 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealands Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissalsmust be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from“unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficientsafeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the dayswhen a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paidmanagers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constrainingfirms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boostingproductivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managersmay very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving thejobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify adismissal.Consequently and paradoxically laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinaryworkers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain businessowners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firmproductivity and therefore on workers wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective onNew Zealands Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out thelow quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the countrys poor productivity growthrecord.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERAsunjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to firean employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for themarginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry theburden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissalregulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overallwell-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox byexcluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection7 7 / 2121of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members Bill tried to permitfirms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime.However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down followingthe change in government later that year.36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .A punish dubious corporate practicesB improve traditional hiring proceduresC exempt employers from certain dutiesD protect the rights of ordinary workers37. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may.A hinder business developmentB undermine managers authorityC affect the public image of the firmsD worsen labor-management relations38. Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?A Imposing reasonable wage restraints.B Enforcing employment protection laws.C Limiting the powers of business owners.D Dismissing poorly performing managers.39. What might be an effect of ERAs unjustified dismissal procedures?A Highly paid managers lose their jobs.B Employees suffer from salary cuts.C Society sees a rise in overall well-being.D Employers need to hire new staff.40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia.Ahas secured managers earningsBhas produced undesired resultsCis beneficial to business ownersDis difficult to put into practicePart BPart BDirections:Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are twoextra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41) Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed8 8 / 2121to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim wasfalse. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line ismuch more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, theydo not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with theseinstitutions, and its past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42) Karen R. SimeAs a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel.But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were thecrucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostlystudents who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges ornational parks. Although good TV shows can help stir childrens interest in conservation, theycannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as anintense, immersive and interactiveexperience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment ofanimals with their educational potential.(43) Greg NewberryEmma Marriss article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate whowork tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdatedresearch and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizationcommitted to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how theycare for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoowill get as good or better treatment than most of us atour local hospital.(44) Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. Icould properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe thatwell-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home manymore people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturband even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving tosatisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majorityundisturbed in their natural environments.(45) John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our9 9 / 2121studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves andnature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos inconnecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice forconservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from allbackgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to betterunderstand the natural world we live in.A. Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfaircriticism.B. To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes forthe precious creatures in their care.C. While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in startingyoung people down the path of related sciences.D. Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlifeconservation.E. For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the bestalternative.F. Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animalswellbeing.G. Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensablelink between man and nature.Part CPart CDirections:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on theANSWER SHEETANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(10 points)The Man Who Broke Napoleons Codes -Mark UrbanBetween 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was thescene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: betweenNapoleons French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen toexacerbate the emperors difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them incheck; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.(46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battlebetween those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I wasreading Sir Charles Omans epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attachedan appendix, The Scovell Ciphers. (47) It listed many documents in code thathad beencaptured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work ofone George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.Oman rated Scovells significancehighly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not1010 / 2121analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that greatstruggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keento read more, but was surprised to find that Omans appendix, published in 1914, was the onlyconsidered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that ofEnigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, couldit be told?Studying Scovells papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had leftan extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more,many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized waspriceless. (49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during theNapoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actuallyprovided or worked on.As I researched Scovells story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligencework. His status in Lord Wellingtons headquarters and the recognition given to him for hiswork were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. Histale ofself-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, butrepresents something more than that. (50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance inthe struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speakvolumes about British society.SectionSection III WritingIII WritingPart APart A51. Directions51. Directions：Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a teamfor the international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email. Use Li Ming instead. (10points)Part BPart B52. Directions52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) explain its intended meaning and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on theANSWER SHEETANSWER SHEET.（20 points）1111 / 212120222022年英语（一）真题答案年英语（一）真题答案Section I Use of EnglishSection I Use of English1.A11.CPart APart AText 1Text 121.AText 2Text 226.CText 3Text 331.BText 4Text 436.DPart BPart BPartCPartC46. 这也是一场代码制定者和破译者之间的战争。即使是对于许多熟知这一时期的人来说，这也是未知的。47. 它列出了很多从在西班牙的法军中缴获的密码文件。这些文件的秘密是由英国总部的一位叫乔治斯考维尔（George Scovell）的军官揭露出来的。48. 他无法仔细分析这位名不见经传的军官可能并没有为国家间的那场伟大斗争做出贡献，也确实无法告诉我们有关他本人的任何情况。49. 拿破仑战争期间可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或从事情报工作所涉及的材料。50. 正如密码破译在西班牙斗争中有着更广泛的意义一样，他试图爬上晋升阶梯的努力也充分说明了英国社会的情况。41.F22.C27.B32.A37.A42.C23.D28.C33.A38.D43.A24.D29.D34.B39.B44.D25.B30. A35.C40.D45.G2.C12.B3.D13.A4.C14.C5.D15.B6.B16.D7.C17.A8.B 9.A10.D18.A 19.D 20.BSection II Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading Comprehension20222022年研究生入学考试英语（一）真题解析年研究生入学考试英语（一）真题解析Section I Use of EnglishSection I Use of English1.【答案】A. coined【解析】根据句意：“植物神经生物学”一词是围绕着植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智力_2_这一概念而_1_。这里表示“产生”的含义。A. coin“新造，杜撰（单词、短语）”；B. discover“发现；找到”；C. collect“收集；搜集”；D. issue“发表；发布”。根据句意，可知A为最佳答案。2.【答案】C. compared【解析】根据第1题的解析，可知这里表示“植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智力_”。A. attribute“把归因于”；B. direct“管理；把指向”；C. compare“比较；相比”；D. confine“限制；监禁”。根据句意，可知C为最佳答案。1212 / 21213.【答案】D. Though【解析】根据句意：“_3_植物缺乏大脑，（但）它们茎和叶中电信号的发射仍然触发了_4_意识的反应。”A. when “当的时候”；B. unless“除非；如果不”；C.once“一旦；曾经”；D. though“虽然；尽管”。根据句意，可知D为最佳答案。4.【答案】C.hinted at【解析】根据第3题的解析，对比下选项：A. cope with“处理”；B. consist of“由组成”；C. hint at“暗示；示意”；D. extend“延长；延伸”。根据句意，可知C为最佳答案。5.【答案】D. differs【解析】根据句意：“植物生物学是复杂而迷人的，但它与动物生物学（的）_5_如此之大，以至于所谓的植物智力的_6_是不确定的。” A. suffer“遭受；经受”；B.benefit“获益，有利于”；C. develop“发展；开发”；D. differ“有区别；不同”。6.【答案】B. evidence【解析】 根据第5题的解析， 对比下选项： A. acceptance“接受； 赞同”； B. evidence“证据”；C. cultivation“耕种；培养”；D. creation“创造物；创造；作品”。7.【答案】C. argued【解析】根据句意：“一些科学家_7_植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的神经元样细胞，_8_了_9_动物的植物神经系统。” A. doubt“怀疑”；B. deny“否认；拒绝承认”；C. argue“争论；讨论；主张”；D. request“请求；要求”。根据句意和后文出现的“claim”，可知C为最佳答案。8.【答案】B. forming【解析】根据第7题的解析，对比下选项：A. adapt“适应；改编”；B. form“形成；构成”；C. repair“修理；修补”；D. test“考查；考验”。根据前后文可知B为最佳答案。9.【答案】A. analogous【解析】同样根据第7题的解析：A. analogous“相似的；可比拟的”；B. essential“基本的；必不可少的”；C. suitable“合适的；适宜的”；D. sensitive“体贴的；敏感的”。10. 【答案】D. even【解析】句意：“他们_10_声称植物的根尖有类似大脑的指挥中心”。A. just “仅仅；只是”；B. ever “曾经；总是”；C. still “仍然；还是”；D. even “甚至；即使”。11. 【答案】C. perspective【解析】根据句意：“如果你简化复杂大脑的工作，_12_为一系列电脉冲，这种_11_是有意义的”。 A. restriction “限制； 约束”； B. experiment “实验”； C. perspective “态度；观点”；D. demand “要求；需求”。对比选项可知C为最佳答案。1313 / 212112. 【答案】B. reducing【解析】 根据第11题的解析， 对比下选项： A. attach“附上； 重视”； B. reduce “减少；缩小；简化”；C. return “返回；归还”；D. expose “暴露；揭发”。根据前后文选B。13. 【答案】A. However【解析】 根据句意： “_13_， 植物中的信号传递与复杂的动物大脑中的放电_14_相似， 而复杂的动物大脑不仅仅是通过电进行沟通的大量细胞。 ”A. however“然而；不过”；B. moreover“而且；再者”；C. therefore“因此”；D. otherwise“否则；不然”。14. 【答案】C. superficially【解析】根据第13题的解析，对比下选项：A. temporarily“暂时的，临时的”；B.literally“逐字地；确实地；真正地”；C. superficially“粗略地；肤浅地；表面地”；D.imaginarily“想象中地”。这句涉及到动物植物的比较，由后文的“complex animal brain”。15. 【答案】B. level【解析】根据句意：“他_16_说：要让意识进化，需要一个复杂度和能力达到阈值_15_的大脑。” A. list“名单；目录”；B. level“水平；程度”；C. label“标签；标记”；D. local“本地人；当地人”。根据前后文，可知本题的最佳选项为B。16. 【答案】D. added【解析】 根据第15题的解析， 对比下选项： A. recall“回忆； 想起； 召回”； B. agree“同意；赞成”；C. question“质疑；怀疑”；D. add“添加；增加”，可知本题的最佳选项为D。17. 【答案】A. chances【解析】 根据句意： “由于植物没有神经系统， 它们有意识的_17_实际上是零。 ”A.chance“机会；可能性”；B. risk“风险；危险”；C. excuse“借口；理由”；D. assumption“假定；假设”。这里含有一个同位语从句，根据前后文可知本题的最佳选项为A。18. 【答案】A. danger【解析】根据句意：“植物无法逃避_18_，因此将能量投资于一个能够_19_威胁并能感受到疼痛的身体系统将是一个非常_20_的进化策略。 ”A. danger“危险； 威胁”；B. failure“失败； 失败的人/事”； C. warning“警示； 警告”； D. control“控制； 管理； 统治”。19. 【答案】D. recognizes【解析】根据第18题的解析，对比下选项： A. represent“代表；象征”；B. include“包含；包括”；C. reveal“揭示；展示”；D. recognize“认出；识别”。据前后文选D。20. 【答案】B. poor【解析】根据第18题的解析：A. humble“谦逊的；简陋的”；B. poor“贫穷的；糟糕的；不理想的”；C. practical“实际的；实用的”；D. easy“容易的；舒适的”。Section II Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading Comprehension1414 / 2121Part APart AText 1Text 121.细节题，定位至第1段，第6句指出所有这些（塑料材料）给努力保护有重要文化意义的物品的机构带来了巨大的难题， 比如博物馆。A选项是第6句话的精准解读。B选项，博物馆获得耐用的塑料制品有困难，属于偷换概念，不是获得（obtain），而是保护（preserve）；C和D选项无中生有，文中未提及处理过时的塑胶展品和对收集的塑料进行分类。故正确选项为A。22. 态度观点题，定位至第2段，第1句指出某些手工艺品尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确地混合成分。C选项inherently flawed（本身是有缺陷的）是对第1句话的概括和总结。A选项不易腐烂，反向干扰；B选项不当地形成，根据后文第3段提到有时候不是艺术家的错误和第4段提及他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定可知， 不涉及塑料制品不当形成的问题， 本题较难， 可先继续读后文， 根据文意，最终排除B选项；D选项结构复杂，无中生有。故正确选项为C。23.细节题，定位至第4段，最后一句指出博物馆把其中一些锁在黑暗中，即停止展示作品。本段前文指出他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本质上是不稳定的。 它特别容易受到光的伤害，到20世纪90年代中期，吉拉迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他人像都裂开和破碎了。所以D选项prevent them from further damage（防止他们受到进一步的伤害）是对本段的概括总结。A选项防止它们伤害游客、B选项复制它们以供将来展示，无中生有。 C选项分析它们的成分，第5段提到van Oosten和她的同事们致力于保存吉拉迪的雕塑作品。 他们注入了一些稳定和巩固化学物质，不是分析作品的材质偷换概念。故正确答案为D。24. 作者态度题，定位至第6段，第1句指出尽管有van Oosten这样的成功故事，但塑料的保存可能会越来越困难。让步状语从句，作者强调后半部分，所以作者对塑料的保存的态度是消极的，故正确选项为D选项challenging富有挑战性的。A costly 昂贵的，B unworthy不值得的，C unpopular不受欢迎的均未提及。25.态度观点题，定位至第7段，最后一句Ferreira指出我们今天决定收集的东西，我们决定保存的东西这将对我们未来所看见的东西产生重大影响。B选项具有深远的历史意义，其中profound和significance是对最后一句的strong和impact的同意替换。A选项将启发未来的科学研究，过度推理。C选项能帮助我们区分材料的时代，原文考古学家在检查了博物馆的手工艺品后， 第一次定义了人类历史上伟大的材料的时代石器时代、铁器时代等，C选项曲解其含义。D选项对今天的文化生活有影响，偷换宾语，不是对今天文化生活的影响，故正确答案为B。Text 2Text 226. 细节题，根据题干中Generation Z定位至第一段第三行然后结合1515 / 2121itmaybeworthconsidering同义替换等于suggest，后面内容就是答案所在。原文中“how thepoint, purpose and value of a degree has changed”就是原文C选项评估大学学位的必要性的同义表达。A选项是在选择大学期间要谨慎，而原文“As the latest crop of students pentheir undergraduate application form and weigh up their options”当最新一批学生在填写他们的本科申请表时，衡量他们的选择，但这只是一个前提，作者真正的建议在后半句。B选项在每个教育阶段都要勤奋属于无中生有D推迟本科的申请，原文说要思考，并没有要推迟，属于过度推断。故C为正确答案。27.例证题， 根据题干中词“ percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles”定位至第二段第四句， 很明显这个英国大学毕业生从事不需要大学文凭工作的比例是一个论据来证明文中提到的观点,论点一般位于论点前面，根据前一句“Education was no longer asecure route of social mobility.”原文D选项出社会流动性，但是对比原文我们发现D选项意为社会流动的理想路径，正好与原文“Education was no longer a secure route of socialmobility.”不再是社会流动的安全路径。所以我们看“As degrees became universal, theybecame devalued.”随着大学学位变的普遍， 他们就贬值了。 B选项devalue正好和shrinkingvalue学位贬值了的同义替换。A选项千禧一代对于工作的看法，文中提到了千禧一代和工作但是并没有提及对于工作的看法。C选项公众对教育的不满，原文并未体现。28. 细节题，根据题干关键词good sign定位至第四段，同义与第四段的thankfully,signs等词，那后面就是好的迹象，有两方面，1）即使父母和老师仍然固守着学位的观念，Generation Z像千禧一代学习，改变自己对于学位的观念，据此可知Z世代是和家长与老师态度不同，不再一味寻学位，所以A选项Z世代正在寻求获得体面的学位与原文观点相矛盾。D选项家长正在改变对于教育的看法，这一点并未体现。 2）雇主看到了雇佣school leavers的好处，因为他们往往大学毕业生更忠诚，B选项说他们愿意成为技术工人，这一点在文中完全没有体现，C选项雇主对学位采取实际的态度正好是对原文的总结概括，故C为正确选项。29. 细节题，定位至文章第五段，第二句In this age of generalists, it pays to havespecific knowledge or skills.说明掌握专业知识是有用的。本段最后一句又说When moreand more of us have a degree，it makes sense to have two，越来越多人只有一个学位时，拥有两个学位是有意义的，也就是说我们应该学习更多的知识，对应选项D在特定的领域继续深造，对于原文的同义替换。A选项尽早为他们的职业生涯做决定以及B选项参加工作培训计划，原文当中没有提到，都是无中生有。C与该高薪的研究生合作，原文中说研究生会比大学毕业生收入高出40%，与他们合作这一点并没有提及。30.推断题，根据题干所问根据最后两段，我们可以推断出关于Z世代人什么内容？1616 / 2121题干中没有额外的信息，主要是段落大意的考察，原文倒数第二段第一句写道Z世代不太可能在18岁或21岁就完成教育；他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断提高技能，以保持就业能力。并且在最后一段提到他们的学位不会以同样的方式定义他们。A选项终身学习将要定义他们，就是对于此中心句同义表达。B选项他们将成为一个合格的教育者，文中没有体现，属于无中生有。C选项学位不再吸引他们了，原文指出Z时代认为学校教育职业轨迹核心部分，所以C选项属于过度推断。Z世代可能D选项的工作选择有限，这个原文中没有提及，也是属于无中生有。故A为正确答案。Text 3Text 331. 这是一道细节题， 根据题干文理科合作获得了什么定位到第一段第2句， 这句话说的是读者用来描述艺术家和研究人员一起写的文章中描述文理科合作所用的词汇， 是哪些词汇在前一句，前一句是这些词：启发性、挑战性、刺激性和趣味性，这些词都是褒义词，也就是读者的反应是积极的，B选项获得了好评就是对这两句话的概括总结。A选项引起了评论家的注意，明显与原文相反，反响是好的，并没有收到批评。C选项：促进学术出版是无中生有的选项。D选项：引发了激烈的公众争议，也是与原文相反，原文是正向反馈，并没有引起争议。32. 这是一道例证题，题干问的是四季的改编版是为了说明什么，根据题干定位到例子是第3段第1句，我们知道例证题的答案在定位到例子句的前一句的观点句，也就是答案在第2段最后一句，这句话说的是一个受访者认为：艺术家帮助科学家拥有更广泛的受众，建立情感联系，加强对于科学的学习。这句话说明了艺术也就是文科对于理科的作用，艺术可以让观众以一种更轻松的方式接触科学，加强对科学的学习。A选项就是对定位句的同义改写。B选项科学可以帮助表达情感，原文说的是艺术发挥的作用而不是科学的作用。C选项公众参与科学有着光明的未来，还是没有突出定位句艺术的作用，主体是艺术而不是科学。D选项：艺术在促进科学创新方面是有效的，原文说的是艺术帮助科学拥有更多受众而不是艺术帮助科学创新。33. 这是一道推断题，题干问的是艺术家好像担心艺术和科学的合作，根据题干我们定位到第2句话，这句话说的是接受自然调查的艺术家比科学家少，然而还是有些艺术家注意到：艺术家不仅仅帮助了科学家满足他们的沟通需要，艺术家的工作也不应该仅仅被看做是研究对象。A选项艺术家的作用可能被低估了，正是对这两句话的概括总结。B选项艺术家的名声可能受损，原文并未提及艺术家的名声受损一事。C选项艺术家的创造性可能受到抑制，这也是无中生有的选项。D选项艺术家的工作可能被误导了，这也是无中生有的选项。34. 这是一道细节题，根据题干定位的话比较分散，因为这一段都是说的CAVS，我们可以根据选项回文定位， 用排除法做题。 A选项CAVS由艺术家和科学家轮流领导，1717 / 2121原文提到麻省理工学院开设了CAVS，原文并未提及由艺术家还是科学家领导，更没有提及是他们轮流领导。B选项CAVS体现了有价值的艺术科学联盟，这个选项正是对最后一句话的概括总结，最后一句话说到：随着科学和技术的进步，该中心分成了更多的分支学科，同时也期待着一个时代的到来，在这个时代，顶尖的研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人，反之亦然。C选项：这个项目旨在推进视觉研究，根据选项定位到第一句，第一句说了这个项目的目的是探索技术在文化中的作用，而不是推进视觉研究。D选项：这个项目的创始人想要提高艺术家的地位，原文提到这个项目的设立目的是探索技术在文化中额作用而不是提高艺术家的地位。35. 这是一道作者观点题， 问的是作者对于艺术与科学合作的看法， 第2句提到艺术与科学合作需要超越传播研究和参与研究的目的，C选项是对这句话的同义替换，gobeyond同义替换do more than，communicating science同义替换research communication. A选项：可能会超出公众预期，无中生有。B选项：会加剧跨学科竞争，D选项：变得比以前更受欢迎，都是无中生有的选项。Text 4Text 436.根据题干关键词定位第一段，题目问的意图，原文说“ERA prevent an employerfrom firing an employee without good cause”，D选项protect the rights of ordinary workers是原文的反向说法，与原文构成同义替换，故D为正确答案。37.根据题干关键词定位至第3段， 推断题。 第三段第一句说， these provisions create difficulties for businesses when., 后面又出现了constraining firms from firing poorly performing(限制公司开除表现不好的人)，所以不利于公司发展，故正确答案为A。38.推断题，根据题干关键词Productivity Commission定位至第五段。第五段最后一句说Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as acause of the countrys poor productivity growth record （Productivity Commission把经理能力不足列为了公司表现不好的原因） ， 因此Productivity Commission会支持开除这些能力不足的人，故正确答案为D。39.根据题干关键词定位至第六段。 第六段第一句说Nor.immune form the harm,意为薪资很高的经理也受到了ERA的伤害，后面又说公司开除员工成本变高，最后一句说firms pay staff less，因为要承担别的成本，故正确选项为B，Employees suffer from salarycuts，员工会遭受降薪。40.根据题干关键词，定位至最后一段，最后一段列举了澳大利亚和新西兰的情形。However,一词对这两个国家的情形做了总结。However一句指出，the mechanismsproposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down（这个机制并没有被运用，议案被否决了），故正确答案为D. is difficult to put into practice, 很难实践。1818 / 2121Part BPart B41. F根据41空后一段第二三句可以看出来： 野生动物园和动物园都声称是为了动物的利益和保护为目的，但是这种说法是错误的。也就是说作者对此持否定观点，F选项提到动物园应该被关闭，因为他们把赚钱看得比动物福利更重要切合题意。42. C42空的Karen R. Sime的观点是：作为一名动物学教授，他首先认为动物园对动物的展示是残酷的，但是他同样强调了动物园的教育价值和教育潜力。所以要找到先表示否定，再表示肯定，尤其是和教育相关的词语。C选项提到虽然动物园圈养的动物值得同情，但是它在引导年轻人走向科学道路方面发挥着重要作用。43. AGreg Newberry提到动物园处于保护的最前沿， 并不断发展， 以改善它们对动物的照顾，保护自然栖息地的每个物种，动物园里一只受伤的动物会得到和我们大多数人一样好或更好的治疗。A选项提及不遗余力地照顾动物的动物园不应该受到不公平的批评。恰恰对应要保护好每个物种。44. DDean Gallea提到，如果不是有机会在离家不远的动物园观察这些美丽的野生动物，更多的人会去野外寻找它们，甚至追捕它们。从这个意义上，动物园类似于自然历史和考古博物馆，用来满足我们与这些生物接触的需求，同时让绝大多数生物在自然环境中不受干扰。 D项提到动物园节省了人们前往荒野地区的时间， 从而有助于野生动物保护。45. G首先John Fraser批评了Emma Marris,认为它歪曲了事实和研究成果。其次描述的重点放在动物园的好处上， 主要体现了动物园在连接人与动物和自然方面的价值提供了强有力的支持，动物园为保护和环境保护提供了重要的声音。G选项首先提到了Marris歪曲了我们的发现，然后说明了动物园是人与自然之间不可或缺的纽带。PartCPartC46. it was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, abattle between those who made codes and those who broken them.【解析】可以把“and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period”看成是插入语， 调整语序后为： it was also a battle between those who made codes and thosewho broken them, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period。“wellread about the period”充当后置定语修饰前面的“many people”。【重点词汇】be well read about 充分了解，精通。code密码，代码，行为准则。1919 / 2121【参考译文】这也是一场代码制定者和破译者之间的战争。即使是对于许多熟知这一时期的人来说，这也是未知的。47. It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army ofSpain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer inBritish headquarters.【解析】“incode”充当后置定语修饰documents，“that had been captured from theFrench Army of Spain”为定语从句， 修饰documents。 同时， “whose secrets had been revealedby the work of one George Scovell”也是定语从句，修饰documents。“an officer in Britishheadquarters. ”充当同位语，解释说明“George Scovell”。【重点词汇】capture v.捕获，俘获，夺取。Reveal v. 揭露，显示，表明【参考译文】它列出了很多从在西班牙的法军中缴获的密码文件。这些文件的秘密是由英国总部的一位叫乔治斯考维尔（George Scovell）的军官揭露出来的。48. he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may not have contributed tothat great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.【解析】“what this obscure officer may not have contributed to that great strugglebetween nations”是what引导的宾语从句。“analyze”和“tell”是两个并列谓语。【重点词汇】obscure adj. 模糊的；名不见经传的。Struggle n. 斗争。【参考译文】他无法仔细分析这位名不见经传的军官可能并没有为国家间的那场伟大斗争做出贡献，也确实无法告诉我们有关他本人的任何情况。49. There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonicwars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or workedon.【解析】因为前面有“spies”，所以把intelligence翻译为“情报”。it充当形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“to find the material they actually provided or worked on.”“they actuallyprovided or worked on”是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词material。【重点词汇】spy n. 间谍。intelligence n. 智力；情报。Napoleonic a. 拿破仑一世时期的。extremely adv. 极端地，非常。work on 从事于；影响；致力于。【参考译文】拿破仑战争期间可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或从事情报工作所涉及的材料。50. Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so hisattempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.【解析】“just asso”表示“正如，也”。“to make his way up thepromotion ladder”为不定式短语充当后置定语修饰attempts。【重点词汇】speak volumes很有意义；充分说明。Relevance n. 重要性；相关性。2020 / 2121【参考译文】正如密码破译在西班牙斗争中有着更广泛的意义一样，他试图爬上晋升阶梯的努力也充分说明了英国社会的情况。WritingWritingPart APart ADear Professor,An international innovation contest is going to be held in our society. The reason why Iam writing the e-mail, to be honest, is to invite you to organize a team for it.You, to begin with, not only get great reputation in this field, but also have a lot ofexperience with organizing the related team. Besides, the contest gains the wide attention ofthe university and it will be really beneficial for the interrelations among students all over theworld. In the end, this activity can create a good atmosphere for innovation, so with your help,the contest will be held successfully.Again, we would be honored if you could accept this invitation. And I am really lookingforward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li MingPart BPart BThe drawing above elaborately depicts the great significance of constant learning. In thepicture, two students respond differently on a lecture being held on the campus in otheracademic fields. One attends the lecture by saying “It must be useful”, while the other feels itis useless because it is not what he is supposed to study.It is not hard for us to grasp the information the image conveys: we should harbor aconstant learning attitude and try to be knowledgeable. For a start, mastering knowledge inother fields carries significant implication for our profession, academic learning as well aspersonal well-being. As is well-known to all, it is inevitable for us to meet various problemsin our life course, and being a generalist can help us address these challenges with ease. AsChen-Ning Yang, a Chinese American physicist and recipient of the Noble Prize, has put it, itis being well-read that leads to the great achievements in every field. More importantly, sucha constant learning attitude motivates us to accomplish the impossible. Top achievers in bothbusiness and science understand that very well and, almost without exception, attribute theirglory to their attitude of life-long learning.Based on what has been analyzed above, it is highly suggested that schools of all levelsand parents cultivated the life-long learning trait among children in order to cope with therisks and challenges in their future life. I am convinced that only when we are equipped withconstant learning attitude can we achieve more rapid progress and even greater success inwork and life alike.2121 / 2121