Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Application:International Trade应用：国际贸易应用：国际贸易Chapter 9Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易国际贸易What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?什么决定一个国家是否什么决定一个国家是否进口或出口一种物品进口或出口一种物品?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易国际贸易Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?在国际自由贸易中谁在国际自由贸易中谁获利谁亏损？获利谁亏损？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易国际贸易What are the arguments that people use to advocate trade restrictions?人们用来支持贸易限制人们用来支持贸易限制的各种观点是什么？的各种观点是什么？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without TradeAssume:nA country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.nThe market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. nNo one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有贸易时的均衡没有贸易时的均衡假设假设:n一个生产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家一个生产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家n钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成n这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口钢铁钢铁Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without International TradePriceof SteelEquilibriumPrice0Quantityof SteelEquilibriumquantityDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandProducersurplusConsumersurplusHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有国际贸易时的均衡没有国际贸易时的均衡钢铁的钢铁的价格价格均衡价格均衡价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量均衡数量均衡数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求生产者剩余生产者剩余消费者剩余消费者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without TradeResults:nDomestic price adjusts to balance demand and supply.nThe sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有贸易时的均衡没有贸易时的均衡结果结果:n国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給量国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給量与国内买者的需求量平衡。与国内买者的需求量平衡。n消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和来消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和来衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上得到衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上得到的总利益。的总利益。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势世界价格与比较优势If the country decides to engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel?如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易，如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易，它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国？它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative AdvantageThe effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the prevailing price in the world markets.uA country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.世界价格与比较优势世界价格与比较优势自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到说明。说明。世界价格世界价格一种物品在世界市场上所一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。流行的价格。一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国，也一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国，也有可能是进口国。有可能是进口国。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势世界价格与比较优势If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格低，这个国势，那么国内价格将比世界价格低，这个国家就会是该物品的家就会是该物品的出口国。出口国。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势世界价格与比较优势If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country will be an importer of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格高，较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格高，这个国家就会是该物品的这个国家就会是该物品的进口国。进口国。Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticdemandInternational Trade in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyWorldpricePrice after tradeExportsDomesticquantity demandedDomesticquantity suppliedPrice before trade钢铁价格钢铁价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内需求国内需求出口国的国际贸易出口国的国际贸易国内供给国内供给世界世界价格价格贸易后的价格贸易后的价格出口出口国内需求量国内需求量国内供給量国内供給量贸易前的价格贸易前的价格Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeABCDExportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格钢铁价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量世界价格世界价格国内需求国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给国内供给贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格ABCD出口出口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusbefore tradeBCProducer surplusbefore tradeHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格钢铁价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量世界价世界价格格国内需求国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给国内供给贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格A贸易前的消费者剩余贸易前的消费者剩余BC贸易前的生产者剩余贸易前的生产者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusafter tradeCBProducer surplusafter tradeDExportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格钢铁价格0数量钢铁数量钢铁世界价世界价格格国内需求国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给国内供给贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格A贸易后的消费者剩余贸易后的消费者剩余CB贸易后的生产者剩余贸易后的生产者剩余D出口出口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryThe area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.Before TradeAfter TradeChangeConsumer SurplusA + BA- BProducer SurplusCB + C + D+ (B + D)Total SurplusA + B + CA + B + C + D+ DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利面积面积 D 表示总剩余增加，并代表表示总剩余增加，并代表贸易的利益贸易的利益贸易前贸易前贸易后贸易后变化变化消费者剩余消费者剩余A + BA- B生产者剩余生产者剩余CB + C + D+ (B + D)总剩余总剩余A + B + CA + B + C + D+ DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.THE WINNERS AND LOSERS FROM TRADEThe analysis of an exporting country yields two conclusions:u Domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off.u Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易赢家和输家自由贸易赢家和输家对出口国的分析得出了两个结论：对出口国的分析得出了两个结论：u当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的出口国时，该物品的国内生产者状况出口国时，该物品的国内生产者状况变好，而该物品的国内消费者状况变变好，而该物品的国内消费者状况变坏。坏。u 贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country nInternational Trade in an Importing CountryIf the world price of steel is lower than the domestic price, the country will be an importer of steel when trade is permitted.Domestic consumers will want to buy steel at the lower world price.Domestic producers of steel will have to lower their output because the domestic price moves to the world price.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.进口国的得失进口国的得失 n国际贸易与进口国国际贸易与进口国如果世界价格低于国内价格，一旦允许如果世界价格低于国内价格，一旦允许自由贸易，该国家将是钢铁进口国。自由贸易，该国家将是钢铁进口国。国内消费者就想以比国内价格更低的世国内消费者就想以比国内价格更低的世界价格购买钢铁。界价格购买钢铁。因为国内价格移向世界价格，所以国内因为国内价格移向世界价格，所以国内钢铁生产者不得不降低产量。钢铁生产者不得不降低产量。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 4 International Trade in the Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyDomestic demandWorld PricePrice after tradeDomesticquantitydemandedDomesticquantitysuppliedPrice before tradeImportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图4. 进口国的国际贸易进口国的国际贸易钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求世界价格世界价格贸易后的价格贸易后的价格国内供给量国内供给量国内需求量国内需求量贸易前的价格贸易前的价格进口进口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePrice before tradeABCDImportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图5. 自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给世界价格世界价格国内需求国内需求贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格ABCD进口进口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusbefore tradeCBProducer surplusbefore tradeHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给世界价格世界价格国内需求国内需求贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格A贸易前的消费者剩余贸易前的消费者剩余CB贸易前的生产者剩余贸易前的生产者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryPriceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticsupplyWorld PriceDomestic demandPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusafter tradeBDCProducer surplusafter tradeImportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给世界价格世界价格国内需求国内需求贸易后的价格贸易后的价格贸易前的价格贸易前的价格A贸易后的消费者剩余贸易后的消费者剩余BDC贸易后的生产者剩余贸易后的生产者剩余进口进口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryThe area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.Before TradeAfter TradeChange Consumer SurplusAA + B + D+ (B + D) Producer SurplusB + C C- B Total SurplusA + B + CA + B + C + D+ DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利面积面积 D 表示总剩余的增加量，并代表表示总剩余的增加量，并代表贸易的收益贸易的收益贸易前贸易前贸易后贸易后变化变化 消费者剩余消费者剩余AA + B + D+ (B + D) 生产者剩余生产者剩余B + C C- B 总剩余总剩余A + B + CA + B + C + D+ DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing CountryThe analysis of an importing country yields two conclusions:u Domestic producers of the good are worse off, and domestic consumers of the good are better off.u Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole because the gains of consumers exceed the losses of producers.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利对进口国的分析得出了两个结论对进口国的分析得出了两个结论:u当一国允许自由贸易并成为一种物品的进当一国允许自由贸易并成为一种物品的进口国时，该物品的国内消费者状况变好，而口国时，该物品的国内消费者状况变好，而该物品的国内生产者状况变坏。该物品的国内生产者状况变坏。u 贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Gains and Losses from Free International TradeuThe gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.uThe net change in total surplus is positive.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.国际自由贸易的得与失国际自由贸易的得与失u赢家的好处大于赢家的好处大于输家的损失。输家的损失。u总剩余的净变动总剩余的净变动是正的。是正的。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariffs 关税的影响关税的影响uTariffs are taxes on imported goods. 关税关税对进口物品征收的税。对进口物品征收的税。uTariffs raise the price of imported goods above the world price by the amount of the tariff. 关税关税使进口物品的价格提高到世界使进口物品的价格提高到世界价格之上，其增加量等于关税。价格之上，其增加量等于关税。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Price with tariffWorld pricePrice without tariffThe Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffQ1SQ1DImports without tariffImports with tariffQ2DQ2SHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.有关税时的价有关税时的价格格世界价世界价格格没有关税时的没有关税时的价格价格关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求关税关税Q1SQ1D没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量有关税时的有关税时的进口量进口量Q2DQ2SHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandWorld priceQ1SQ1DPrice without tariffImports without tariffConsumer surplusbefore tariffProducer surplusbefore tariffHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求世界价世界价格格Q1SQ1D没有关税时的没有关税时的价格价格没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量关税前的消费者剩余关税前的消费者剩余关税前的关税前的生产者剩余生产者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPrice without tariffPrice with tariffImports without tariffImports with tariffAConsumer surpluswith tariffBHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求关税关税f世界价格世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D关税前的价格关税前的价格关税后的价格关税后的价格没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量有关税时的有关税时的进口量进口量A关税后的消费者剩余关税后的消费者剩余BHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImports without tariffImports with tariffCGProducer surplusafter tariffPrice with tariffPrice without tariffHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求关税关税世界价格世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量有关税时的有关税时的进口量进口量CG关税后的关税后的生产者剩余生产者剩余有关税时的价格有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImports without tariffImports with tariffETariff revenuePrice with tariffPrice without tariffHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求关税关税世界价格世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量有关税时的有关税时的进口量进口量E关税收入关税收入有关税时的价格有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a Tariff.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandTariffWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPrice without tariffPrice with tariffImports without tariffImports with tariffABCEGDFDeadweight lossHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求关税关税世界价格世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有关税时的价格没有关税时的价格有关税时的价格有关税时的价格没有关税时的进口量没有关税时的进口量有关税时的有关税时的进口量进口量ABCEGDF无谓损失无谓损失Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Changes in Welfare from a TariffBefore TariffAfter TariffChange Consumer SurplusA+B+C+D+E+FA + B - (C+D+E+F) Producer SurplusG C + G+ C Government RevenueNoneE+ E Total SurplusA+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+ C+ E+ G- (D + F)The area D+F shows the fall in total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the tariff.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税带来的福利变化关税带来的福利变化关税前关税前关税后关税后变化变化 消费者剩余消费者剩余A+B+C+D+E+FA + B - (C+D+E+F) 生产者剩余生产者剩余G C + G+ C 政府收入政府收入 无无E+ E 总剩余总剩余A+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+ C+ E+ G- (D + F)面积（面积（ D+F） 表示总剩余减少，并代表关税的表示总剩余减少，并代表关税的无谓损失无谓损失Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of a TariffuA tariff reduces the quantity of imports and moves the domestic market closer to its equilibrium without trade.uWith a tariff, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关税的影响关税的影响u关税减少了进口量，并使国内市场更关税减少了进口量，并使国内市场更接近于没有贸易时的均衡接近于没有贸易时的均衡。u有关税时，市场总剩余减少，这种减有关税时，市场总剩余减少，这种减少被称为关税的少被称为关税的无谓损失。无谓损失。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of an Import Quota进口限额的影响进口限额的影响An import quota is a limit on the quantity of imports.进口限额进口限额对进口物品的对进口物品的数量限制。数量限制。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Price with quotaWorld pricePrice without quotaThe Effects of an Import Quota .Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandQ1SQ2SQ2DImports without quotaImports with quotaDomestic supply+Import SupplyQuotaEquilibrium with quotaEquilibrium without tradeQ1DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.有限额时的有限额时的价格价格世界世界价格价格没有限额时的没有限额时的价格价格进口限额的影响进口限额的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求Q1SQ2SQ2D无限额时的进口量无限额时的进口量有限额时的有限额时的进口量进口量国内供给国内供给+进口供给进口供给限额限额有限额时的有限额时的均衡均衡没有贸易时没有贸易时的均衡的均衡Q1DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of an Import QuotauBecause the quota raises the domestic price above the world price, domestic buyers of the good are worse off, and domestic sellers of the good are better off.uLicense holders are better off because they make a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher domestic price.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.进口限额的影响进口限额的影响u因为进口限额使物品的国内价格上因为进口限额使物品的国内价格上升到世界价格之上，所以国内买者升到世界价格之上，所以国内买者的状况变坏了，国内卖者的状况变的状况变坏了，国内卖者的状况变好了。好了。u许可证持有者的状况变好了，因为许可证持有者的状况变好了，因为他们能从按世界价格购买并按较高他们能从按世界价格购买并按较高的国内价格出售中得到利润。的国内价格出售中得到利润。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of an Import Quota .Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomestic supplyDomestic demandWorld priceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPrice without quotaPrice with quotaImports without quotaImports with quotaDomestic supply+Import SupplyQuotaABCEEFGDHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.进口限额的影响进口限额的影响钢铁钢铁价格价格0钢铁数量钢铁数量国内供给国内供给国内需求国内需求世界价格世界价格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D没有限额时的价格没有限额时的价格有限额时的价格有限额时的价格无限额时的进口量无限额时的进口量有限额时的有限额时的进口量进口量国内供给国内供给+进口供给进口供给限额限额ABCEEFGDHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Changes in Welfare from an Import Quota A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+GA+B+C+E+E”+GThe area D+F shows the fall in total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the quota.Before QuotaAfter TariffChangeConsumer SurplusProducer SurplusGovernmentRevenueTotal SurplusA+B+C+D+E+E”+FA+B -(C+D+E+E”+F)G C+G+CNoneE+E”+(E+E”)- (D+F)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.进口限额引起的福利变化进口限额引起的福利变化 A+B+C+D+E+E”+F+GA+B+C+E+E”+G面积（面积（ D+F ）表示总剩余的减少，并代表表示总剩余的减少，并代表进口限额的进口限额的无谓损失。无谓损失。限额以前限额以前限额以后限额以后变化变化消费者剩余消费者剩余生产者剩余生产者剩余许可证持有者收入许可证持有者收入总剩余总剩余A+B+C+D+E+E”+FA+B -(C+D+E+E”+F)G C+G+CNoneE+E”+(E+E”)- (D+F)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of an Import QuotauWith a quota, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss.uThe quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweight loss, if a mechanism such as lobbying is employed to allocate the import licenses.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.进口限额的影响进口限额的影响u有进口限额时，市场总剩余减少，这有进口限额时，市场总剩余减少，这种减少被称为进口限额的种减少被称为进口限额的无谓损失。无谓损失。u如果采用游说议员这一机制来分配进如果采用游说议员这一机制来分配进口许可证，进口限额有可能引起更大口许可证，进口限额有可能引起更大的无谓损失。的无谓损失。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Effects of Tariffs and Quotas关税和进口限额的影响关税和进口限额的影响If government sells import licenses for full value, revenue equals that of equivalent tariff and the results of tariffs and quotas are identical.如果政府按其全部价值出售进口许可证，如果政府按其全部价值出售进口许可证，政府收入就等于等量关税时的收入，进口政府收入就等于等量关税时的收入，进口许可证和关税的效果一样。许可证和关税的效果一样。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Both tariffs and import quotas . . .关税和进口限额都关税和进口限额都raise domestic prices. 提高了国内价格。提高了国内价格。reduce the welfare of domestic consumers. 减少了国内消费者的福利。减少了国内消费者的福利。increase the welfare of domestic producers. 增加了国内生产者的福利。增加了国内生产者的福利。cause deadweight losses. 引起了无谓损失。引起了无谓损失。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Other Benefits of International Trade国际贸易的其它利益国际贸易的其它利益uIncreased variety of goods 增加了物品的多样性增加了物品的多样性uLower costs through economies of scale 通过规模经济降低了成本通过规模经济降低了成本uIncreased competition 增加了竞争增加了竞争uEnhanced flow of ideas 加强了思想交流加强了思想交流Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Arguments for Restricting Trade各种限制贸易的观点各种限制贸易的观点uJobs 工作岗位工作岗位论论uNational Security 国家安全国家安全论论uInfant Industry 幼稚产业幼稚产业论论uUnfair Competition 不公平竞争不公平竞争论论uProtection as a Bargaining Chip作为讨价还价筹码的保护论作为讨价还价筹码的保护论 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Trade Agreements 贸易协定贸易协定uUnilateral: when a country removes its trade restrictions on its own. 单边的方法：单边的方法：一个国家取消自己的贸易限制。一个国家取消自己的贸易限制。uMultilateral: a country reduces its trade restrictions while other countries do the same. 多边的方法：多边的方法：一个国家与其它国家一起减少贸一个国家与其它国家一起减少贸易限制。易限制。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定北美自由贸易协定uThe North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an example of a multilateral trade agreement.北美自由贸易协定北美自由贸易协定是一个多边贸易协议的例子是一个多边贸易协议的例子uIn 1993, NAFTA lowered the trade barriers among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada.1993年，这个协定降低了美国、加拿大和墨西年，这个协定降低了美国、加拿大和墨西哥之间的贸易壁垒。哥之间的贸易壁垒。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.GATTuThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) refers to a continuing series of negotiations among many of the worlds countries with a goal of promoting free trade.uGATT has successfully reduced the average tariff among member countries from about 40% after WWII to about 5% today.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.关贸总协定关贸总协定u关贸总协定关贸总协定 (GATT) 是世界上许多国家是世界上许多国家为了促进自由贸易的一系列连续的谈判。为了促进自由贸易的一系列连续的谈判。u关贸总协定成功地把成员国之间的平均关贸总协定成功地把成员国之间的平均关税从第二次世界大战后的关税从第二次世界大战后的40左右降低左右降低到现在的到现在的5左右。左右。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuThe effects of free trade can be determined by comparing the domestic price without trade to the world price.uA low domestic price indicates that the country has a comparative advantage in producing the good and that the country will become an exporter.uA high domestic price indicates that the rest of the world has a comparative advantage in producing the good and that the country will become an importer.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小结小结u通过比较没有国际贸易时的国内价格和世通过比较没有国际贸易时的国内价格和世界价格，可以确定自由贸易的影响。界价格，可以确定自由贸易的影响。u国内价格低表明，该国在生产这种物品上国内价格低表明，该国在生产这种物品上有比较优势，而且该国将成为出口国。有比较优势，而且该国将成为出口国。u国内价格高表明，世界其他国家在生产该国内价格高表明，世界其他国家在生产该物品上有比较优势，而且，该国将成为进物品上有比较优势，而且，该国将成为进口国。口国。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuWhen a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, producers of the good are better off, and consumers of the good are worse off.uWhen a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good, consumers of the good are better off, and producers are worse off.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小结小结u当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的出当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的出口国时，该物品的生产者状况变好，口国时，该物品的生产者状况变好，而该物品的消费者状况变坏。而该物品的消费者状况变坏。u当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的进当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的进口国时，该物品的消费者状况变好，口国时，该物品的消费者状况变好，而该物品的生产者状况变坏。而该物品的生产者状况变坏。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuA tariff a tax on imports moves a market closer to the equilibrium than would exist without trade, and therefore reduces the gains from trade.uImport quotas will have effects similar to those of tariffs.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小结小结u关税关税进口税进口税使市场接近使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此减少于没有贸易时的均衡，因此减少了贸易的好处。了贸易的好处。u进口限额的影响与关税类似。进口限额的影响与关税类似。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuThere are various arguments for restricting trade: protecting jobs, defending national security, helping infant industries, preventing unfair competition, and responding to foreign trade restrictions.uEconomists, however, believe that free trade is usually the better policy.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.小结小结u有各种限制贸易论：保护工作岗位，有各种限制贸易论：保护工作岗位，保卫国家安全，帮助幼稚产业，防止保卫国家安全，帮助幼稚产业，防止不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制作不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制作出反应。出反应。u但是，经济学家相信，自由贸易通常但是，经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策。是一种更好的政策。