Silent SpringRachel CarsonRachel Carson蕾切尔蕾切尔卡森卡森 Page 2nWhat is meant by “silent spring”?nTake the Yangtze River for example:Page 3ntens of years agothe yangtzs river wasPage 4nbut nowPage 5Page 6Page 7nCould people imagine such a living environment decades ago?Page 8Page 9nhowevernnowadays？Page 12Rachel Carsonnand her workPage 13Introduction to Rachel Carson (1907-1964)nShe grew up on a small Pennsylvania farm, went to the Pennsylvania College, majored in zoology, and then went to John Hopkins for a masters degree in genetics.nPublications:nUnder the Sea-Wind nThe Sea Around UsnThe Edge of the SeanSilent SpringnWhile she was working on Silent Spring, she learned she had breast cancer. She died two years after Silent Spring was published, at age 56. Page 14Significance of the BooknIt roused a new public awareness that nature was vulnerable（vlnrbl 易受攻击的 ） to human intervention. She proposed that, at times, technological progress is so fundamentally at odds with natural processes that it must be curtailed. nConservation had never raised much broad public interest, for few people really worried about the disappearance of wilderness. But the threats she had outlinedthe contamination of the food chain, cancer, genetic damage, the deaths of entire specieswere too frightening to ignore. Lesson 11 Silent SpringI. I.Text Text AnalysisAnalysisOut of his ignorance and lack of concern for the integrity of nature, man is tampering with nature by abusing chemicals, causing irrecoverable harms on environment and people. Theme of the storyPart 1 (paras. 12) :Part 2 (paras. ) :Part 3 (paras. ) :Part 4 (paras. ): Part 5 (paras. ):Lesson 11 Silent SpringI. I.Text AnalysisText AnalysisStructure of the text356 91023beauty and harmony enjoyed by both nature and all its life evil spell transitional paragraphs, directing readers attention to the very cause of the nationwide disaster a white powder, the chemicalexplanation of how the ecological disasters were created2425proper solution to the disasters Page 17II. Detailed Discussion of the Textn1. There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.n(-para1)nheart: the central or most important part nNote the various meanings of the word “life” in the text. nIn this sentence it means “living things”.nin harmony with: in a state of peaceful co-existence and agreementnParaphrase: Once upon a time， there was a town in the central part of America where all living things seemed to co-exist peacefully with their environment. Page 18n2. The town lay in the midst of prosperous farms, where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields.n(-para1)The town lay among booming (or well growing) farms. In spring, white clouds floated above the green fields just like flowers.Prosperous: booming; promising: (of plants) growing wellPage 193. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a background of pines.(-1)nset up: to cause, produce, raise: a wallna blaze of color: an impressive and noticeable show of colorsnPara: nIn autumn, the oak, maple and birch trees turned yellow, red or brown, thus making a beautiful show of colors against the dark green of pine trees.nPay attention to Carsons use of color in describing the town before its environment was contaminated: white clouds floating above green fields in spring, the blaze of color in autumn, etc.Page 204. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields.(-1)n(Now animals are introduced after plant life) from the noisy foxes to the quiet deer, they cried and moved as they liked.n5. delighted the travelers eye.(-para2 line1)n gave the traveler great satisfaction / enjoyment (what a harmonious and fascinating view)Page 215. Then some evil spell settled on the community: mysterious diseases swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died.（3）n-Then, as if by some evil power, disaster fell on the community: Strange diseases quickly struck down large numbers of chicken; the cattle and sheep became ill and died.nSpell: words that make magical things happennNote the use of unit words in English:na flock of chicken/sheep/tourists; na herd of cattle/elephantsPage 226. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted.(-para4 line 2)nfeeding station: a dish-like container fixed on top of a post where people regularly leave sunflower seeds or the like for passing birds to feed on. Feeding stations are generally put up in the backyards.n-No birds came to feed on what was there at the feeding stations.nDeserted: forsaken; visited by nobody (here birds)nA street /islandPage 237. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of scores of bird voices there was now no sound;(-4)n- The morning air used to vibrate withn (vaibreit振动；颤动 )the singing of birds, but there was now no sound.n nOr: The chorus of many birds caused the morning air to shake rhythmically, giving the place life.nscores of bird: many birdsPage 248. Considering the whole span (跨度 )of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight.(-P10 L3)n-When we think of the long history of life on earth, the degree (or extent) that living things affect their environment has been insignificant as compared with the effect of the environment on plant and animal life. n9.during but it has changed in character.(-P11 )n but the nature of this power to alter the environment has changed. Page 2510. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.(-P11 L4)n-In most cases, the polluted air, soil, and rivers and the sea cannot be restored to their original natural state.n-nIrrecoverable: irreparable (not reparable); incurable; irremediable不可逆转的Page 2611. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.(-P11 L6)nlie long in soil: they stay in soil for a long time because they dont break down chemically therenentering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death:Page 2712. Given time-time not in years but in millennia-life adjusts, and a balance has been reached.(-12)n-When the environment changes, living things can adapt to their new surroundings, but it is a long process and it takes millennia of years for life to be in harmony with their modified world again.nmillennia of years: thousands of years Page 28n13. But in the modern world there is no time.(-12)n-But in the modern world, life has no time to adjust itself to the change of environment, for mans power to temper with nature has become too great. (Man is so eager to change nature for short-term benefits, he does not think of the long-term interest of his own species.)Page 29n14. The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.(-13)nThe environment no longer changes slowly according to the laws of nature. Rather, it is rapidly changed by shortsighted, profit-seeking mankind. nTherefore adjustment can never keep up with change, and a new balance between living things and their environment can hardly be reached.Page 30n15. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of mans tampering with the atom.(-13)n-In the past, radiation was only sent out from radioactive substances in certain rock; today man creates such harmful rays by splitting the nucleus of the atom of such substance as radium.Page 3117.Among them are many that are used in mans war against nature.(-15)nmans war against nature: This refers to the doctrine of “conquering nature”nThe question: Can man really conquer the nature?Page 32n18. and other organisms described as “pests”; and they are sold under several thousand different brand names.(-15)ndescribed as “pests”: referred to as “pests” that harm or destroy food supplies for man. nThe quotation marks show that Carson does not regard the so called pests as that harmful. Any species, when its population is kept under control, forms a part of nature. Wiping a species out would destroy the balance between life and the environment.Page 33n19. These chemicals are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes(-16)napply sth to: to put or spread sth on the surface of, ne.g.nShe never goes out without applying sun cream to/on her face and neck.nApply this lotion(洗液；洗涤剂 )liberally to the bitten area and the pain will wear off.n Page 34n21. The whole process of spraying seems caught up in an endless spiral.(-17)nThe more insecticides are sprayed, the less effective they will become in destroying the “pests”. Then more deadly chemicals will be developed to kill them. This process will go on endlessly. nbe caught up in: to become involved in, often against your wishes, ne.g.nThe local government was caught up in a dispute between labor and management of the coal mine.nan endless spiral: a never-ending, continuous upward movement,ne.g.nIf the government doesnt take effective measures, the country is in danger of getting into an inflationary spiral.Page 35n23. Immune to (-17): nunable to be harmed or affected because of special qualities in yourself, ne.g.nVaccinations(,vksinein ) are being given to students for free to make them immune to H1V1 flu.n24. Natureholds the species within bounds by the built-in checks and balances. (-20)nNature keeps living things in proportion, regulating their number through the check and balance mechanisms of itself. nIn other words, when the population of one species is too big/small, Nature has a way of leveling it off. Page 3626. Insect problems arose with the intensification of agriculture the devotion of immense acreage to a single crop.P20 L10n Insect problems resulted from the intensification of agriculture, that is, the practice of planting a single crop on a large area of cropland.nAcreage: an area of land measured in acres, e.g.:nThe farm has a considerable acreage.n Enormous acreages of soya beans are grown in the United States.Page 37n27. we need the basic knowledge of animal populations and their relations to their surroundings that will “promote an even balance and damp down the explosive power of outbreaks and new invasions.” (-P24 L2)nthe explosive power of outbreaks and new invasions: the power of insects to multiply quickly and their power to invade new territoriesndamp down: to control and reduce: to suppress, ne.g.nThe man was too keen on betting on horse races, and his wife decided to damp down his enthusiasm.Page 38n29. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge.(-P25 L3) n-By spraying insecticides on food grains, vegetables and fruit, we have caused large numbers of people to absorb harmful chemicals without asking whether they would like to do so and often without their knowing it.nSubject sb/sth to sth: (written) to make sb/sth suffer or be affected by sth, usually sth unpleasant, ne.g.nDiogenes was constantly subjected to ridicule.nBefore launching the new car, they subjected it to severe tests.Page 39Lesson 11 Silent SpringFor Reference Question: Why did Carson say the chemical war is never won? Chemicals kill indiscriminately, reduce biodiversity (,baiudaiv:sti生物多样性 )and contaminate the entire environment. They cannot solve the pest problem, for pests can adapt to the chemicals and evolve into super races immune to chemicals, and they can undergo a “flare-back”. The vicious circle will never end until man is killed along with other lives.Page 41 word studyPage 42consider vt.认为，把认为，把.看做；考虑；关心看做；考虑；关心 vi.考虑，细想考虑，细想considering prep.考虑到，关于考虑到，关于considerable adj.相当大的，相当多的相当大的，相当多的considerate adj.体贴的，考虑周到的体贴的，考虑周到的consideration n.考虑；关心；要考虑的事考虑；关心；要考虑的事all things considered从各方面考虑起来从各方面考虑起来be considerate of 为为.着想，考虑周到着想，考虑周到be under consideration在考虑中在考虑中on no consideration在任何情况下都不在任何情况下都不out of consideration for出于对出于对.考虑考虑leave out of consideration忽略，没有考虑忽略，没有考虑Page 43accidental adj.意外的，偶然的意外的，偶然的 accident n.意外的事；事故意外的事；事故搭配：搭配： by accident 偶然偶然 on purpose故意故意 without accident 平安无事地平安无事地 by accident of 靠靠.的机遇的机遇助记：助记： incident(附带的附带的)事件事件 incidental 附带的，伴随的附带的，伴随的 incidentally 附带地附带地 accident意外的事意外的事 accidental意外的，附属的意外的，附属的 accidentally意外地意外地 辨析：辨析： accident指不幸的意外事故指不幸的意外事故 incident指突然发生的重大事件指突然发生的重大事件 event普通用语，可指大小事件，如前加修饰语，常指历史上重大事件普通用语，可指大小事件，如前加修饰语，常指历史上重大事件Page 44abundance 大量，丰富，充裕n. a large quantity that is more than enough(=grea plentyt)(adj.)abundant丰富的丰富的 （n.）abundance丰富丰富 （v.）abound富于富于Example: There is a great abundance of sunshine here. Laughing were in abundance on that trip abundant a. (be in) This area is abundant in fish resource. abound v. (with)搭配：搭配： in abundance 丰富地丰富地 an abundance of 大量的，充裕的大量的，充裕的 be abundant in(with)丰富的，大量的丰富的，大量的Page 45Exercise nFor the advertised position,the company offers a(n)_salary and benefits package.n A.generous B.plentiful C.abundant D.sufficient答案：答案：A 句意：对于广告中的职位，该公司提供了非常慷慨丰厚的工句意：对于广告中的职位，该公司提供了非常慷慨丰厚的工资和福利待遇。考查的是形容词词义辨析。资和福利待遇。考查的是形容词词义辨析。generous的意思是的意思是“慷慨的，大方的，丰富的，充分的慷慨的，大方的，丰富的，充分的”，plentiful的意思是的意思是“许多的，丰富的，大量的许多的，丰富的，大量的”，abundant的意思是的意思是“丰富的，丰富的，充裕的充裕的”，sufficicient的意思是的意思是”充分的，足够的充分的，足够的“Page 46access n.接近（或进入）的机会，享用的机会； vt.存取（计算机文件等）n辨异：assess,access,excessn assess v.估价，评价n access n.接近，进入，通道，入口n excess n.超越，超过，过剩 naccessible adj.易于得到（接近、达到）的ninaccessible adj.(to)达不到的，难得到的n 不可进入的，不易接近的Page 47industry n.工业，产业勤劳，勤奋nDiligence is the mother of good luck,and God gives all things to industry. n勤奋是幸运之母，上帝将万物赐予勤劳。industrial adg.工业的，产业的工业的，产业的 industrious adg.勤劳的，勤奋的勤劳的，勤奋的industrialize v.（使）工业化（使）工业化 industrialization n.工业化工业化Page 48landscape n.（陆上）风景，景色 全景风景画 v.美化n辨异：landscape,scenery,view,scenenscenery是从美的观点来看部分乡间景色，为不可数名词nWe passed through some beautiful scenery on our journey through the Lake District.我们在穿越英国湖泊区的旅途中，看到了不少美丽的景色。nlandscape是指在某一地区内见到的由丘陵、山谷、原野等构成的风景，为可数名词nThe landscape was typical of the Lake District,with high mountains,lakes,and deep valleys.这种由高山，湖泊和深谷构成的景色是英国湖泊区的典型景色。n可数名词view表示从某处可以见到的远景，着重点在你能够看到的部分nYoull get a fine view of the town from the top of the hill.nscene用以指所看到的远近各处的景色，亦包括人和动作na happy scene of children playing in the park孩子们在公园里嬉戏的欢乐情景Page 49nbounds: accepted or furthest limit, ne.g. His energy knows no bounds (=He is very energetic.)nQuite a few Congressmen insist that military spending be held/kept within bounds.nBuild in/into: nto cause to be an indispensable part of sth, e.g.nThe cupboards are built in to the walls of the house. nI hope youll build some entertainment into the schedule for the training.nbuilt-in adj: included as an indispensable part of sth; inherentne.g.na built-in wardrobe; na built-in advantage/disadvantage of a systemPage 50chorus n.group of singers合唱团，合唱 v.sing,speak in chorus齐声唱，齐声说n搭配：a chorus of protest一片抗议声； in chorus齐声地nfemale chorus女生合唱； male chorus男生合唱；nmixed chorus混声合唱考题：The whole class replied in_to the teachers questions. A.together B.line C.chorus D.queue答案：答案：C 句意：全班同学齐声回答老师的问题。句意：全班同学齐声回答老师的问题。 in together无此搭配无此搭配 in line与与in a queue站成一排；站成一排；in chorus异口同声地异口同声地Page 51confine vt.keep or hold,restrict,within limits限制，限于. 范围内keep shut up关起来，禁闭Example:No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority.信息不再只是掌握在少数特权层的手中了。n考题:Our knowledge about agriculture has so far been exclusively_to books.nA.restricted B.controlled C.confined D.restrained答案：答案：C 句意：我们对农业知识的了解到目前为止仅仅局限于书本。句意：我们对农业知识的了解到目前为止仅仅局限于书本。confine指某人指某人被限制在狭窄的范围或领域内，后接介词被限制在狭窄的范围或领域内，后接介词to；restrict指把某人的行为限制在或指把某人的行为限制在或控制住确定的范围内，后接介词控制住确定的范围内，后接介词to; control指通过权利和影响等对某人加以监督指通过权利和影响等对某人加以监督和控制；和控制；restrain多指感情上的克制多指感情上的克制Page 52consent vi.give agreement or permission同意，答应 Example:I asked my mother if I could go out,and she consented. 我问妈妈我是否能出去，她答应了。n搭配：with one consent全体一致地n辨析：n consent同意或赞成某人的申请或建议，正式用词。agree往往指原先意见有分歧，经过商讨后达到意见一致，有时也可用来代替assent和consent,表示同意某项提议、意见、决议等，一般用语。approve通常指官方正式批准所赞同的事物或长辈对晚辈的请求、意见等表示同意，因此后面往往只接物。Page 53flicker v.to burn unsteadily;shine with an unsteady light (火光等)摇曳，闪烁，闪动 n.a flickering movement or light摇曳，闪烁搭配：flicker out（火光）摇摇曳曳地熄灭n考题：The candle_in the wind.n A.sparkled B.flickered C.flashed D.twinkled答案：答案：B 句意：蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。句意：蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。sparkle尤指由发光的物体闪烁出来的光。还可指强烈的、瞬息即逝的光，尤指由发光的物体闪烁出来的光。还可指强烈的、瞬息即逝的光，有时含有充满活泼的、生气勃勃的意思；有时含有充满活泼的、生气勃勃的意思；flicker指光或火光闪烁不定，摇曳，指光或火光闪烁不定，摇曳，通常指微弱柔和的光；通常指微弱柔和的光；flash指有规则发出的，时亮时灭的闪烁；指有规则发出的，时亮时灭的闪烁；twinkle用用来描述星光等的闪烁。来描述星光等的闪烁。Lesson 11 Silent Spring shadows flickering on the wall a flicker of doubt leaves flickering in the windThe candle flickered in the wind.flames that flickered in the night flicker v./n. a. to move waveringly= twinkle; blink; limmer b. to burn unsteadily or fitfully 墙上摇曳的影子墙上摇曳的影子一丝疑虑一丝疑虑在风中摇晃的树叶在风中摇晃的树叶蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。黑夜中闪烁的火光黑夜中闪烁的火光Page 55rathern(1)adv. to a certain extent,fairly(usu indicating criticism,disappointment,or surprise)相当，颇nThe situation there is rather serious.n(2)or rather (idiom)used to introduced a more precise expression或者说得更准确些 I worked until two oclock last night,or rather this morning. (3)would rather(often shortened to d rather).than prefer to 宁愿 I would rather finish this today than leave it till tomorrow.Page 56to intendn(1)to intend to do sth.想要，打算，计划n to intend sb./sth. to do sth.-to have sth. in mind as a plan or purpose打算让.做某事nWe intend to replace coal with gas in order to get pollution under control.n(2)to be intended for-to be meant for准备把.用于.nJeans were at first intended for cowboys.But later they became a fashion.nintention n.打算，意图nIt is not our intention to create a big gap between the rich and poor.nhave no intention of doing.没有做某事的打算nintentional adj.故意的，有意的nIt was not inentional.It was just an accident.n Page 57Harmony （para1） n. a. agreement in feeling, interests, an opinions, etc. b. pleasing combination of related thingsracial harmonydomestic harmony Everyone lives in harmony.Tourism should develop in harmony with environment.harmonious relationshipsharmonize different approaches into unified strategies种族和睦种族和睦家庭和睦家庭和睦每个人和睦生活在一起。每个人和睦生活在一起。旅游业应与环境和谐发展。旅游业应与环境和谐发展。和睦的关系和睦的关系将不同的方法统一起来使将不同的方法统一起来使其成为统一的策略其成为统一的策略Page 58Modify （para10）修改，修饰nv. a. change in form or character;altern b. make less extreme, severe, or strongThe equipment may be modified to produce VCD sets.refuse to modify her stand on the issueAssociation： change, alter, varyHe then changed overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.She had her dress altered the other day.The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.他所采取的行动，根据怨言的性质，而他所采取的行动，根据怨言的性质，而有所不同有所不同。 assault（para11）侵犯，攻击）侵犯，攻击v./n. violent physical or verbal attack(usually implies sudden, intense violence)Muggers often assault their victims on dark streets. The politician began an assault on his opponents policies.contaminate （para11）污染，弄脏）污染，弄脏 v. a. make impure or unclean by contact or mixture b. expose to or permeate with radioactivityThe river was contaminated with waste from the factory.Dont be contaminated by bureaucracy. n. contamination59impetuous （para13）a impulsive and passionate (forceful impulsiveness or impatience)impetuous, heaving wavesimpetuous promise奔腾汹涌的浪花冲动的许诺Deliberate （para3） a. a. intentional 故意的 b. arising from or marked by careful consideration 深思熟虑的 It looked like a deliberate and planned attack He told us a deliberate lie.They took a deliberate action yesterday.采取慎重的措施深思熟虑的 60v. to store for future useIt is possible to make it unfit for all life to lay down such a large amount of poison on the surface of the land .lay down （para16）Different meanings of “lay down”Father laid down a few good bottles before the war.I lay down the pen and shut the book.Her smile encouraged him to lay down the burden of secret.Lay down a feasible plan before making a decision.They laid down their life for the cause of independence.储存储存放下放下放弃放弃制定制定牺牲，献出牺牲，献出61 immune to (para17) adj. a. not affected by a given influence b. not subject to an obligation imposed on others be immune to sth : be not affected bybe immune from sth: avoid being affectedBe immune to persuasionBe immune from taxation Be immune from criminal prosecution 免于刑事诉讼免于刑事诉讼Be immune to disease 对疾病有免疫力的对疾病有免疫力的Be not immune to the influence around us不能不受周围环境的影响不能不受周围环境的影响不能被说服的不能被说服的免于纳税免于纳税 n . immunity62v. make intense or more intense intensified imageThe press has intensifd its scrutiny of his background.放大像放大像新闻界已增强了对他新闻界已增强了对他 背景的调查。背景的调查。Intensify （para20）加强，增强）加强，增强Associationintense （强度，数量或程度）强烈的，剧烈的； （感情或感受）强烈的，极度的intense emotions intense heat an intense writer深情深情酷暑酷暑感受深刻的作者感受深刻的作者63 intensive training research-intensive intensive care强化训练强化训练研究密集型的研究密集型的悉心照顾悉心照顾intensive 深入细致的，加强的，深入细致的，加强的， 强化的强化的 set the stage for (para20) v. prepare forExamples: The presidents recent death set the stage for a military coup.军事政变 Will this agreement merely set the stage for another war?64 v./n. keep within bounds, restrictPlease confine your remarks to the issues at hand. The sick child was confined to bed. confine(para21)限制限制Association: restrict, limit, tie down She doesnt want children because they will tie her down.Tied down to a schedule, we can not alter time casually. I limit/confine myself to 3 cups of coffee a day.Try to limit/confine your talk to ten minutes.They succeeded in confining/restrict the fire to a small area.The woods restrict/confine our vision.65damp （para24）潮湿的（）潮湿的（adg.）；潮湿）；潮湿(n.)；使潮湿；使潮湿(v.)a./v./n. a. slightly wet b. moisten c. restrain or check; discourageExamples:I dont like to sleep between damp sheets.His clothes were damped in the rain.The rain damped their spirit.His remarks damp down their enthusiasm.66 v. a. strive in opposition or against difficulties;struggle b. compete, as in a race; maintain Examples:The armies in the two countries are contending for control of the strategic territory. They had to contend with long lines at the airport.The defendant contended that the evidence was inadmissible. n. contention : an argument, disputeContend(para24)主张，认为；竞争，争夺主张，认为；竞争，争夺 adj.a.unselective;widespread;wholesale b. confused;chaotic;unrestrained indiscriminate (para25)随意的；不加分析的随意的；不加分析的无特殊音乐品味无特殊音乐品味大规模的暴力事件大规模的暴力事件杀虫剂的广泛使用杀虫剂的广泛使用前任内阁令人困惑前任内阁令人困惑 的政策的政策无节制的挥霍无节制的挥霍Examples:indiscriminate taste in musicindiscriminate violencethe indiscriminate use of pesticidesthe indiscriminate policies of the previous administrationindiscriminate spendingsubjectv. a. experience 使经受使经受 b. submit to the authority of 使屈服使屈服adj. likely to be affected by sth.易遭受易遭受.The patients in that ward were subjected to infection. 易受传染/感染 The campers were subjected to extreme weather. We have subjected the metal to chemical analysis. 我们已经对这种金属进行化学分析He was subjected to brutal mutilation. 他受到残暴的肢解。 He was not subjected to discipline. 他不守纪律69Examples:Marys parents refused their consent to her marriage. consent v./n. agree, accept, approve of同意，赞成同意，赞成 玛丽的父母不同意她的婚事。发言的人同意把他的讲话印出来吗？She tried to persuade her father, but he refused to consent.她试图说服她父亲，但是他拒绝同意。Has the speeker consented to having his speech printed?berry 浆果，莓n-berrya small, juicy, fleshy fruit, such as a blackberry or raspberry, regardless of its botanical structureStrawberry 草莓草莓Blackberry 黑莓黑莓Blueberry 越橘的一种越橘的一种Raspberry 覆盆子，黑莓覆盆子，黑莓Gooseberry 醋栗醋栗Blueberry 蓝莓蓝莓 restriction(line 4)na restriction against smoking in schools n禁止在学校吸烟nRestrict:to keep or confine within limits.限制nTo restrict sb to sth限制某人某事nto restrict oneself to two cigarettes a day限制自己每天两根烟 proposal (line 4)提议，建议nFollowed by for or to do sth.Examples:n-The new president is to put forward new proposals for resolving the countrys financial crisis.n-Their proposal to build a supermarket was welcomed by the local residents.nProposal for/to do sthn提议，建议某事/做某事nPropose v.提议nPropose +that clause- (should )v n-n+al: N.ndisapproval , rental, removal. Dismissal,nWithdrawal, renewal,arrival denialnbetrayaldistinguish(line7)区分，辨别nrecognize the difference (between)n-distinguish between right and wrong.n-These are some features that distinguish spoken English from written English.n-Fingerprints can be used to distinguish the two suspects.nDistinguish one thing from anothern将某物与他物全部区别开来将某物与他物全部区别开来nThe twins were so much alike that it was impossible to distinguish the one from the other.nDistinguish between two thingsn 将两物区别开来将两物区别开来nPeople who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be color blind. fundamental(line10) adj. & n.基本的；基础nOf the basis or foundation of sth very important(followed by to)n-Teaching your child to distinguish right from wrong is one of the tasks of parenthood.n-He believes better relations with China are to the well-being of the area.nFundamental to sth 对来说是很重要n是基本的 speculative(line 19)n1) given to conjecture or speculation.n猜测性的，推测的n2) speculative brokers; speculative stocks.n投机经纪人，投机股票nspeculative funds.n投机资金n3) speculative business enterprises.n冒险性的商业企业 urgent (line25)nbe urgent for sb. (to do)n急切地催促某人 (做)nbe urgent with sb. for to don坚持要求某人(做)nIn urgent need ofnCf:Urgent紧迫的n emergent新兴的，处于发展初期的nEmergent countries of Africa亚洲的新兴国家nCf: urgency(un)紧迫/emergency(un/cn)紧急情况 on the ground(s) of (line29)n=For reasons of因为理由n- John was not employed by the company on the grounds of his age.n-She is suing the company on the grounds of unfair dismissal.nHe was rejected _ his health.A,on the grounds of B.on the reason ofc. Because d. for the sake of A accommodation (line 76)nthe process of adapting; adjustment调节，适应n-Mutual is of importance especially to newly married couples.n-It is necessary to seek from both sides in the dispute.ncome to an accommodation =come to terms with达到和解, 达到妥协nAccommodate to使适应使顺应nAccommodate with向提供通融必要的事情nAdjust to nAdapt to nAccommodate to nAccustomed tonBe accustomed to 适应适应nBe used to nOrient tonOrientate to Lesson 11 Silent SpringReview of the TextReview of the Text Before the use of chemicals After the use of chemicals all life in harmony with its surrounding peoples life: the town in the midst of prosperous farms; fishing the streams plants: blooming flowers; growing on green field; oak, maple, birch flaming and flickering with life animals: birds feeding on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow; floods of migrants pouring through; sweet singing of birds loss of life: mysterious diseases sweeping the flock of chickens; sickening and killing cattle and sheep and fish; several and unexplained deaths of adults and children; birds trembling violently and being unable to fly; soundless birds; browned and withered vegetationLesson 11 Silent SpringBefore & after the use of chemicalsDiscuss in groups.Before the use of chemicalsAfter the use of chemicals colorful nature: brown, withered colorful nature: in spring:white clouds of bloom , green fields, in autumn: oak and maple and birch setting up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered in winter:white snowThrough much of a year: laurel, ferns, wildflowersLesson 11 Silent SpringBefore & after the use of chemicalsDiscuss in groups.Before the useAfter the use silent nature:Sound: stillness, a spring without voicesMovement: backyards deserted, birds trembled violently and could not fly, fish died active nature:Sound: barking of the fox, birds chorus in the morningMovement: drift, flame, flicker, silently crossthe fields, fly and feed, pour through, observe, flow, lie, raise houses, sink wells, build barnsSaving nature, not only for the Earth, but also forso ,it is time to take actions