英语词汇学英语词汇学(A Survey of (A Survey of English Lexicology)English Lexicology)课程安排(The arrangement of this course)第一讲 英语词汇概说 (Introduction to this course) (4hours)第二讲英语词汇的来源及最新发展(The origin of English language and its development) (4hours)第三讲 英语构词 (English word-formation) (8hours) 1. 基本构词方法 2 .其他构词方法第四讲 词的意义 (Meaning of words) (8hours) 1 .词义的组成 2 .词义关系 3 .词义的变化 4 .词义的转移 5.词义演变原因及过程第五讲 英语成语(English idioms) (2hours)第六讲 短语动词(2hours)第七讲英语词典(English dictionary) (2hours)课程简介(Introduction to this course)学习本课程的目的 (Aims of the course)系统描述英语词汇(Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary).了解英语词汇的起源和发展(Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary).了解单词结构和构词法 (Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation).掌握英语单词的用法,意义和意义变化以及他们的意义关系 (Study the use of English words, their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations).课程简介(Introduction to this course)学习本课程的意义 (The significance of the course)提高学生认知单词的水平和记忆单词的能力 (Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary).可以帮助学生理解单词意义,构成和分类, 使学生更有效地掌握词汇 (Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively).帮助学生了解单词的意义和用法,更准确地使用单词(Raise your awareness of meaning and usage, use words more accurately and appropriately).帮助学生在学习中掌握和形成分析和综合语言现象的技巧和习惯(Develop your skill and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences).最终帮助学生提高在英语学习过程中的语言接收和产出技能 (Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production).主要参考书目 (Reference books) (新版) 陆国强 编著 上海外语教育出版社 张维友 编著 华中师范大学出版社 张韵斐 周锡卿 编著 北京师范大学出版社英语词汇概说Warm-up Activities Questions:1.What do you know about this course?2.What do you expect to learn from the course?3.What is the content of the course?4.How to learn the course?什么是词汇学?What is Lexicology? 词汇学的字面意思是 “词的科学”. (The literal meaning of lexicology is the “science of the word”.) 词汇学这个词本身包含两个希腊词素 “lexicon” 和 “logie”. “lexicon” 是 “单词” 的意思, “logie” 是 “学习”的意思. (The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes lexicon and logie. The former means “word”, the latter means “learning or the study of”.) 词汇学是语言学中的一个分支, 是对特定语言中词汇的研究. (Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.) 它的研究范畴包括它的研究范畴包括: 英语词汇的起源和发展 (the origin and development of the English vocabulary) 英语单词的结构和构词法 (word-structure and word - formation in English) 英语单词的意义和意义变化 (meaning of modern English words and their changes in English) 英语单词,词组和成语的用法 (the use of English words, phrases and idioms) 英语词典 (English dictionary)英语词汇学中的基本概念Basic concepts词汇Vocabulary / lexicon词库Lexicon / lexis词位 Lexeme词汇 Vocabulary / lexicon : 是英语中所有单词(word) 的总称.词库 Lexicon / lexis :语言学家把英语里所有的单词,也就是英语的整个词汇叫做英语的 “词库” . 英国语言学家威尔金斯 (D. Wilkins) 说过: “没有语法,人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几; 而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何事物.”词位 Lexeme : 语言学家把列入词典的每个词条 (entry) 叫做 “词位” . 把词的不同形状叫做 “词形”. 把一个词形根一个意义的结合叫做一个 “词汇单位 (lexical unit)”. 以便区分对词的理解. 英语词汇 vocabulary某位词典学家的统计:莎士比亚: 大约掌握24,000个词米尔顿: 大约掌握16,000个词丘吉尔: 能使用90,000个词艾略特:能使用10,000个词拉丁语: 用了5,469个词希伯来语: 用了5,642个词词汇 vocabulary 语言学家发现的一个有趣的事实:学会英语最常用的1,000个词,就能理解任何一篇规范文字的80.5%的内容;学会常用的2,000个词, 就能理解89%左右的内容;学会常用的3,000个词, 就能理解93%左右的内容;学会常用的4,000个词, 就能理解95%左右的内容;学会常用的5,000个词, 就能理解97%左右的内容. (美国大学对外国学生的要求是掌握4,000词)词汇 vocabulary 一个人的词汇量可分为四个层次,掌握的数量依次递增:能说的词汇Speaking vocabulary (积极词汇active vocabulary)能写的词汇Writing vocabulary (积极词汇active vocabulary)能读的词汇Reading vocabulary (消极词汇 passive vocabulary)能猜的词汇Guess vocabulary (消极词汇 passive vocabulary)英语单词的结构词Word词素Morpheme词素变体Morpheme Allomorph词根 Root词缀 affix英语单词的结构词Word : 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位(“A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”). 就其功能功能来分, 词可分为实义词与功能词. 实义词Content words, 指本身有完整词汇意义的词, 包括名词(nouns),动词(verbs),形容词(adjectives),副词(adverbs) 等. 功能词Function words (called empty words, form words), 指没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词,包括 限定词(determination),代词 (pronoun),介词(prepositions),连接词(conjunctions),助动词(auxiliary), verbs, 感叹词 (interjection)等. 英语单词的结构词素Morpheme : 语言中 “最小的语音语义结合体”. 词素从是否可以独立使用上可分为 “自由形式”和 “粘着形式”两大类. “自由形式自由形式 (free form)”: 具有完整的词汇意义,能够单独构成一个词使用的词素,如: book, lamp, table, walk, bad, elephant, 等. “粘着形式 bound form”: 是指具有一定意义,但不能独立存在,必须粘附在其它形式上的词素,如: toler- 和-ish等.词素变体Allomorph : 同一词素在不同构词环境中的不同变体. 如:自由词素go 的变体为went 和gone; 粘着词素in-的变体为im-, il-, ir-等.英语单词的结构词根 Root: 含有明确的词汇语义,在单词中表达主要意义的词素,如: book, case, toler-, tele-, -phone, -gram, communic-, 等. 词根中可以单独使用的称为 “自由词根”(free root), 如:book, case, 等;词根中不能单独使用,必须与其它语素结合起来才能构成词的称为 “粘着词根”(bound root), 如: toler-, tele-,-phone等. 词缀 affix:只有语法意义而没有词汇意义(例如表示名词复数的-s)或者虽有一定的词汇意义,但在词中只表达次要意义的词素. 只有只有语法意义而没有词汇意义的词缀如:名词复数-s, 某些名词所有格-s, 动词过去式和过去分词-ed, 动词现在分词和动名词-ing, 形容词和副词比较级-er和最高级-est, 以及这些词缀的变体都称为 “曲折词缀”(inflectional affix), 该项属于语法学研究的范畴. 英语中绝大多数词缀都属于 “派生词缀”(derivational affix), 派生词缀有一定的意义,也常能决定单词的词性(如: bookish). 派生词缀根据在词中的位置分为前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix).英语单词的结构自由词根free root 有一个自由词根组成成的词叫 “简单词simple word”, 如:a, the, when, good, bed等, 它构成了英语的基本词汇.自由词根也是英语词汇中最稳定的成分, 新词产生较少, 生命力旺盛,不断产生新义. 如: green (有利于保护环境的), 可以和无数词搭配, consumer, equities, ideas, issues, management, peace, policies, 等. (参看:P.15)粘着词根bound root 粘着词根绝大多数来自希腊语或拉丁语.如: cred- (拉丁语 信任): credit, credence, incredible loqu-(拉丁语说话): loquacious, eloquence, soliloquy, colloquy dur-(拉丁语持续): during, duration, durable, endure aqu- (拉丁语水): aquatic, aqueduct, aquarium, aqueous (更多例子参看p.17)英语单词的结构派生词缀derivational affix英语的派生词缀源于古英语和外来语.如: 古英语词根-dom,(freedom, wisdom, kingdom); -hood (childhood, manhood, neighbourhood); -ship (friendship, quthorship, leadership).外来语词缀 in (sit-in, read-in, wade-in, pray-in, swim-in, teach-in, fat-in, lie-in, sleep-in) (参看p.19); -nik 源自俄语意为 “无聊的,令人生厌的” (nudenik, beatnik, peacenik, protestnik, refusenik, conputernik, filmnik); -manship “有才能的” (wordsmanship, penmanship, gamemanship, ); super- (supermarket, superpower, super-computers, super-barge, super-jumbo, super-rich, superfresh, superfit) (参看p.20)词汇学与其他学科的关系 (Its relations to other disciplines) 英语词汇学和语言学的其它学科有着密切的联系,如语音学,语法,文体学等.但是它和一些学科有交叉,如形态学,语义学,词源学,文体学,词典编纂学等. (English lexicology has close relations with other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, grammar, stylistics, and so on. But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and lexicography. )1.普通语言学 General Linguistics2. 形态学Morphology3. 词源学Etymology4. 语义学Semantics5. 文体学Stylistics6. 语音学Phonetics7. 词典编纂学Lexicography 普通语言学 (General Linguistics)In general linguistics the word is studied as a unit of language in general.Lexicology: the study of words of a particular language only.形态学MorphologyMorphology studies the structure of forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences.词源学 EtymologyEtymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words.语义学 SemanticsSemantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. But lexicology will focus on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations such as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and semantic field all belong to the scope of semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology.文体学StylisticsStylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the users choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words.语音学Phonetics Phonetics investigates the phonetic structure of language (its system of phonemes and intonation patterns) and studies the outer sound-form of the word. The study of the sound system and sound changes of language is closely related to grammar and lexicology. The expression of the meaning of words is made possible by means of sounds. It depends on the phonemic make-up of words, on the order of the sounds, and on the so called sound-stress. 词典编纂学LexicographyLexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. A lexicographers task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Thank you