If you put your hear into it, you will find it easy. 第一讲第一讲. 时时 态态英语主要靠动词本身形式的变化来表示动作的时间，副词的作用不大，语助词几乎没有。 英语的句子，除少数特殊情况外，只要都离不开时态，都以一定的时态出现。换言之，只要是句子，就有时态问题。理由很简单：一个句子必须有主语和谓语动词（主要动词），而后者总是用于某一时态。 学英语，时态是逃避不了的，但它并不是一个消极的因素。恰好相反，它有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差别，有时还能使句子生动有趣。一般英语有12种时态，即现在，过去，将来三大类，每一类中又分为一般，进行，完成，完成进行4种。 第一讲第一讲.时时 态态(一)现在完成时(1)构成have/has+过去分词现在完成时的否定式/疑问式和简单回答形式: 否定式Ihavenot(havent)studied.Youhavenot(havent)studied.Hehasnot(hasnt)studied.Wehavenot(havent)studiedTheyhavenot(havent)studied. 疑问式HaveIstudied?Haveyoustudied?Hashestudied?Havewestudied?Havetheystudied?否定疑问式HaveInotstudied?(HaventIstudied?)Haveyounotstudied?(Haventyoustudied?)Hashenotstudied?(Hasnthestudied?)Havewenotstudied?(Haventwestudied?)Havetheynotstudied?(Haventtheystudied?)简单回答Yes,youhave.No,youhavent.Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavent.Yes,hehas.No,hehasnt.Yes,wehave.No,wehavent.Yes,theyhave.No,theyhavent. (2)用法1.在未指明具体时间的情况下,现在完成时动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后果或影响至尽仍存在的动作.现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来.过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关.例如: 1)Hehas gone toshanghai.(Hewenttoshanghaiandheisnotherenow.)他已经去上海了.2)Ihaveopenedthewindow.(Iopenedthewindowandthewindowisopennow.)我已把窗户打开.3)Ihave boughtanumbrella.(IboughtanumbrellaandIhaveitnow.)我买了一把伞.4)Theconcerthas started.(Theconcertstartedandisnowgoingon.)音乐会已经开始.5)Ihavehad breakfast.(IhadbreakfastandIamnothungrynow.)我已吃过早饭.注:havegoneto和havebeento在意义上有区别.例如:1)Hehas gone toHangzhou.他到杭州去了.(他已前往杭州,或在途中,或已到达.说话人认为他现在在该地.)2)Hehas been toHangzhou.他曾到过杭州.(说话人认为他过去到过杭州,现在已经不在该地.)2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态.例如:1)IhavestudiedEnglishsince1975.我从一九七五年起就学习英语.2)TheyhavebeeninBeijingsince1949.他们从一九四九年起就(住)在北京.3)Hehaslivedherefortwoyears.他住在这儿已经两年了.4)Hehasbeenillfortendays.他病了十天了.注:come,go,leave,arrive,join,die,bury,和marry等动词所表示的动作是一时的,不能延续的,故不能与for,since等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用.如不能说:*HehascometoBeijingforsevenyears.*HehasleftBeijingfortwoyears.*HehasjoinedtheArmyforthreeyears.*Hisfatherhasdiedforfivemonths.可以说:HehasbeeninBeijingforsevenyears.HehasbeenawayfromBeijingfortwoyears.Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.Hisfatherhasbeendeadforfivemonths.或:ItissevenyearssincehecametoBeijing.ItistwoyearssinceheleftBeijing.ItisthreeyearssincehejoinedtheArmy.Itisfivemonthssincehisfatherdied. 现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下: 现在完成时一般过去时1)Ihaveseenhim.我已见过他了.2)Hehashadlunch.他吃过午饭了.3)Ihavewrittentohim.我已给他写过信了.4)Ihavebeenillforaweek.我已病了一周了.(现在还在生病.)5)Ihavenevermethimsincelastmonth.自从上月到现在我从未见过他.(现在还没见面.)1)Isawhimyesterday.昨天看到过他.2)Hehadlunchat12:00.他十二点吃过午饭.3)Iwrotetohimlastnight.我昨晚给他写过信.4)Iwasillforaweek.我病了一周.(过去病了,现在好了.)5)Ididntseehimforages.我那时有好久没见到他.6)Inevermethimlastmonth.上个月我一直没见到他.(仅指上个月.) 注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语(如:yesterday,lastyear,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenIcamein等)连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语(如:already,just,yet,sometimes,always,often,before,lately,recently,once,twice,ever,never,sofar,uptonow,uptillnow,fromthenon,thesedays/months/years等)连用;也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语(如:thismorning,today,thisweek,thisyear等)连用.例如:1)shehasalreadycome.她已经来了.2)Ihaventreadityet.我还没读过这个.3)Ihavemethimbefore.我从前曾见过他.4)MaHonghasalwaysbeenagoodstudent.马红一直是个好学生.5)Ihaveoftenseenhiminthestreet.我经常在街上见到他.6)TheyhaveneverbeentoYanan.他们从未去过延安.7)HaveyoueverbeentotheDaqingOilfield?你曾去过大庆油田吗?8)Ihaventseenhimlately.我近来没看到他.9)Ihaveseenhimthismorning.我上午看见他了。(说话时在上午)试比较:Isawhimthismorning.今天上午遇见了他.(说话时是下午)10)Ithasbeenhotthissummer.今年夏天一直很热.(说话时仍是夏天) (二)现在完成进行时现在完成进行时(1)构成have/hasbeen+现在分词(2)用法1.现在完成进行时动词表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能还要继续下去,常与fortwohours,since1986,allthismorning,thesefewdays等表示一段时间的状语连用.例如:1)Ihavebeenreadingallthemorning.我一上午都在读书.(试与Ihavereadthreebooksthismorning比较.)2)Hehasbeenstayingherefortwohours.他在这儿待了两个小时了.(试与Hewasherefortwohours比较.)3)Shehasbeenlivingtheresince1970.她从一九七O年以来就住在这里.(试与Shehaslivedtheresince1970比较)4)Ihavebeenwritingletters.我一直在写信.(试与Ihavewrittentwoletters比较.)5)Wherehaveyoubeen?Wehavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你.(试与Iwaslookingforyoueverywhere比较.)6)IhavejustbeenwatchingTV.我一直都在看电视. 2.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作.例如:1)Ihavebeentelephoningtoyouseveraltimesintwodays.两天内我给你打过几次电话.2)Theyhavebeendrinkingblackteaalltheafternoon.他们一下午都在喝红茶.3.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内,大部分时间都在持续进行的动作(不一定延续到说话的时候),往往暗示这个动作对现状的影响.例如:1)Whathaveyoubeendoingthismorning?(Youlooktried.)你今天早晨干什么了?(看来你累了.)2)Youhavebeenreadingnewspapers.(Newspapersarelyingaboutinyourroom.)你一直在读报吧.(你的房间里到处摊着报纸.)3)Youhavebeenteaching.(Yourpocketiscoveredwithchalkdust.)你刚才在教课吧.(你口袋上有粉笔灰.) 注:现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”这一概念,有时两者可以互相代用,但前者多用于口语.在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时;如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时.一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时.试比较:1)Ihavewrittensixletterssincebreakfast.从吃完早饭到现在我已经写了六封信.Ihavebeenwritingletters.我一直在写信.2)Ihavewaitedforhimformanytimes.我等他等了好几次了.Ihavebeenwaitingforhimforanhour.我等他等了一个小时.3)Hehasdrunkfivecupsoftea.他喝了五杯茶.Hehasbeendrinkingtea.他一直在喝茶.4)Ihavereadthisbook.我读过这本书了.Ihavebeenreadingthisbook.我一直在读这本书.5)Thatfollowhasdrunkmywine.那家伙把我的酒喝光了.Thatfollowhasbeendrinkingmywine.那家伙一直在喝我的酒. (三)过去完成时过去完成时(1)构成had+过去分词(2)用法1.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态.在强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时(有时两者相距很近),往往用这种时态.例如:1)Byyesterdayeveninghehadwrittenthatletter.到昨天晚上,他已写完那封信.2)Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltmanynewhouses.到去年年底,我们已建了很多新房子.3)IthoughtIhadmethimbefore.我认为我从前见过他.4)Hesaidthathehadseenyou.他说他以前见过你.5)WhenIcameinhehadfinishedhishomework.当我进来时,他已做完了作业.6)HesaidhehadneverbeentoYanan.他说他从未去过延安. 2.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去.例如:1)BythemiddleoflastmonthIhadlivedinBeijingforfiveyears.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了.2)Bysixoclocktheyhadworkedforeighthours.到六点为止,他们已经工作八小时了.3)WhenIcametoShanghai,hehadbeenthereforalongtime.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了.3.过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气. (四)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时(1)构成hadbeen+现在分词(2)用法过去完成进行时动词主要表示一直持续到过去某一时刻的动作.该动作可能刚结束,也可能还在进行.例如:1)Ihadbeenwaitingintheparlorforsomethirtyminutesbeforehecamedowntoseeme.他下楼见我之前,我在会客室里已经等了他三十分钟.2)Bytheendof2005hehadbeenlearningEnglishforfiveyears.ButhewascompelledtogiveupEnglishandlearnRussianinstead.一直到2005年底,他都在学英语,学了五年.后来他不得不放弃英语而学俄语.3)YesterdayeveningIhadbeenwatchingtelevisionwhenLiHuacametoaskmetosolveadifficultmathsproblem.昨天晚上我在看电视的时候,李华来找我,让我帮他解决一个数学上的难题.4)IWastiredout;Ihadbeenreadingforhoursatastretch.我连续读了几个小时的书,累极了. (五)过去将来时过去将来时过去将来时动词可以表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态.过去将来时有以下几种形式:(1)should/would+动词原形例如:HesaidhewouldgotoShanghaifortheholiday.他说,他要到上海度假.(2)was/weregoing+动词不定式1.过去将来时动词可以表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的动作.例如:Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.他们曾经打算开个会.2.过去将来时动词可以表示过去的将要发生的或很有可能发生的动作.例如:Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain.那时我以为要下雨了.(3)was/were+动词不定式was/wereabout+动词不定式这两种结构也可以表示某种过去将来的意义.例如:1)TheforeigndiplomatsweretoseethePresident.TheWhiteHousewasastir,makingpreparation.外国使节将要会见总统.整个白宫都忙着做准备.(过去将来)2)Weweretofinishtheworkinthreedays.我们打算三天内完成任务.(过去的打算)3)Iwasabouttogooutwhenafrienddroppedin.我刚要出去,来了一个朋友.4)Hesaidthetrainwasabouttoleave.火车马上就要来了. (六)将来进行时将来进行时(1)构成shall/willbe+现在分词(2)用法1.将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作.例如:1)Thistimenextweekweshallbeworkinginthatfactory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动.2)WhenIgetuptomorrowmorning,mymotherwillbegettingbreakfastforme.当我明晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭.2.将来进行时动词表示说话人感到某事即将发生或预计要发生某事.例如:1)Iwillbeseeinghimnextmonth.我下个月就会看到他.2)Tomorrowwewillbegoingtothevillagefair.我们明天去赶集. 3)WewillbetakingourholidayattheseasideinJuly.七月份我们去海边度假.4)Whenwillhebearriving?他什么时候到?5)Willyoubetelephoninghimtomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话?6)Hewillbetakinghisexamsnextweek.他下星期参加考试.7)YouwillbeseeingMaryforthefirsttime,wontyou?你将第一次见到玛丽,是吗?注:一般将来时与将来进行时的共同点是将来,但将来进行时表示主观上某事即将发生而不表示个人意愿. (七)将来完成时(1)构成shall/will+have+过去分词(2)用法将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行.例如:1)BysevenoclockthisafternoonweshallhavegottoShanghaiifthetrainkeepsgoodline.如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了.2)BeforebedtimeXiaoMingwillhavecompletedhiswork.到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业).3)ByFebruarynextyearthisforeignexpertwillhavebeenhereonthisjobforfiveyears.到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了. Exercises 1.Itseemsoil_fromthispipeforsometime.Wellhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.A)hadleakedB)isleakingC)leakedD)hasbeenleaking2.GreatasNewtonwas,manyofhisideas_todayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime.A)aretochallengeB)maybechallengedC)havebeenchallengedD)arechallenging3.EversincePicassoswentonexhibit,there_largecrowdsatthemuseumeveryday.A)isB)hasbeenC)havebeenD)arebeing 1.MytrainarrivesinNewYorkateightoclocktonight.TheplaneIwouldliketotakefromthere_bythen.A)wouldleaveB)willhaveleftC)hasleftD)hadleft2.Theconferenceafullweekbythetimeitends_.A)musthavelastedB)willhavelastedC)wouldlastD)haslasted3.Itsreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactory_byabout10%.A)willhaverisenB)hasrisenC)willberisingD)hasbeenrising 4.Bytheendoftheyearallbuttwopeople_.A)haveleftB)willleaveC)willbeleavingD)willhaveleft.5.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely_asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A)havefoundB)willbefindingC)willhavefoundD)arefinding6.Lydia_therebeforeshewenttoNewYork.A)haslivedB)livingC)livedD)hadbeenliving 1.Athiefwhobrokeintoachurchwascaughtbecausetracesofwax,foundonhisclothes,_fromthesortofcandlesusedonlyinchurches.A)hadcomeB)comingC)comeD)thatcame2.Untilthen,hisfamily_fromhimforsixmonths.A)didnthearB)hasntbeenhearingC)hasntheardD)hadntheard3.Beforethefirstnonstopflightmadein1949,it_necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.A)wouldbeB)hasbeenC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen4.We_ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A)justhavehadB)havejusthadC)justhadD)hadjusthad 1.Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionforup-to-the-minutenews,itisunlikelythattelevision_thenewspapercompletely.A)replacedB)havereplacedC)replaceD)willreplace2.Ifshedoesnttellhimthetruthnow,hellsimplykeeponaskingheruntilshe_.A)doesB)hasdoneC)willdoD)woulddo3.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection_tothenation.A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft4.Ifyousmokeinano-smokingsection,people_.A)haveobjectedB)objectedC)mustobjectD)willobject 第二讲语第二讲语 态态 1.动词的语态动词的语态(即主动/被动语态)判断一个句子用主动语态还是用被动语态,关键看句子的主语.主语能发出谓语的动作，即主语是谓语动词的发出者,就用主动语态,否则就用被动语态.(一)被动语态1.构成英语动词有主动和被动两种语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成.例如:Hewrotetheletter.他写了信.Theletterwaswrittenbyhim.那封信是他写的.被动语态的时态变化只变化be的形式(其变化规则与be相同),过去分词部分不变.疑问式和否定式的变化也与be相同.现将被动语态常见的和较常见的时态变化列表如下: 一般进行完成现在IamtoldIambeingtoldIhavebeentold过去IwastoldIwasbeingtoldIhadbeentold将来Ishallbetold无此时态,用一般将来时代替Ishallhavebeentold过去将来Ishouldbetold 疑问式:IsEnglishspokenthere?那儿说英语吗?否定式:Englishisnotspokenthere.那儿不说英语.带有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词1)Itmustbedone.这事一定要做.2)Thatprisonermaybeshot.那个犯人可能要枪毙. 带有不定式的被动语态: tobe +过去分词1)Whatistobedonenext?下一步该干什么?2)Anewhotelisgoingtobebuiltnearthestation.车站附近要修建一所新旅馆.3)Yourbikeneedstoberepaired.你的自行车需要修理.2.用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Hisbikehasbeenstolen.他的自行车被人偷走了.2)Thiswindowwassmashedlastnight.这扇窗户昨天晚上被人打破了.(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Chinawasliberatedin1949.中国是一九四九年解放的.2)Iwastoldyouwerelatethismorning.我听说你今天早上迟到了. (3)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Theplanhasalreadybeenmade.计划已经制订好了.2)WuYingmaybeelectedsecretaryofthePartycommittee.吴英可能当选为党委书记.用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者,可用介词“by+动作执行者(宾格)”这一结构.例如:1)MidnightwaswrittenbyMaoDun.是茅盾写的.2)Themanwasrunoverbyacar.那个人被汽车轧了.3)Thispicturecanthavebeendrawnbyhim.这张画不可能是他画的.注:(1)及物动词构成被动语态,不及物动词不能构成被动语态.例如:1)Englishisspokenineverycountryintheworld.英语在世界各国都有人使用.(及物)2)Childrensleepsoundly.小孩子睡得香.(不及物)3)Thepatientwastakentohospitalinanambulance.病人是用救护车送往医院的.(及物)4)Thelittlegirlgoestoschooleveryday.那个小女孩每天上学.(不及物)某些不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语时,如有宾语,可用被动语态.例如:1)Thespeakerwaslistenedtocarefully.人们倾听发言人的讲话.2)Thislessonmustbegoneoveragain.这课书必须再复习一遍.3)ThePremieristhoughtagreatdealofbythepeople.人们非常想念总理. (2)“be+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态.有些动词(如:be,feel,seem,look等)后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语,表示某种状态.例如:1)Theteacherfeltpleasedwithherhomework.老师对她的作业感到满意2)Childrenareeasilyexcited.小孩容易兴奋3)WeareinterestedinEnglishnovels.我们对英语小说感兴趣4)Youseemsurprisedatthenews.你好象对这个消息感兴趣5)Motherlookedworriedaboutfatherslongabsence.看来母亲对父亲的长期在外感到担心6)Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯破了7)Thebookiswellwritten.这本书写得很好8)TheChinesepeoplearedeterminedtorealizethefourmodernizationsbeforethiscenturyisout.中国人民决心在本世纪末实现四个现代化9)Fatherisburiedhere.父亲葬在这里10)ThisbridgeiscalledtheNanjingYangtseRiverBridge.这座桥名叫南京长江大桥11)Thesedesksaremadeofwood.这些桌子是木制的.过去分词后有“by+动作执行者”就构成被动语态.例如:1)Fatherwasburiedbyhiscomrades.父亲被同志们埋葬了.2)TheglasswasbrokenbyTom.那只玻璃杯是汤姆打碎的.3)Thedesksweremadebythoseoldworkers.这些课桌是那些老工人做的.4)ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.这本书是鲁迅写的. (3)某些动词形式上是主动语态，但含有被动的意思.例如：1)Thisbooksellswell.(=issoldwell)这本书畅销.2)Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.这种布经洗.3)Thispenwritesquitesmoothly.这支钢笔很好使.(直译:这支笔写起来流畅.)4)Anewhospitalisbuilding.一所新医院在建造中.5)Thisfishtastesgood.这鱼味道不错.6)Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这花(闻起来)很香.7)Thisclothfeelssmoothandsoft.这料子(摸起来)光滑柔软.8)Thiscardrivesfast.这辆小汽车开得快.9)Thiscakeeatscrisp.这块饼吃起来很脆.(4)把主动语态变为被动语态时,句中谓语动词变为被动语态,及物动词的宾语变为主语.某些动词(give,send,pay,tell,lend,offer,show,throw,hand,bring,buy,get,make,leave等)有时带有两个宾语,有形成两种结构的可能.例如:Someonegavemeabook.(有人给我一本书.)1)Iwasgivenabook(bysomeone).(比较常用)2)Abookwasgivenme(bysomeone). 第三讲第三讲.主谓一致主谓一致1)集合名词做主语时，若指一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，若指其中各个组成成员，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Herfamilyarewaitingforher.2.Myfamilyisverylarge.3.Thejurywereincompleteagreement.这样用法的词还有：army,company,committee,crew,firm,group,government,majority,minority,police,public,etc.2)表示人的复数名词people，personnel（全体职员）等用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Thepersonnelareunhappyaboutthechanges.2.Somepeopleareneversatisfied.3.Themilitaryhavesurroundedthebuilding.3)表示一种物品的复数名词glasses，shorts，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Myglasseswerebroken.2.Yourshorts（短裤），aretorn.Youdbetterchangethem.3.Thescissors（剪刀）areveryblunt.其他用复数表示物品的名词：clothes,compasses（圆规）,pants（裤子）,spectacles（眼镜）,trousers 4）apairof+glasses,shorts,jeans,socks等作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式等作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.IhaveapairofjeansthatwasboughtfromabigshopINewJersey.2.ThispairofshortsismadeinDalian.5)表示学科或疾病等以结尾的名词如表示学科或疾病等以结尾的名词如statistics,measles,acoustics（声学（声学）e.g.1.Statistics（统计学）isanindispensableanalyticaltoolinmodernsociety.2.Mathematicsisarequiredsubjectatschool.3.Measles（风疹）isadangerousdiseasesforpregnantwomen.economics,electronics（电子学）,genetics,mechanics（力学）,optics（光学）,phonetics,politics6)all若指人，谓语动词用复数形式；若指事物，谓语动词用单数形式若指人，谓语动词用复数形式；若指事物，谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Allaresilentintheclassroom.2.Allgoeswell.3.Allsoundsverystrangetome.7)none作主语时，其后可接动词单数形式，也可接复数形式作主语时，其后可接动词单数形式，也可接复数形式e.g.1.NoneofmyfriendshaseverbeentoEurope.2.Noneofusareperfect.3.Noneofthepassengerswereawareofthedanger.Note:1.none作主语时，如果侧重表示“所有都不”时，谓语动词多用复数形式；在表示“其中一个也不”时，谓语动词用单数形式2.none在意义上相当于noone，但noone作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，而且noone比none的语气强. 8)the+形容词,表示”人”时,谓语动词用复数形式;表示抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.2.Thebeautifulattractsmoreattentionthanthegood.3.Theblackareprohibitedtoenterthatschool.Note:the+形容词相当于复数名词的有:thepoortherichtheoldtheyoungthesickthedeadthedyingthewoundedthelearned表示抽象概念的抽象名词有:thebeautiful=beautythetrue=truththegood=goodnessthefalse=falsehood9)and连接的两个主语指同一人物或概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.Awriterandeducatorhasvisitedourcollege.2.Breadandbutterisnutritious.3.Slowandsteadywinstherace.4.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy.10)manya+单数名词ormorethana+单数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式.1.ManyaboyinDalianlearnstoswimbeforehecanread.2.MorethanoneworkerhasbeenlaidoffbecauseoftheeconomiccrisisintheUnitedStates. 11)表示数量的集体名词短语，即“量词词组+复数名词或代词”，作主语时，通常是强调一个整体（一群人或动物），因而谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果强调的是“个体”，也就是把它们看成一个个的个体时，谓语动词也可以用复数形式。1.Thisflockofbirdsisflyingsouth,whileanotherflockstayshere.2.Aflockofgeesewerechasingoneafteranotherinthepond.12)主语为”小数+名词”时,其谓语动词用复数形式1.About1.1acresperpersonareactuallyusedintheworld.2.About0.75acresperpersonareusedinIndia.13)主语为”Percent(百分之)+of+可数名词”时,其谓语动词用复数形式;主语为”Percent(百分之)+of+不可数名词”时,其谓语动词用单数形式1.Fourpercentofthestudentsareabsenttoday.2.Over80percentofthewholepopulationinourcountryarefarmers.3.Alargepercentofthewheatcropwasruinedbythefloodlastyear.14)数词+名词(表示长短,重量,温度,时间及金钱等)作主语,当作“单一的数量”时,谓语动词用单数形式1.Eighthoursofsleepisnotenoughforababy.2.Threemilesisasfarastheycanwalk.3.Sixtydollarsisahighpriceforadictionary. 15)“theonlyoneof+复数名词”后的关系从句中,谓语动词用单数形式;“oneof+复数名词”后的关系从句中,谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Johnistheonlyoneofthoseboyswholikesgymclass.2.Thisistheonlyoneofthosedisheswhichhastobecookedoutdoors.3.Janeisoneofthosewomenwhoalwayskeepupwiththelatestfashion.16)有些名词如sheep,deer,fish,means,species等作主语时,其谓语动词视句意决定单复数形式e.g.1.Twosheepare/Onesheepismissing.2.Thisspeciesofroseisveryrare.3.Therearethousandsofspeciesofbutterfliesnow.4.Allmeanshavebeenusedtogethimtochangehismind.5.Onemeansisstilltobetried.17)不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Thereislittleinformationavailableonthesesubjects.2.Thereisntmuchfurnitureinmyroom.3.Goodadviceisbeyondprice.Note:要求谓语动词用单数形式的不可数名词还有:apparatus(器械）,baggage/luggage,bread,corn,flour,garbage（垃圾）,ink,knowledge,luck,news,oil,sugar,wheat,work 18)neither,either用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Neitherofthestatementsistrue.2.Eitherissatisfactory.3.Neitherisarichman.19)用用eitheror,neithernor,or,notonlybutalso,notbut连接的两个主语连接的两个主语,谓语动词的数则跟靠近动词的那个主语一致谓语动词的数则跟靠近动词的那个主语一致e.g.1.Oneortwodaysareenoughtoseethecity.2.EitherheorIaminthewrong.3.NeitherInorheisinthewrong.4.Areyouorhetoblame?5.Notonlyyoubutalsoheistoblamefortheaccident.20)主语前面有主语前面有each,every谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Everyboyand(every)girliseagertolearnEnglish.2.Eachbookandmagazineislistedinthecardcatalog. 21)连接词按时aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith等连接的两个主语,谓语动词的数与前一个主语保持一致e.g.1.Thebattogetherwiththeballswasstolen.2.Youaswellashearewrong.3.Nobodybut/excepttheteachersknowsanythingaboutit.Note:AwithBAaccompaniedbyBAincludingBAnolessthanBAbesidesB谓语动词的数与A保持一致22)therest(of),half(of),most(of),some,onethird(of),plentyof,alotof,partof等加名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据这个名词的单复数而定e.g.1.Mostofmysparetimewasspentinreading.2.MostoftheskyscrapersinBeijingarenewly-built.3.Halfofthepeachesarebad.4.Halfofthefoodisunfittoeat.5.Therestoftheproblemsaredifficult.6.Therestofthelandisuncultivated.7.Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading. 23)thenumberof,thevarietyof,aseriesof,asequenceof,achainof,asuccessionof+名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.AchainofeventshascausedtheaccidentontheOrientExpress.2.Thenumberofsaleswomenfromthenorthissmall.3.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatbigshopissurprising.24)agood/greatdealof,alarge/greatamountof+不可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Agreatdealofworkhasbeenplannedfornextmonth.2.Alargeamountofdamagewasdoneduringthewar.25)alot/lotsof,themajorityof,plentyof,aquantityof+可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用复数形式谓语动词用复数形式;若若+不可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Thereisplentyofwaterinyourcup.2.Therearelotsofmagazinesontheshelfinmyroom.3.Themajorityofpeoplehavenoopinionatall. 26)主语是不定式短语,动名词(短语)或从句,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Howtheygottheredoesntconcernme.2.Whathasbeenachievedinthefieldisverylittle.3.Writinglettersmakesherhappy.4.Toseeistobelieve.27)关系代词what引导从句做主语,其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词e.g.1.WhatIwantisicecream.2.Whatheneedsaresomebooks.3.Whatshelikesisblacktea.28)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，其谓语必须和先行词的人称，数一致其谓语必须和先行词的人称，数一致e.g.1.Theastronautswhoarereportedtobeverycheerful,areexpectedtolandonthemoonshortly.2.Thegovernmentwhichpromisestocuttaxeswillbepopular.29)以介词短语,副词或there/here开头的倒装句,谓语动词的单复数形式谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词取决于其后面的名词e.g.1.Herearelettersforyou.2.ThereisthedoctorImentionedbefore. 第四讲第四讲.主谓语的倒装主谓语的倒装1)否定倒装：含有否定意义的词seldom,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,nolonger等位于句首，将助动词或系动词放在主语前面e.g.1.Littledoesherealizethedangerheisin.2.Seldomdoesamanlivetobeahundredyearsold.3.Rarelydoesthetemperaturegoabove35oCinsummerinBeijing.4.Notuntil1776didtheAmericancoloniesdeclaretheirindependencefromEngland.Note:1.hardlywhenscarcelywhennosoonerthan“刚就”引导时间状语从句，用倒装语序e.g.Nosoonerhadtheygatheredinthegrainthanitbegantorain.Scarcelyhadwegottotheplantwhenwestartedtowork.Hardlyhadtheplanelandedwhenthepeoplerantowardit.2.含有否定意义的词还有：invain,no,not,barely,rarely,little,few,nowhere,never 2)固定倒装：固定倒装：so引起的倒装与肯定句呼应引起的倒装与肯定句呼应nor,neither引起的倒装与否定句呼应e.g.1.Heneverwentthereagain,nordidhewritetoapologize.2.Imquitewillingtohelpthepoor,soarethemembersinmyfamily.3.Woodcannotconductelectricity,norcanglass.4.Hecannotspeak,neithercanhehear.Note:1.neither为主语或主语的一部分时，句子不倒装e.g.Neitherofthemiscorrect.2.如果对前面所说的话表示同意时，so引导的句子不用倒装此时，前后两句的主语相同e.g.Copperconductselectricity,soitdoes.3.如果句中中有if或when引导的从句，只能用neither，不能用norIfyoudontgototheparty,neitherwillI.3)部分倒装：sothat,suchthat这两个结构中的so和such位于句首时，前半句要用倒装结构前半句要用倒装结构，that从句用正常语序e.g.1.SuchamanishethatIdontwanttoseeanymoreofhim.2.SobadlydidhewritetheletterthatIcouldhardlyreadit.3.Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed. 4)让步倒装：某些让步状语从句往往采用倒装语序e.g.1.Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.2.Saywhatyouwill,Iwontchangemymind.3.Howeverhardthejobmaybe,youmustdoitwell.4.Muchashelikesphysics,helikesmathematicsbetter.Note:1.连词though引导让步状语从句，可以用倒装，也可以用正常语序；2.although引导让步状语从句不能用倒装；3.as引导让步状语从句必须用倒装e.g.Hardasheworked,hestillfailedintheexam.4.Be引导让步状语从句必须用倒装e.g.Beitrainyorsunny,Illgoout.Beiteversolate,Imustdoanotherexperiment.5)notonlybut(also)句型中，notonly若位于句首，助动词和系动词要放在主语前面e.g.1.Notonlydidtheybreakintoherofficeandstealherbooks,butalsotoreuphermanuscript.2.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.3.Notonlyhadhereadthebook,butalsorememberedwhathehadread. 6)副词倒装：only,often,manyatime等位于句首时，把助动词或系动词be放在主语前面e.g.1.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoingeverything.2.Manyatimehashegivenmegoodadvice.3.Oftenhavewetriedthattest.Note:1.常见的以only开头的介词短语和状语从句有：onlyin(by,on,after)及onlywhen(before,after,if)等2.若only修饰主语，即使位于句首，也不能引起倒装e.g.OnlyPeterwantstogo.7)副词倒装：here,there,down,up,now等副词位于句首，名词为主语时，谓语动词要置于主语前面e.g.1.UpandUpwenttheprice.2.Herecomesthegeneralmanager.3.Nowcomesyourturn,buttakeyourtime.Note:1.当表示“位置”及“处所”的介词短语或副词位于句首时，主语和谓语调换位置，形成倒装e.g.Atthesideofthehillstoodanoldhouse.2.当主语为代词时，即使放在句首也不用倒装结构e.g.Herehecomes.Thereshegoes. 8)强调倒装：为了强调句中某部分（被强调部分多为现在分词或过去分词），就把这部分置于句首e.g.1.Buriedinthesandwasanancientvillage.2.Punchedonthetapesareanumberofholes.3.Lyingacrosstheriverisalongbridgebuiltonlythreeyearsago.9)虚拟倒装：如果把虚拟条件句中if的省略掉，此虚拟句必须用倒装结构，即把句中的助动词were,had或should提到句首e.g.1.Hadyoubeenthere,youwouldhavemether.2.Shouldyoucometomorrow,Ishouldgiveyouthebook.3.Hadshefoundthebuyer,shewouldhavesoldthehouse. 第五讲第五讲.动词的非谓语动词动词的非谓语动词动词在句中除充当谓语外,还可以起名字,形容词或副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语和状语.这就是动词的非谓语形式.当句中需要某种动作作主语,宾语或作某种修饰,说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式.动词非谓语形式有三种:(1)动词不定式tostudy(to+动词原形)(2)分词studying(现在分词)studied(过去分词)(3)动名词studying(形式与现在分词相同)动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化,故又称为非限定性动词.动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语,状语等构成短语.动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化: 主动被动动词不定式一般towritetobewritten进行tobewriting完成tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行tohavebeenwriting现在分词和动名词一般writingbeingwritten完成havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten过去分词一般written一一.动词不定式动词不定式1.动词不定式能起名词,形容词,和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分.(一一)作主语作主语.1)TolearnEnglishisnotaneasything.2)Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.3)Itisourdutytorealizethefourmodernizations.4)Itisimpossibleforhimtogetthemoneynow.5)Itmakesmefeelsadtoseeyousittingalone.(是形式主语,是真实主语.动词不定式作真实主语时,常放在后面.)(二二)作表语作表语.1)Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanrightnow.2)Theyoungmanseemstobeacollegegraduate.3)Toseeistobelieve.4)Theyarelikelytosucceed.(三三)作定语作定语.1)Maryhasalotofthingstodo.2)Hereisagoodbookforyoutoread.3)Isthereanything(forus)toeat?4)Sheisnotagirltodothingsbyhalves.5)Heisamantodependon.(四四)作宾语作宾语.1)HewantstovisitNanjing.2)Theguestspromisedtocomeearly.(五五)作宾语补语作宾语补语(复合宾语的第二部分复合宾语的第二部分).1)Iexpectyoutowritetome.2)Iaskedhimtoshowmehisnewdictionary.3)Wetriedtopersuadehimnottodropoutofschool,butinvain.注:常跟不定式作宾补的动词有：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,force,inspire,intend,invite,instruct,order,permit,persuade,press,remind,tell,urge,want,warn有些动词如感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不带to,如:make,let,hear,see,notice,feel,watch,have(要,叫,使)等.1)Theteachermademedomyhomeworkcarefully.2)ProfessorWanglethisassistantleaveearlyenoughtocatchthelastbus.3)IheardMarycry.4)Wewatchedthemplayfootball.5)TomfelthisheartbeatfastwhenhesawJoecomeintotheroom.6)Iwouldhavehimwaitforme.我要他等我.用被动语态时,这些动词后面的不定式要带to.1)Hewasmadetodotheworkatonce.2)Shewasheardtousestronglanguage.3)Shewasseentorunoutoftheboxoffice.(六六)作状语作状语.1)Hecametoseemeyesterday.(目的)2)Heopenedthedoorforhertocomein.(目的)3)Mylittlebrotheristooyoungtogotoschool.(结果)4)XiaoMaisoldenoughtojointhearmy.(结果)5)Myfatherwassurprisetohearthenews.(原因)6)Iamsorrytosay(that)theworkisnotwelldone.(原因)不定式短语修饰全句作状语不定式短语修饰全句作状语1)Tobefrankwithyou,Idontloveyou.2)Togiveyousomeideaofbirthrate,lookatthesecondhandofyourwatch.3)TohearhimspeakEnglish,youwouldtakehimforaforeigner.4)Totellthetruth,Ihavenotgotanydefiniteinformationaboutthetermpaper.2.动词不定身的否定式只须在动词不定身的否定式只须在to前加前加not.1)Myfatherdecidednottotakeupthejob.2)Theteachertoldhimnottobelateagain.3)Thedoctorwarnedmenottooverstrainmyeyesinwritingbooks.3.带疑问词的动词不定式在前加疑问词带疑问词的动词不定式在前加疑问词.1)Mr.Liwillteachushowtousethepresentperfecttense.2)Canyoutellmewheretogetthebook?3)MarydidntknowwhattosaywhenMr.Hopkinswasdispleasedwithher.4)Idontknowwhethertoaccepthisinvitationornot.5)Thequestioniswhentodotheexperiment.6)Howtodoitisaneasyquestion.“疑问词+不定式”结构通常用语下列动词之后:tell,teach,know,wonder,learn,show,findout,ask,understand,discuss,explain,findout,inquire,discover,consider等.4.作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时,动词不定式常常省略后面的动词,只保留.在等动词后也可以省略不用.1)DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?-No,Iwantedto(gotoseeit),buttherewasnttime.2)Willyouhelpme?-Illtryto(helpyou).3)Marywantedtouseyourbike.-ButIaskedhernotto(useit).4)DidJanegototheparty?-No,hermotherdidntlether(gototheparty).5)HewantedtogotoBeidaihe,buthewasntableto(gothere).5.如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语,需要在这一逻辑主语前加for.Iopenedthedoorforhertocomein.Myadviseisforyoutoadmityourownmistake.MarygavemethephonenumberinorderformetoreachherwhenIaminneedofhelp.试比较下列句子:1)Iwanttoopenthedoor.2)Iwanthimtoopenthedoor.6.除oughtto,haveto,beto外,其它助动词，情态动词后面的不定式都不带to.“be+动词不定式”结构含有事先安排好的或预定的计划,预先指出的后果,劝告，告诫,指示,命令等意味.1)ThedelegationistogotoNangjingtomorrow.代表团定于明天到南京去.2)TheteacheraretoreturnnextMonday.老师们定于下星期一回来.3)Thequestionistohediscussedatthenextmeeting.这个问题要在下次会上讨论.4)XiaoWangsaidherwastogotoShanghaionbusiness.小王说他要到上海去出差.5)Youarenottooffendanybody.你不得冒犯任何人.6)Yoraretofindoutthetruthofthematter.你要查明事情的真相.7)Thepolicemansaidthatthewasnttoleavethehouse.警察说,她不得离开屋子.8)Youaretobepunishedifyoudothat.你要是做那件事,你就要受处分.9)Allworkistohefinishedwithinaweek.全部工作要在一周内做完.10)Whatistobedone?(=Whatarewetodo?)我们该干什么?7.动词不定式的完成式主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.但在plan,hope,expect,should(或would)like等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。例如:1)Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起，让你久等了.2)Sheseemedtohaveforgottenherpromise.她似乎把她答应的事忘了.3)Hepretendedtohavereadthebook.他假装读过这本书.4)Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.(=Heplannedtogoabroadbuthedidnt.)他原计划出国.(但他没有去).5)Ihopedtohaveseenher.(=Ihopetoseeher,butIdidntseeher.)我原希望会见到她的(可是我没有见到她.)6)Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.(=IwantedtohaveyourhelpbutIdidnthaveit.)我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到).7)Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.(=Theenemyexpectedtofindbutdidntfindhim.)敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到).8)Heissaidtohavebeenpresentedwithtwomasterdegrees.9)Tomplannedtohaveplannedthehousebeforedark.8.动词不定式的进行式表示主要动作发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行.:1)Theyseemtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.他们似乎在谈什么重要的事情.2)Thetwoweaverspretendedtobeworkinghard.两个织布匠假装在努力干活.3)SheissaidtobestudyinginYaleUniversity.9.动词不定式的被动态表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者.1)Thehousestobebuiltisfortheteachers.那些房子是为老师们造的.2)Themedicalteamaskedtobesenttothefrontatonce.医疗队要求立即派他们去前线.3)Itsmypleasuretobeaskedtospeakhere.4)Herearethepaperstobetypedtoday.5)Wherearetheclothestobewashed.动词的主动语态表被动意义1)Nobodyistoblameforit.2)Thehouseistolet.10.固定表示法(1)should/wouldlikesomeonetodosomething;wouldprefersomethingtodo/tobedone，1)Ishouldlikeyoutowriteacompositioneveryweek.2)Mr.Smithwouldpreferthemattertobediscussedatthenextmeeting.(2)由由only,first,second,last,next,best等序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词，等序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词，常用不定式作定语常用不定式作定语1)Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.2)Peteristhemostsuitablepersontodothejob.3)SallyRidewasthefirstAmericanwomantoexploreouterspace.(3)soastodosomething;soastodosomething;inordertodosomething1)Theystaredearlyinordertogettherebeforemidnight.2)Comeearlysoastogetagoodseat.3)Vegetablesarenowsocheaptobewithinthereachofalmosteveryone.(4)onlytodosomething1)Mr.Greenranallthewayuptothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleftfiveminutesbefore.2)Iopenthebox,onlytofinditempty.(5)happen,prove,tend,appear,seem+todosomething1)Ihappedtobeoutwhenshecalledme.2)IlikeGeorgebutIthinkhetendstotalktoomuch.3)Youseemtobeveryhappy.(6)seem,appear,besaid,beknown等动词+tohavedone，表示不定式的动词的动作先发生1)Theyseemtohavebeenrich.2)Youappeartohavelostweight.3)SheissaidtohavetravelledthroughEurope.4)Theoldmanwasknowntohavebeensmartinhisyouth.(7)tootodo;nottootodo;toonottodo1)Thenewsistoogoodtobetrue.2)Sheisnottoooldtodriveracar.3)Iamtooangrynottosayit.4)Hisincomeistoosmalltosupporthisfamily.Note:Itistoofatforbeauty.(8)only/alltootodosomething1)Theyareonlytoodelightedtoacceptit.2)Wearealltoosatisfiedtotaketheopinionsofothers.(9)donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)dosomething1)Theydidnothingbutplaytrickonhim.2)Mr.Greenwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Note:如果nothing/anything/everything前面不是do/did,而是其他的词,不定式一定加to1)Thedoctortoldmenothingbuttoremainsilent.2)Thereisnothingforhimtodobuttostopsmoking.3)Theyhadnochoice/alternativebuttobooktheairticketinadvance.(10)hadbetterdo,wouldratherdo(than)do,woulddoratherthando,wouldsoonerdo(than)do,cannotbutdo,cannothelpbutdo,may/mightaswelldo1)Sincetheboyismad,wedbetterleavehimalone.2)Theycouldnthelpbutwaitforthenexttraintocome.3)Iwoulddieofhungerratherthanbeginthestreet.4)Ifyoudontliketoswim,youmayjustaswellstayathome.5)Thesoldierwouldsoonerdiethansurrender.二动名词（二动名词（doing)1.动名词在句中做主语、宾语、表语1)Buyingclothesisoftenaverytime-consumingpractice.2)Myfavouritepastimeisclimbingmountains.3)Theynarrowlyescapedbeingkilledintheaccident.4)Thedoctorsuggestedthatyoursonavoidworkingoutsideforacoupleofdays.常见的只可跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,consider,delay,deny,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,dislike,permit,postpone,practice,require,risk,suggestBut:1)Thegovernmentdoesntallowparkinginthestreet.2)Heallowedmetocopythekeytotheexam.3)Theyadvisewaitingforawhile.4)Theyadvisedmenottocopythekeytotheexam.allow及advise这类动词后，若有某人就加不定式，否则直接加动名词类似的动词还有：permit/recommend/forbid/consider+doingsth.permit/recommend/forbid/consider+sb.+todosth.2.动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语与句子的主语或宾语不同，必须表示出来1)Idontlikeyourspeakinghurtothers.2)Sheobjectedtoyourgoingthere.3)Itsalltheirdoing.3.动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语是有生命名词，用s表示出来1)HediedInconsequenceofthedoctorsnotcomingontime.2)IappreciateJohnshelpingintime.3)TomscallingMarymadeherangry,soshehunguponhim.4.动名词意义上（逻辑上）的主语是无生命名词或抽象名词，不必加s1)Theyweregladoftheexaminationbeingover.2)Thereissomelikelihoodofthisbeingtrue.5.动词动词want,need,require,deserve,及形容词及形容词worth+doing，表示被动，表示被动1)Thebabyneedstakinggoodcareof.2)Theexhibitionisnotworthlookingat.3)Thesetypewritersrequirenumbering.6.worthdoing/worthyofbeingdone,worthwhiletodo/doing1)NewYorkisworthvisiting.2)ItisworthwhiletovisitNewYork.3)NewYorkisworthyofbeingvisited.4)Itisntworthwhilereadingthatbook.5)Itisworthyourwhiletogoandsee.6)Itisworthwhiletosaythis.(Thisisworthsaying.)7.preferdoingtodoing=prefertodoratherthando1）Ipreferreadingtoplayingbridge.=Iprefertoreadratherthanplaybridge.2)Iprefertowalkinsteadofcycling.3)Hepreferswritinghisletterstodictatingthem.8.godoing常用于表示常用于表示“娱乐、活动、游戏娱乐、活动、游戏”等带有趣味性的行为、活动等带有趣味性的行为、活动1)Wouldyouliketodofishingwithmethisafternoon?2)Imgoingshiingnextweek.moreexamples:goswimming,gowalking,goboating,godancing,gohunting,goriding,goshooting,gocamping9.on/upondoing;indoing1)OnarrivingintheUnitedStates,Ireceivedavisitfromacollegeprofessor.2)Onenteringtheclassroom,thestudentslikedmeatonce.3)Intalkingaboutrobots,thescientistsmentionedtheirfunction.4)Hewasdrownedincrossingtheriver.10.Thereisno+doing1)Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.2)Thereisnoaccountingfortastes.3)Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.4)Thereisnodenyingthatwomenareplyinganimportantroleintheworld.Thereisnopointin+doing1)Thereisnopointindoingthat.2)Thereisnopointincomplainingaboutthepoorlivingconditionhere.3)Thereisnopointincryingoverspilledmilk.Itisnouse/good+doing1)Itisnogoodtryingtodeceiveme.2)Itisnousetalkingofhisdomesticmatters.3)Itisnogoodyourpretendingthatyouknowtherules.4)Itisnousewaitinganylonger.Nodoing表示表示“禁止做某事禁止做某事”1)Nolitteringonthecampsofourcollege.2)Noparkinginfrontofthegate.3)Nosmokinginthemeetingroom.11.have(no)difficulty(in)+doing/thereis(no)difficulty(in)+doing1)Youshouldnthaveanydifficulty(in)locatingit.2)Thereislittledifficulty(in)findingtherailwaystation.3)InItalyyouwonthavemuchdifficulty(in)gettingtoknowpeople.12.feellike+doing;bebusy(in)+doingsomething;cannothelp+doing;wouldyoumind+doing1)Shefeltlikinghavingagoodsleepafteralongjourney.2)Doyoufeellikemakingatry?3)Imalwaysbusy(in)atmydeskcorrectingstudentsassignment.4)Ifoundherbusy(in)preparingfortheexam.5)Hecannothelplaughingonhearingsuchagoodjokes.6)Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor?13.farfrom+doing1)Yourexplanationisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.2)Ourofficeisfarfrombeingcomfortable.3)Thebosswasfarfromlamingme.makeapointof+doingbeonthepointof+doing1)Mr.SmithmakesapointofgoingtochurchonSundays.=Mr.SmiththinksitnecessarytogotochurchonSundays.2)Hewasonthepointofleaving.=Hewasabouttoleave.14.forget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean+todosth./doingsth.，但意思不同1)Shetriedtodomoreexercisessoastoloseweight.2)Shetrieddoingmoreexercisessoastoloseweight.3)Iregrethavingdonesuchafoolishthing.4)IregrettosayGeorgefailedintheexam.Exercises1.Ithinkthemovieisworth_(see)asecondtime.2.Heislookingforwardto_(see)thenewmovieofthefamousactor.Ifawordistranslatedincorrectly,itwillleadto_(misunderstand).Theyareallopposedto_(put)themeetingoff.IhavelivedinChongqingforseveralyearsandImnowaccustomedto_(eat)hotfood.3.Youcanneverdoanythingwellwithout_(put)yourheartintoit.Therewasnothingtopreventherfrom_(do)so.Iapologizefornot_(keep)mypromise.4.Weappreciate_(work)withhim,becausehehasagoodsenseofhumor.Theteacherdidntmind_(help)thestudentsinhersparetime.Johnsuggested_(go)togetherinonecar.5.Iremember_(see)heroncesomewhere.Youmustremember_(remind)himthathisbikeneeds_.(repair)6.Itisnouse_(send)himover.Itistoolatealready.7.Thisknifeneeds_(sharpen). 1.Infacthewouldratherstayinshanghaithan_(leave)forBeijing.Theywouldrathertryandfailthan_(give)uptheplan.2.LastnightIdidnothingbut_(watch)TV.3.Icanthelpbut_(admit)herskillofperformance,thoughIdontlikeherpersonally.On_(hear)thenews,shecanthelp_(cry).4.Whynot_(have)arestwhenyouaresotired?5.Whatmadehim_(think)likethat?Letme_(help)youwiththecooking.Dontforgettohavehim_(come)ontime.6.Didyouseehim_(go)out?Isawhim_(wave)tomefromthebus.Iheardyou_(say)that.Theoldmanlikestowatchhisgrandchildren_(play)games.7.Hewasseen_(go)outtwohoursago.8.Wouldyoulike_(tell)mehowyouovercamethedifficulties?9.Educationisregardedasthekey_(make)progress.10.Weshouldpreferthem_(come)nextweek.Mostpeopleprefer_(spend)moneyto_(earn)it.11.Thecoupleseatedintherestaurantseemed_(have)awonderfultime.12.Igottothestation,only_(find)thatthetrainwaspullingoff.13.Iwanttogetsomething_(read)duringthevocation.14.HewasveryangryatwhatIsaidbutIreallydidntmean_(hurt)him.15.Idontknowwhat_(do)next.Youmustdecidewhether_(go)ornot.Noonetoldherwhere_(get)help.16.Ithinkitnecessaryforyou_(take)notesinclass.Theteacherhasmadearuleonly_(speak)Englishinclass.三分词分词英语英语中分词包括现在分词和过去分词，其基本形态为中分词包括现在分词和过去分词，其基本形态为V-ing和和V-ed。这两种分词。这两种分词的主要差别在于：现在分词表示的主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行主动和进行”，有主动和被动形式之分；过去分词，有主动和被动形式之分；过去分词表示表示“被动和完成被动和完成”，一般只有一种形式。不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只有，一般只有一种形式。不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只有完成的意思。如：完成的意思。如：escapedprisoners（逃犯），（逃犯），fadedflowers（凋谢的花）等。分（凋谢的花）等。分词具有动词性，有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑上的主语。词具有动词性，有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑上的主语。.分词作定语、表语分词作定语、表语1)Theretiredworkerputouttheburningfire.2)Sheboughtsomenewlyarrivedgoods.3)Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?4)ProfessorKongsargumentisveryconvincing.5)Thevisitorslookedsurprisedwhenhearingthenews.现在分词作定语，表示主动意义及正在进行的动作，现在分词作定语，表示主动意义及正在进行的动作，如fallingleaves/boilingwater；过去分词作定语，表示被动意义及完成的动作过去分词作定语，表示被动意义及完成的动作，如fallenleaves/boiledwaterThedifferences:asleepingchildasleepingcaraswimminggirlaswimmingpooltherunningwatertherunningtrack2.分词作主语补足语，常用于分词作主语补足语，常用于be,remain,become,go,come,sit,stand等之后等之后1)Thekidscamerunning.2)Hesatreadinganovel.3)IbecameacquaintedwithhiminNewYork.4)Isatsurroundedbymystudents.3.分词作宾语补足语，常用于分词作宾语补足语，常用于find,leave,keep,see,hear,watch,notice等后面等后面1)Iliketositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.2)Theykeptmewaitingforanhour.3)Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.Note:1)Isawthecatclimbingthetree.Isawthecatclimbthetree.Inoticedthemsittinginthecornerandtalkingaboutsomethingsecret.Wesattwohours.andwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.2)Theteachertriedtomakehimselfunderstood.Histerriblestoriesmadeourbloodfreeze.Idontlikemilk,butshemademedrinkit.ExperiencehasmadehimamanHaveImademyselfclear?Shewillmakehimhappy.Note:3)have+宾语+v-ing1)Theearthquakehadthemworryingallnight.2)Hellhaveyourcargoingagain.have/get+宾语+v-ed1)Ihadmyhatblownoff.2)Shehadherpursestolen.have+宾语+v1)Thebosshadhissecretarywritealetterforhim.2)Themotherhadhissoncleanhishands.Exercises.1)Iwonthaveyou_(smoke)atyourage.2)Pleasehavetheporter_(carry)theluggage3)Pleasehavetheluggage_(carry).4)Hehadhisleftleg_(hurt)intheaccident.5)Afterpayingherbill,shehadonly$2_(leave).4.分词常以短语的形式作状语。分词常以短语的形式作状语。句中分词短语的动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前,分词短语用完成时.句中分词短语的动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生,分词短语用一般形式. 分词的否定形式+分词(短语)a. 现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语表示原因，相当于原因状语从句。 使用哪种形式，关键在于分词与主句主语之间的关系。主谓关系用现在 分词，动宾关系则用过去分词。状语的位置可在主句之前，也可在主句 之后。放在前面的部分（状语或主句）表示语言重心所在。 1)Thedoctor,notwishingtomakehernervous,didnotfullyexplaintheseriousnessofhercondition.2)Confinedtobed,sheneededtobewaitedonineverything.3)Notknowingwhattosay,Iremainedsilent.4)Neverhavingreadnewspaper,heknewnothingabouttheworld.5)(Havingbeen)Writteninhaste,thebookhassomemistakes.6)Beingill,hewasconfinedtohisroom.7)Beingexcited,Icouldgotosleep.b.现在分词短语和过去分词短语作时间状语，1)Seeingthosepictures,hecouldnthelpthinkingofthosememorabledaysinChina.(Whenhesawthosepictures,)2)Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.3)Havingseenhisdaughteroff,theoldmancamebacktothehouse.4)Seeingme,hecameupwithasmilingface.5)Askedhowheknewtheearthisround,hebecameangry.6)Havingdoneallhecould,hewenthome.如果两个动作同时发生,多用when或while+分词.Igottoknowhimwhenattendingaconference.Theysangwhileworking.c.分词作方式、伴随、结果状语1)Shestoodtherewaitingforherboyfriend.2)Hewasgazingintothedistance,fascinatedbythebeautifuleveningglow.3)Theenemyfledintothemountains,pursedbythepolicemen.4)Thechildrenwentawaylaughing.5.分词独立结构作状语，其逻辑主语与主句的主语不同1)Theboyhavingruinedmyhat,Ihadtogetanewone.2)Thesignalbeinggiven,wesetoff.3)Therebeingnoonetohelpme,Ihadtodoitallalone.4)Thedoorbeinglocked,wecouldnotentertheroom.5)Allhisribsbroken,helayhalfdead.6）Timepermitting,wellstaylonger.Note:1)Withallthesemouthstofeed,hedidntknowwhattodo.2)Hewentoutwithouthaton.3)Mysisterenteredtheroomwithsomeflowersinherhand.4)ThepictureonlycameoutlikeawhitecirclewiththreeblackspotsshowingformouthandeyesExercises1.Thiscrophassimilarqualitiestothepreviousone,_bothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil.A)beingB)beenC)tobeD)havingbeen2.Thisprogrammewillexaminethewritersbooksindetail,_anintroductiontoherlife.A)followingB)havingfollowedC)beingfollowedD)tobefollowed.3.Thecomputerworksveryfast,_dataatthespeedoflight.A)havinghandledB)handledC)handlingD)handles4.Time_,Ishallinviteyoutodinnertonight.A)permittedB)thatpermittingC)ispermittedD)permitting5.Hestoodatthedoor,_.A)thathishandsinhispocketB)hishandsinhispocketC)andhishandsinhispocketD)hishandswereinhispocket1._theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved2.Havingnomoneybut_toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.A)nottowantanyoneB)notwantinganyoneC)wantednooneD)towantnoone3.Thespeaker,_forhersplendidspeeches,waswarmlyreceivedbytheaudience.A)havingknowB)beingknownC)knowingD)known4._,youdbetterkeepitawayfromkids.A)TobesafeB)beingsafeC)ThatforsafeD)Asbesafe1.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen_.A)scoldingB)toscoldC)havingscoldedD)scolded2.While_thesun,thesatellitehassentmorethanfourbillionbitsofinformationbacktoearth.A)havingorbitedB)beingorbitedC)havingbeenorbitedD)orbiting3._withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.A)WhencomparedB)CompareC)WhilecomparingD)Comparing4.Theyareconsidering_beforethepricegoesup.A)ofbuyingB)withbuyingthehouseC)buyingthehouseD)tobuythehouse5.Weconsider_veryhelpful.A)himB)himtotryC)himtobeD)himbeing1._inaseeminglyendlesswar,thegeneralwasforcedtoevaluatethesituationagain.A)Sincethelossof50,000soldiersB)Becauseof50,000soldiershavinglostC)Havinglostover50,000soldiersD)50,000soldierswerelost2._suchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.A)TobegivenB)HavingbeengivenC)HavinggivenD)Giving3.Doyoumindmy_?A.openthewindowB.thatopenthewindowC.openingthewindowD.toopenthewindow4._suchworkbefore,sheaskedadvicefrommanyexperiencedworkersandplannedeverythingcarefully.A)HavingneverdoneB)HavingbeendoneC)HavingdoneD)Neverhavingdone5._thereport,IhandledittoJohn,butshesaidthatGeorgewasthepersontosenditto.A)HavingfinishedB)FinishingC)BeingfinishingD)Tohavefinished第六讲情态动词情态动词(ModelVerbs)又称为情态助动词(ModelAuxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have,do,be；二是情态助动词，如may,must,need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式：情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+have+v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。Sincetheditchisfullofwater,itmusthaverainedlastnight.Youcouldnthavemetmygrandmother.Shediedbeforeyouwereborn.Icantfindmykeys.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattheschoolyesterday.当情态动词完成式是由oughtto/should加完成式或否定式oughtnotto/shouldnt加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。Yououghtnottomakefunofhim.Heisnottheoneyoulaughatbutlearnfrom.Youshouldhavefinishedyourcompositionbyyesterday.neednthavev-edneednthavev-ed表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。Youneednthavewakenedmeup;Idonthavetogotoworktoday.注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。2、情态动词的进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+be+v-ing形式)，表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。Thelightinhisstudyisstillon;hemustbeworkingnow.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。Sheshouldntbeworkinglikethat.Sheisstillveryweak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.Hecantbetellingthetruth.他说的不可能是真话3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+havebeen+v-ing形式)，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：Theyaresweatingallover.Theymusthavebeenworkinginthefields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。Theymayhavebeendiscussingthissuggestionallthemorning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如wouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon,hadrather,hadbetter,hadsooner,cannotbut,may(just)aswell等可用作情态动词。等可用作情态动词。Thesoldierwouldsoonerdiethansurrender.Ifyoudontliketoswim,youmayjustaswellstayathome.这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would(had)rather,would(had)sooner,would(just)assoon后可跟后可跟that引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。的假设用过去完成时。Iwouldratheryouwenthomerightnow.Iwouldsooneryouhadntaskedmetospeakyesterday.三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构Theymustbeinthelibrary,arentthey?Theymusthavegonetothelibrary,haventthey?Theymusthavebeentothelibraryyesterday,didntthey?Letmedoit,willyou?Letmehelpyou,mayI?Dontmove,willyou?Goquickly,canyou?Letsgoforawalk,shallwe?Heusedtoliveinthecountryside,didnt/usednthe?Exercises1.Letsgotothemovietonight,_?A.areweB.letusC.shallweD.dowe2.Sinceyouarefeelinguncomfortable,you_.A.hadbettergoingtoseeadoctorB.mustgotoseeadoctorC.wouldrathergotoseeadoctorD.mightaswellgotoseeadoctor3.Youshouldnt_thatlastweekandyoushoulddoitnextweek.A.havedoneB.doC.bedoingD.havetodo4.Susanmust_quitewellontheexamsincesheseemssoconfidentofpassing.A.doB.havebeendoingC.bedoneD.havedone5.Shedidntanswerthetelephone,she_asleep.A.mustfallB)musthavefallenC.shouldhavefallenD.canfall6.Tom_myletter;otherwisehewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.A.oughtnothavereceivedB.shouldnthavereceivedC.hasbeenreceivedD.couldnthavereceived7.He_writingthepapernow.HehadntwrittenasinglewordwhenIlefthimtenminutesago.A.shouldntbeB.canthavefinishedC.cantbeD.mustnthavefinished8.IsntitlovelytothinkthatI_myselfonthesunnybeachtomorrowatthistime.A.willenjoyB.amenjoyingC.willbeenjoyingD.shallenjoy9.Therewasatrafficjam,butshe_gettothedestinationintime.A.couldtoB.mighttoC.oughttoD.wasableto10.Nowwehavegotsofarwiththeproject,we_finishit.A.canaswellB.shouldaswellC.wouldaswellD.mayaswell 第七讲第七讲.形容词形容词形容词的词序：一个名词由几个形容词修饰一般词序：限定一般描绘性形容词表示大小、形状的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示色彩的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质材料的形容词表示用途、类别的形容词或名词名词中心词限美小圆旧颜中国木书房1)Thereisabrokensmalloldgreystonebridgeovertheriver.2)ThemansfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpainting.moreexamples:anexpensivesteelandnylontennisracketanoldwoodendeskagreenVenetianglassashtrayabigroundconferencetablealargeantiquebrownandwhiteGermanbeer-mug2.形容词和副词的级1.原级比较的基本句型as+形容词/副词(原级)+as+被比物as+形容词(原级)+名词+as+被比物notas/so+形容词/副词(原级)+as+被比物1)Sheisnearlyaspoorashersister.2)Hehasasmuchmoneyashisbrother.3)Heisnotso/asfamousashisfather.4)Youmustwritetheaddressontheenvelopeasplainlyasyoucan.2.比较级的基本句型较高程度的比较用1)比较级+than2)the+比较级+ofthetwo较高程度的比较用less形容词/副词(原级)+than+被比物1)Heismorecarefulthananyotherboy/anyboyelse.2)Sophieisthemorediligentofthetwogirls.3)Sheislesscutethanyou. 比较对象及句子结构中第二部分，如果需要用代词替代主句中Of结构所修饰的词，单数用that，复数用those1)TheclimateofNewYorkisasmildasthatofDalian.2)ThepicturesofMarstakenfromthesatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromtheearth.3)ThecropintheSouthisasgoodasthatofanyotherregion.最高级的基本句型the+最高级名词the+most/least+两个音节以上的形容词副词in/among/of1)Heistherichestmanofallmyfriends.2)Amongthethreegirls,Kathyisthemostpretty.3)Jackistheleastdiligentboyinhisclass.4)Ofthewholestory,thefirstchapteristhemostvivid.Note:Iamashappyashappycanbe.Thisismoredifficultthananyotherbookhere.Nothingismorepleasantthantowalkalongthebanks. 4.比较级的特殊用法和惯用法()由拉丁文转入英文的比较词语用to;而不用than1)Youarethreeyearsjuniortome.2)Theyareinferiorinnumbertous.3)TheyregardJohnsonassuperiortoothermusicians.(2)nolessthan=asmuchas;notlessthan=atleastnolessthan=asas;notlessthan=morethan1)Ihavenolessthan10,000dollars.2)Hehasnotlessthan3,5000dollars.3)Shewonnolessthan$50inthelottery.4)Sheisnolessrichthanhersister.5)Sheisnotlessrichthanhersister.6)Theoldmanisnolessactivethanheusedtobe. (3)nomorethan=only;notmorethan=atmostnomorethan=notanymorethan;notmorethan=notsoas1)Wehavenomorethan200word-processors.2)Wehavenotmorethan200word-processors.3)Aflagisnomorethanasign.4)SheisnomoreabletospeakFrenchthanIam.5)Theneweditionisnotmoreexpensivethantheoldone.6)Heisnomoregenerousthanyouare.7)Heisnotmoregenerousthanyouare.8)Iamnotmoresubjectivethanyouare.not+anymorethan+1)Thisisnotmyfaultanymorethanitishers.2)Youarenotobligedtotellanybodyanymorethanyouareobligedtokeepitsecret.3)Icouldnotdothatanymorethanyou. (4)more+Athan+B1)Shewasmoreamusedthanangry.2)Heismoreateacherthanascholar.3)Heismoredeadthanalive.notsomuchAasB1)Ididthatnotsomuchformyselfasformyson.2)Heisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.asmuchAasB1)Sheisasmuchinterestedinsportsasinmusic.2)Itisasmuchyourresponsibilityasmine.3)Inthisinformationage,ayoungmanisrequiredtobegoodatasmuchasoneforeignlanguageashisspeciality. (5)increase/rise+by+数字,by后表示纯增加数;reduce/decrease/drop/+数字,by后表示纯减少数1)Theoutputofourfactoryhasincreasedbythreetimesascomparedwiththatof1994.2)Thecityhasincreasedinpopulation,thepopulationhasnowincreasedby20,000to5,000,000.3)Lastmonth,thatfigurewasestimatedat475,000hasincreasedby59percent.4)ThecostofcolorTVsetsdecreasedby60%.5)Manyoverweightpeoplecanbringdowntheirpressurejustbyreducingtheirweightby10to20pounds.increase/rise+to+数字,to后表示“增加到”,reduce/decrease/drop/+数字,to后表示“减少到”1)ThemembersoftheEnglishCornerhaveincreased/decreasedto450.2)Thepatientshavedecreasedto200thismonth.3)Themistakesinherhomeworkhavedecreasedtooneortwo. (6)倍数的表示倍数倍数(包括包括half)+as+many/much/其他形容词或副词其他形容词或副词+as1)Ouroutputofgrainisthreetimesasmuchasyours.2)Mybooksaretwiceasmanyashers.3)TibetistentimesaslargeasTaiwan.A+谓语动词谓语动词+Xtimes+形容词、副词比较级形容词、副词比较级+thanB1)Yourlaboratoryistwicelargerthanours.2)Thispipeisfivetimeslongerthanthatone.3)Thisriveristhreetimeslargerthanthat.A+谓语动词谓语动词+Xtimes+thesize/length/width+of+B1)Thebridgebeingbuiltis4timesthelengthoftheoldone.2)Theriveristwicethewidthofthatriver. 第八讲第八讲.动词的虚拟语气动词的虚拟语气动词虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,假设,猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实.虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的.因此,掌握虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词的特殊形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键.(1)用法虚拟语气用在if引导的条件状语从句中虚拟时间条件状语从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与过去的事实相反Had+V过去分词(过去完成时)should/would/might/could+have+v过去分词与现在事实相反v过去式(be的过去式通常用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形对将来可能出现的事实进行相反的假设过去式(be动词的过去式常用were)should(适用于所有人称)+动词原形were+to+动词原形should/would/could/might+动词原形1.IfIwereinyourposition,Iwouldaccepttheiroffer.2.IfJohn_(have)enoughmoney,hecouldgooutoftheU.S.3.IfMarycameherenow,he_(help)me.4.IfIhadknownyouraddress,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.5.IfIhadhadanysense,I_(keep)quiteaboutit.6.Ifshe_(be)therethatnight,shemighthavebeeninjured.7.Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldfollowyou.8.Ifhe_(come)tomorrow,wewouldbegreatlysurprised.9.IcouldseethesurfaceofthemoonifI_(go)tothemoonsomeday.10.IfItrainedtomorrow,ourpicnic_(put)off.注(1)有时可以把含有助动词,情态动词,be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词省去，而将had,should,were等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构.1.Hadwehadenoughcashonhand,we_(bring)thisbuilding.2.Wereheherenow,he_(explain)it.3.Wereshetomissthetraintomorrow,she_(come)backandstartoffagainthedayaftertomorrow.4._(be)ittobefinetomorrow,wewouldsurelygotohaveapicnic.5.Hadntthebusbrokendown,we_(catch)thetrain.(2)在错综条件句子中,虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnthavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifhehadfollowedthedoctorsadvice,hewouldrecoveralready.1.Hadyoutakenthemedicineyesterday,you_(be)wellnow.2.Ifwe_(have)moreraininJune,wewouldhaveabetterharvestnow.3.IfJohn_(start)tomorrowmorning,Iwouldgeteverythingreadytoday.4.IfIwereyou,I_(go)tothemovieslastnight. (2)其他从句及惯用句型1. 与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反asifasthough好象(方式状语从句)Were/v-edhad+V-edCould/would+Vwishthat要是就好了;但愿(宾语从句)同上同上同上wouldrather/sooner/justassoon+(that)宁愿但愿(宾语从句)同上同上一般不用1.Iwishit_(be)springalltheyeararound.Iwishyou_(stay)alittlelonger.IwishI_(know)thenewslastweek.2.IfonlyI_(pass)thefinalexam.Ifonlyhe_(go)tothepartyyesterday.3.Hebehavesasthoughhe_(be)millionaire.Wetalkedasifwe_(be)friendsforyears.4.Butfor/Withoutmybrothershelp,I_（notfinish）thetask.Withouthismother,thekid_(drown).Butfor/Withoutairandwater,nolivingthingcouldexist(exist).5.Iwouldratheryou_(come)yesterday.Idrathershe_(notsit)nexttometonight.注:(1)wouldrather+vIwouldratherstayathometoday.wouldratherthan中用动词原形.Iwouldratherstayathomethangoouttoday.(2)wouldratherhave+v-ed,MarywouldratherhaveplayedtennislastSunday.Iwouldrather_(nottake)thedictionarywithmeyesterday.wouldratherhave+v-ed+than+v-edJohnwouldratherhavesleptthanworkedlastnight.Idrather_(go)totheHalloweenthan_(stay)athomeyesterday. 2.Itishigh/about/goodtimethat+V-ed(该是的时候了)Itistimethatmeasures_(take)topreventsuchevents.Itishightimeyou_(stop)idlingaboutandstartedlookingforajob.Itisabouttimethatwe_(go)tobed.3.一些动词后的宾语从句里的谓语要求should+V或省略should只用原形,如:advisecommanddecidedesireinsistaskdemandmovedirectorderpreferrequireurgestipulatemaintainprayproposerequestsuggestrecommend1.Themanagerofthecompanyinsistedthatallthestaffmembers_(observe)thenewsafetyrules.2.Heorderedthathe_(send)totendthesick.3.Isuggestedthathe_(refuse)theofferproposedbythatcompany.4.Herequestedthatallthebooks_(send)atonce.5.Thedirectorrequiredthateverymemberinhisdepartment_(refer)tothisreport.6.Iaskthathe_(notleave). 4.用来引出表语从句及同位语从句的一些同根的名词(MyideaisthatThesuggestionthat)adviceorderdesiredecisionrecommendationrequirementsuggestionunderstandingideamotionpraypreferenceproposaldemandnecessityregulation1.Youradvicethatshe_(wait)tillnextweekisreasonable.2.Ourdecisionisthatthediscussion_(putoff).3.Hersuggestionisthatwe_(challenge)theothergroupstoafriendlycompetition.4.Heissuedinstructionsthattheagent_(fly)toBostonrightnow.5.Myopinionisthatwe_(change)theplanatonce.6.Ouronlyrequestisthattheproblem_(solve)assoonaspossible.5.用于主语从句的一些形容词(Itis+/V-ed+that(should)+V)advisabledesirablepreferableurgentdesirednecessaryessentialimportantcrucialvitalappropriateproperimproperincrediblenaturaldreadfulstrangesurprisingtragicrecommendable1.Itisnecessarythathe_(come)nextweek.2.Itisdesiredthatwe_(get)everythingreadytonight.3.Itisimportantthatshe_(warn)beforeitistoolate.4.Itismostdesirablethathe_(attend)theconference.5.Itisimpossiblethathe_(make)amistakelikethat.6.Itisstrangethathe_(go)awaywithouttellingus.7.Itishisdemandthat_(punish).8.Itisoursuggestionthathe_(apply)foradmissiontothegraduateschool. 6.虚拟语气用在lest,forfearthat或incase引导的目的状语从句中.在由等引导的目的状语从句只能感需要虚拟语气,表示“以防,以免”等意思,其谓语动词多由should+动词原形构成,should也可省略.Hewaspunishedlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlest/forfearthathe_(forget)it.Pleaseremindherofitforfearthat/lestshe_(forget)it.Anextinguisherhasbeenplacedoneachfloorincaseafire_(breakout).Youdbettertakeanumbrellaincaseit_(rain).7.有时，otherwise,ifonly,suppose/supposing引导含蓄条件句，表示愿望、建议等，用虚拟语气1.IfonlyI_(pass)thefinalexam.Ifonlyhe_(go)tothepartyyesterday.Ifonlyhe_(be)here.2.Supposing/supposeshehadamillionpounds,how_she_(spend)it?3.Idontknowhisaddress,otherwise/orI_(write)tohim. 第九讲第九讲.复合句复合句1.名词性从句1)主语从句(that,what,whoever,whichever,wherever,whomever,why,when)Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.Whatyouhavesaidpuzzlesme.Whoevergetsthejobwillfallintosometroubles.Whytheyleftthecountryisasecret.Isittruethatthebestwaytolearnalanguageistolearnthespokenlanguage?2)表语从句(that,what,whoever,whichever,wherever,whomever,why,when,how,as,because,asif)Theirideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.Thefactisthatcomputersareofgreatbenefittothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thereasonwas_hewastoopoortoseeadoctor.Thereasonforourbeinglateis_thatwemissedthebus.Thequestioniswhatyouareafterinlife:fameorpersonalgain.Itlooksasifitsgoingtopour.Thatiswherewediffer.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.3)宾语从句(that,what,whoever,whichever,wherever,whomever,why,when,how,if,whether)Wepromisedthem(that)wewouldgivethemfurtherinformationsoon.Itookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.Weallthoughtitapitythattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.Nobodyknowsexactlywhere/when/why/howtheChinesepeopleinventedgunpowder.Iwasntcertainwhosebicycleitwas.Heeatswhateverheisgiven.Youmaybuywhicheveryouwant.Hisreportiscorrectexceptthatsomedetailsareomitted.MostoftheChinesepeopleusuallygotoworkonthebikeexceptwhenitrains.Doyouknowif/whethertheshopsareopenonweekends?Idontcare_itdoesntrain.Idontcare_itrainsornot.Idontcare_ornotyourcarbreaksdown.Idontknow_itwillrainorbesunny.Itdependson_heisready.Pleaseletmeknow_youintendcoming. 4)同位语从句1.Wecametotheconclusion_firstclassisthemostexpensivewaytotravel.2.Iacceptedthefact_Ididntpassmyentranceexam.3.Thereason_hedidsoisunknown.4.Thenarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.5.Theyarediscussingtheproblemhowtheyrunthefactory.6.Thereissomedoubt_shewillcometotheparty.7.Thereisnodoubt_shewillcometotheparty. 定语从句(that,which,when,who,whom,whose,why,where,as)1)Those_attendthemeetingwillgetafreeticketfortheconcert.2)Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedtheparty.3)Doyouknowthereason/cause_heiscrying?4)Thisisthebook_coverwasdesignedbyMr.Jones.Thisisthebookthecoverof_wasdesignedbyMr.Jones.5)Thedirectionin_aforceisactingcanbechanged.Thedirection_aforceisactingcanbechanged6)Thisisthehouse_Ilivedtwoyearsago.Thisisthehousein_Ilivedtwoyearsago.Thisisthehouse_Ilivedintwoyearsago.7)Mr.Chenghastwohouses,_arebuiltofbricks.8)Ihave80students,manyof_arefromthesouth.9)Ithadbeenpouringfordays,_delayedourproject.10)Suchpeople_youdescribearerarenowadays.11)Ihavethesametrouble_(you)have. 12)a.Heisthegreatestman_Ievermet.b.Heisthefirstperson_hasclimbedtothetopofthemountain.c.Hestealsanything_hecanlayhishandson.All_glittersisnotgold.d.Shereadsonlythethingsthatarecalledgoodbooks.Heistheveryperson_Iamlookingfor.ThisisthesamewatchthatIhavelost.ThisisthesamewatchasIhavelost.e.Thetrainranoveraboyandhisdog_werejustcrossingtherailroad.Thethingsandpeople_Isawduringmyvisittothecityleftadeepimpressiononme. 状语从句(1)everytime,eachtime,eversince,directlyUntilyoutoldme,Ihadnoideaofit.Itwasnotuntilhefellseriouslyillthathecametorealizehowimportanthealthis.(4)Thesooner,thebetter.(5)for/bythereasonthat,ontheground(s)that,consideringthat,Wedecidedagainstinstallingnewheatingapparatus,forthereasonthatitwouldbetoocostly.Thecasewasdismissedonthegroundthattherewasnoevidence.Consideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquiteagoodjob.Ipreferhisplantoyours,inthathisplanismorepractical.(6)so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数thatso+adj./adv.+thatsuch+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数thatsuch+adj.+可数名词复数thatsuch+adj.+不可数名词thatsuch+a/an+可数名词单数that_expensiveacarthat_anexpensivecarthat_expensivecarsthat_fineweatherthatin_ahurrythat (7)Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat/lestheshouldforgetit.Heputhiscoatoverthelittlegirlforfearthat/lestshe_catchcold.(8)onlyif,suppose/supposingthatIfonlyIknewtheanswertoyourquestion.IfonlyIhadbeenhereyesterday,theaccidentwouldneverhavehappened.IwilllendyouthebookonlyifyoureturnittomebeforeFriday. 第九讲第九讲.反意疑问句反意疑问句1.Youhaveanewcar,_dontyou_?Jackwasntannoyed,_washe_?2.Theymustbeinthelibrary,_arentthey_?Theymusthavegonetothelibrary,_haventthey_?Theymusthavebeentothelibraryyesterday,_didntthey_?3.Wemustworkintheevening,_mustntwe_?Youmustntwalkonthegrass,_mustyou_?4.Youmustgohomerightnow,_needntyou_?Hemustleaveearlybecauseheisntfeelingwell,_neednthe_?5.Youneedntdoyet,_needyou_?6.Hedarenotgothere,_darehe_?7.Dontmove,_willyou_?Goquickly,_willyou_?8.Letsgoforawalk,_shallwe_?Letusgotothemovies,_willyou_?Letsnotgotothedance,_ok/allright_?9.Heusedtoliveinthecountryside,_didnthe_?YouhavetostudyEnglish,_dontyou_?Youdbettergoatonce,_hadntyou_?Heoughttobepunished,_oughtnthe_?10.Wearrivedthereafterthesunhadset,_didntwe_?ShesaysIdidit,_doesntshe_?11.Idontthinkthatheisserious,_ishe_?Isupposeheisnotyettwenty,_ishe_?Weconsidersheistolame,_isntshe_?12.Thisisthethirdtimeheshadtostudylate,_isntit_?Thatsuitisexpensive,_isntit_?Thesebookswillbecomerubbishifyoudontmakeuseofthem,_wontthey_?13.Somebodyborrowedmybookyesterday,_didntthey_?Noonewashurt,_werethey_?NobodyphonedwhileIwasout,_didthey_?Nothingcanstopusnow,_canit_?14.Heseldomcametoseehisson,_didhe_?Birdsrarelybuildnestsinourgarden,_dothey_?Shescarcelygivesusalecture,_doesshe_?15.Therewontbeanytrouble,_willthere_?Thereseemstobeameetingintheoffice,_doesntthere_?