LITERATUREREVIEWDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview2WhatisLR?NAliteraturereviewdiscussespublishedinformationinaparticularsubjectarea,andsometimesinformationinaparticularsubjectareawithinacertaintimeperiod.NAliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview3WhatisLR?NAsummaryisarecapoftheimportantinformationofthesource,butasynthesisisare-organization,orareshuffling,ofthatinformation.NItmightgiveanewinterpretationofoldmaterialorcombinenewwitholdinterpretations.NOritmighttracetheintellectualprogressionofthefield,includingmajordebates.NAnddependingonthesituation,theliteraturereviewmayevaluatethesourcesandadvisethereaderonthemostpertinentorrelevant.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview4WhatisLR?NTheformatofareviewofliteraturemayvaryfromdisciplinetodisciplineandfromassignmenttoassignment.NAreviewmaybeaself-containedunit-anendinitself-oraprefacetoandrationaleforengaginginprimaryresearch.Areviewisarequiredpartofgrantandresearchproposalsandoftenachapterinthesesanddissertations.NGenerally,thepurposeofareviewistoanalyzecriticallyasegmentofapublishedbodyofknowledgethroughsummary,classification,andcomparisonofpriorresearchstudies,reviewsofliterature,andtheoreticalarticles.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview5WhatisLR?NAliteraturereviewistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.NAreviewmayformanessentialpartoftheresearchprocessormayconstitutearesearchprojectinitself.NInthecontextofaresearchpaperorthesistheliteraturereviewisacriticalsynthesisofpreviousresearch.NTheevaluationoftheliteratureleadslogicallytotheresearchquestion.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview6WhatisLR?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview7WhywriteLR?NLiteraturereviewsprovideyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic.Ifyouhavelimitedtimetoconductresearch,literaturereviewscangiveyouanovervieworactasasteppingstone.NLiteraturereviewsalsoprovideasolidbackgroundforaresearchpapersinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview8WhywriteLR?NForprofessionals,theyareusefulreportsthatkeepthemuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.NForscholars,thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfieldDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview9WhywriteLR?NThepurposeofaliteraturereviewisforyoutotakeacriticallookattheliterature(factsandviews)thatalreadyexistsintheareayouareresearching.NAliteraturereviewisnotashoppinglistofeverythingthatexists,butacriticalanalysisthatshowsanevaluationoftheexistingliteratureandarelationshipbetweenthedifferentworks.NItdemonstratestherelevanceoftheresearch.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview10WhywriteLR?NLiteraturecanincludebooks,journalarticles,internet(electronicjournals),newspapers,magazines,thesesanddissertations,conferenceproceedings,reports,anddocumentaries.NLiteraturereviewsarewrittenoccasionallyinthehumanities,butmostlyinthesciencesandsocialsciences;inexperimentandlabreports,theyconstituteasectionofthepaper.NSometimesaliteraturereviewiswrittenasapaperinitself.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview11WhywriteLR?NInthecontextofaresearchpaperonathesis,theliteraturereviewprovidesabackgroundtothestudybeingproposed.NThebackgroundmayconsideroneormoreofthefollowingaspectsdependingontheresearchquestionbeingposed:NTheoreticalbackgroundpast,presentorfutureNClinicalpracticepreviousorcontemporaryNMethodologyand/orresearchmethodsNPreviousfindingsNRationaleand/orrelevanceofthecurrentstudyDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview12WhywriteLR?NInabroadercontextHart(1998)liststhefollowingpurposesofareview:NDistinguishingwhathasbeendonefromwhatneedstobedone;NDiscoveringimportantvariablesrelevanttothetopic;NSynthesisingandgaininganewperspective;NIdentifyingrelationshipsbetweenideasandpractice;NEstablishingthecontextofthetopicorproblem;Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview13WhywriteLR?NRationalisingthesignificanceoftheproblem;NEnhancingandacquiringthesubjectvocabulary;NUnderstandingthestructureofthesubject;NRelatingideasandtheorytoapplications;NIdentifyingmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenused;NPlacingtheresearchinahistoricalcontexttoshowfamiliaritywithstate-of-the-artdevelopments.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview14WhywriteLR?NItspurposeisto:NPlaceeachworkinthecontextofitscontributiontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunderreviewNDescribetherelationshipofeachworktotheothersunderconsiderationNIdentifynewwaystointerpret,andshedlightonanygapsin,previousresearchNResolveconflictsamongstseeminglycontradictorypreviousstudiesNIdentifyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplicationofeffortNPointthewayforwardforfurtherresearchNPlaceonesoriginalwork(inthecaseofthesesordissertations)inthecontextofexistingliteratureDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview15WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NClarifyNIfyourassignmentisnotveryspecific,seekclarificationfromyoursupervisor/lecturer:NRoughlyhowmanysourcesshouldyouinclude?NWhattypesofsources(books,journalarticles,websites)?NShouldyousummarize,synthesize,orcritiqueyoursourcesbydiscussingacommonthemeorissue?NShouldyouevaluateyoursources?NShouldyouprovidesubheadingsandotherbackgroundinformation,suchasdefinitionsand/orahistory?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview16WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NFind modelsNLookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestorinthedisciplineandreadthemtogetasenseofthetypesofthemesyoumightwanttolookforinyourownresearchorwaystoorganizeyourfinalreview.YoucansimplyputthewordreviewinyoursearchenginealongwithyourothertopictermstofindarticlesofthistypeontheInternetorinanelectronicdatabase.Thebibliographyorreferencesectionofsourcesyouvealreadyreadarealsoexcellententrypointsintoyourownresearch.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview17WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NNarrow your topicNTherearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy.Thenarroweryourtopic,theeasieritwillbetolimitthenumberofsourcesyouneedtoreadinordertogetagoodsurveyofthematerial.Yourinstructorwillprobablynotexpectyoutoreadeverythingthatsoutthereonthetopic,butyoullmakeyourjobeasierifyoufirstlimityourscope.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview18WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NConsider whether your sources are currentNSomedisciplinesrequirethatyouuseinformationthatisascurrentaspossible.Inthesciences,forinstance,treatmentsformedicalproblemsareconstantlychangingaccordingtothelateststudies.Informationeventwoyearsoldcouldbeobsolete.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview19WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NHowever,ifyouarewritingareviewinthehumanities,history,orsocialsciences,asurveyofthehistoryoftheliteraturemaybewhatisneeded,becausewhatisimportantishowperspectiveshavechangedthroughtheyearsorwithinacertaintimeperiod.NTrysortingthroughsomeothercurrentbibliographiesorliteraturereviewsinthefieldtogetasenseofwhatyourdisciplineexpects.NYoucanalsousethismethodtoconsiderwhatishotandwhatisnot.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview20WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NFind a focusNAliteraturereview,likeatermpaper,isusuallyorganizedaroundideas,notthesourcesthemselvesasanannotatedbibliographywouldbeorganized.Thismeansthatyouwillnotjustsimplylistyoursourcesandgointodetailabouteachoneofthem,oneatatime.NNo.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview21WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NAsyoureadwidelybutselectivelyinyourtopicarea,considerinsteadwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether.NDotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions?NIsthereanaspectofthefieldthatismissing?NHowwelldotheypresentthematerialanddotheyportrayitaccordingtoanappropriatetheory?NDotheyrevealatrendinthefield?NAragingdebate?NPickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview22WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NConstruct a working thesis statementNThenusethefocusyouvefoundtoconstructathesisstatement.Yes!Literaturereviewshavethesisstatementsaswell!However,yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion;ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview23WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NSomesamplethesisstatementsforliteraturereviewsareasfollows:NThe current trend in treatment for congestive heart failure combines surgery and medicine.NMore and more cultural studies scholars are accepting popular media as a subject worthy of academic consideration.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview24WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NConsider organizationNYouvegotafocus,andyouvenarroweditdowntoathesisstatement.NNowwhatisthemosteffectivewayofpresentingtheinformation?NWhatarethemostimportanttopics,subtopics,etc.,thatyourreviewneedstoinclude?NAndinwhatordershouldyoupresentthem?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview25WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NDevelopanorganizationforyourreviewatbothaglobalandlocallevel:NFirst, cover the basic categoriesNJustlikemostacademicpapers,literaturereviewsalsomustcontainatleastthreebasicelements:anintroductionorbackgroundinformationsection;thebodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources;and,finally,aconclusionand/orrecommendationssectiontoendthepaper.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview26WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NIntroduction:Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview,suchasthecentralthemeororganizationalpattern.NBody:Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically,thematically,ormethodologically(seebelowformoreinformationoneach).NConclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar.Wheremightthediscussionproceed?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview27WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NThe introductionshouldprovidethereaderwiththescaleandstructureofyourreview.Itservesasakindofmap.NThe bodyofthereviewdependsonhowyouhaveorganisedyourkeypoints.Literaturereviewsatpostgraduatelevelshouldbeevaluativeandnotmerelydescriptive.Forexamplepossiblereasonsforsimilaritiesordifferencesbetweenstudiesareconsideredratherthanamereidentificationofthem.NThe conclusionofthereviewneedstosumupthemainfindingsofyourresearchintotheliterature.Thefindingscanberelatedtotheaimsofthestudyyouareproposingtodo.Thereaderisthusprovidedwithacoherentbackgroundtothecurrentstudy.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview28WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NOrganizing the bodyNOnceyouhavethebasiccategoriesinplace,thenyoumustconsiderhowyouwillpresentthesourcesthemselveswithinthebodyofyourpaper.Createanorganizationalmethodtofocusthissectionevenfurther.NTohelpyoucomeupwithanoverallorganizationalframeworkforyourreview,considerthesixtypicalwaysoforganizingthesourcesintoareview:NChronologicalNBy publicationNBy trendNThematicNMethodologicalNQuestions for Further ResearchDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview29WhatshouldIdobeforewritingtheliteraturereview?NSimilartoprimaryresearch,developmentoftheliteraturereviewrequiresfourstages:NProblemformulationwhichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?NLiteraturesearchfindingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexploredNDataevaluationdeterminingwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopicNAnalysisandinterpretationdiscussingthefindingsandconclusionsofpertinentliteratureDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview30Whatshouldyouwrite?NtheacceptedfactsintheareaNthepopularopinionNthemainvariablesNtherelationshipbetweenconceptsandvariablesNshortcomingsintheexistingfindingsNlimitationsinthemethodsusedintheexistingfindingsNtherelevanceofyourresearchNsuggestionsforfurtherresearchinthearea.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview31Whatshouldyouwrite?NLiteraturereviewsshouldcomprisethefollowingelements:NAnoverviewofthesubject,issueortheoryunderconsideration,alongwiththeobjectivesoftheliteraturereviewNDivisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.thoseinsupportofaparticularposition,thoseagainst,andthoseofferingalternativethesesentirely)NExplanationofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowitvariesfromtheothersNConclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredintheirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,andmakethegreatestcontributiontotheunderstandinganddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearchDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview32Whatshouldyouwrite?NInassessingeachpiece,considerationshouldbegivento:NProvenanceWhataretheauthorscredentials?Aretheauthorsargumentssupportedbyevidence(e.g.primaryhistoricalmaterial,casestudies,narratives,statistics,recentscientificfindings)?NObjectivityIstheauthorsperspectiveeven-handedorprejudicial?Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainpertinentinformationignoredtoprovetheauthorspoint?NPersuasivenessWhichoftheauthorsthesesaremost/leastconvincing?NValueAretheauthorsargumentsandconclusionsconvincing?Doestheworkultimatelycontributeinanysignificantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview33Whatshouldyouwrite?NLayoutNMakeyourliteraturereviewhaveanacademicandprofessionalappearance.HerearesomepointstomakethelookofyourreportappealingtothereaderNWhite space:leavespacebetweensections,especiallyfromtheabstract.Thisgivesanunclutteredeffect.NHeadings/sub-headings:thesehelptoseparateideas.NText boxes:youcanusetheseforquotationsorparaphrasingtoseparatethemfromtherestofyourtext.Itisalsopleasingtotheeye.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview34Whatshouldyouwrite?NGraphics:centreyourgraphics,suchasdiagramsortables,tohavespacearoundthem.Trynottoburygraphicsinyourtext.NPagination:youcannumberpagesorsectionsorboth,buttheimportantthingtodoistobeconsistent.Thecoverpagenormallyisnotnumbered.Thecontentpageandabstractpageusuallyhaveaseparatenumberingsystemtothebodyofyourliteraturereview.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview35Whatshouldyouwrite?NLanguage focusNCreateabalancebetweendirectquotation(citation)andparaphrasing.Avoidtoomuchdirectquoting.Theverbtensechosendependsonyouremphasis:NWhenyouarecitingaspecificauthorsfindings,usethepasttense:(found,demonstrated);NWhenyouarewritingaboutanacceptedfact,usethepresenttense:(demonstrates,finds);andNWhenyouarecitingseveralauthorsormakingageneralstatement,usethepresentperfecttense:(haveshown,havefound,littleresearchhasbeendone).Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview36Whatshouldyouwrite?NFinal checklistNHaveIfulfilledthepurposeoftheliteraturereview?NIsitwrittenatalevelappropriatetoitsaudience?NAreitsfactscorrect?NIsalltheinformationincludedrelevant?NArethelayoutandpresentationeasyontheeye?NIsthelanguageclear,conciseandacademic?NDoestheabstractsummarisetheentirereview?NDoestheintroductionadequatelyintroducethetopic?NIsthebodyorganisedlogically?NDoestheconclusioninterpret,analyseandevaluate?NAretherecommendationsreasonable?NDoesthetableofcontentscorrespondwiththeactualcontents?Arepagenumberscorrect?NHaveIacknowledgedallsourcesofinformationthroughcorrectreferencing?NHaveIcheckedspelling,grammarandpunctuation?NHaveIcarefullyproof-readthefinaldraft?Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview37Howtoreview?NThewholeprocessofreviewingincludes:a.Searchingforliteratureb.Sortingandprioritisingtheretrievedliteraturec.Analyticalreadingofpapersd.Evaluativereadingofpaperse.Comparisonacrossstudiesf.Organisingthecontentg.WritingthereviewDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview38Howtoreview?NComparison across studiesNTheaimistoextractkeypointsbycomparingandcontrastingACROSSstudies,insteadofreadingonepaperafteranother.NKeypointsforareviewmayconcernareasofsimilaritiesand/ordifferencesin:NResearchaim(s)orhypothesesNResearchdesignandsamplingNInstrumentsandproceduresusedNHowdatawereanalysedNResultsorfindingsNInterpretationsDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview39Howtoreview?NFindsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenstudiesatdifferent levels,e.g.:-philosophy-epistemology-morality-methodology-methods-typesofdata-dataanalysis-interpretationDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview40Howtoreview?NSetoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtrees.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview41Howtoreview?NTipsonwritingDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview42Howtoreview?oPitfalls - Vaguenessduetotoomuchorinappropriategeneralisations-Limitedrange-Insufficientinformation-Irrelevantmaterial-Omissionofcontrastingview-OmissionofrecentworkDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview43ExampleEarlyworkshaveaddressedsomeoftheproblemsandissuesdiscussedinvideoretrieval.Researchershavedevelopedideasandtoolsforsupportingvideoediting,forexamplein8.Theyhavedefinedaseamlessvideoeditinginthegradientdomain.Thespatio-temporalgradientfieldsoftargetvideosaremodifiedormixedtogenerateanewgradientfield,whichisusuallynotintegrateable.Theyhavealsodescribedhowsemanticinformationaboutvideocanbestructuredandusedforcontent-basedaccess.Fromageneralvideoarchivepointofview,theproblemwiththistoolisthelackofsupportformanagingvideodocumentstructures.AdigitalvideoarchiveservingdifferentcategoriesofusersshouldofferamorestructuredwayofdescribingvideocontentsDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview44ExampleHiddenMarkovModels(HMMs)arestatisticaltoolsthathavebeenusedsuccessfullyinmodellingdifficulttaskssuchasspeechrecognition15orbiologicalsequenceanalysis16.Inspiredbyasimilarspeechapplication,HiddenMarkovmodel(HMM)hasalsobeenappliedtoactivityrecognition.ThefirstapproachforthehumanmovementsbasedonHMMswasdescribedin13.Itdistinguishedbetweensixdifferenttennisstrokes.Thissystemdividedtheimageintomeshesandcountedthenumberofpixelsrepresentingthepersonforeachmesh.Thenumberswerecomposedtoafeaturevectorthatwasconvertedintoadiscretelabelbyavectorquantizer.ThelabelswereclassifiedbasedondiscreteHMMs.In8,anHMMisusedasarepresentationofsimpleactionswhicharerecognizedbycomputingtheprobabilitythatthemodelproducesthevisualobservationsequence.In14layeredHMMswereproposedtomodelsinglepersonofficeactivitiesatvarioustimegranularitiesDr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview45ExampleMostoftheexistingworkreliesonusingonlyasinglesourceofinformation(example,eitheraudioorvisualtrackdataalone).In4,theaveragevideoshotactivityandthedurationareusedasfeaturesforthecategorizationofmoviesaccordingtotheactions.Anactionscenewascharacterizedbytemporallylocalizedpropertiesofvideoshotswhichhavelittleornorecurringsimilarvisualcontents5.Althoughthesevisualcharactersareundoubtedlygoodindicatorsofrapidlyevolvingactioncontents,theyarenotenoughtodeterminethedesiredaction.Ontheotherhand,audio-basedactiondetectionwasindependentlyperformedonthesoundtrackin6.However,thisaudioalonemethodmayleadtomanypotentialfalsedetectedcasesbecausemanysoundsoftenmixdifferentnoisesandothersimilarbackgroundsound.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview46ExampleVideoPre-processingClassificationMotionGenreObjectEventShotColour Feature ExtractionEdge Feature ExtractionObjectCameraLengthDurationColour HistogramEdge DetectionEdge ClusteringPanZoomTranslationEdge CountRule-based classifiersRecognition resultFIGURE2.3SchematicdiagramforvideoclassificationSource:L.N.Abdullahetal.2005.Dr.LiliAnnSMM4999-LiteratureReview47Example