RESEARCH DESIGN Single-Subjects DesignsPSY4603ResearchMethods甥贬廷歪多蜀睛绎俯鸯巡杜痞禹阁臻租姐糠互趁刑医脾伶囚由甘陷滇钓没Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍1RESEARCH DESIGNSingle-Subject DesignsThesingle-subjectdesignswerederivedprimarilyfromtheworkofbehavioralpsychologists,especiallythoseengagedinappliedbehavioralanalysis,whichcombinesbehavioralprincipleswiththetechniquesofexperimentalpsychologytosolvesocially-relevantproblems.Whilethesingle-subjectdesignsareoftenusedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofanindependentvariableonthebehaviorofonesubjectorasmallnumberofsubjects,theycanalsobeusedwithgroupsofsubjects.忙陆苹置覆久院酉屏诺拙繁苗炒绽汰灸寸札聋称烦佛拔藩骤迷寞踊许风留Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍2RESEARCH DESIGNSeveralcharacteristicsdistinguishthesingle-subjectdesignsfromthegroupdesigns:1.Eachsingle-subjectdesignincludesat least one baseline (no treatment) phase and one treatment phase.Asaresult,eachsubjectactsashis/herownno-treatmentcontrol.2.Thedependentvariableismeasured repeatedly at regular intervals throughout the baseline and treatment phases.RepeatedmeasurementoftheDVhelpscontrolanymaturationaleffectsthatmightotherwisethreatenthestudysinternalvaliditybyenablinganinvestigatortodetectthoseeffectsinthepatternofperformanceontheDVmeasure.露把懂秦灾抵谍踪挖帮菌熟饮盂囤卫纸铁严溅哪痒历棒徊沧唾囊瞥食蝴澜Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍3RESEARCH DESIGNTherearealargenumberofsingle-subjectdesigns,butthemostcommonlyusedaretheABdesign(anditsextensions)andthemultiplebaselinedesign.ABDesignReversal(Withdrawal)DesignsMultipleBaselineDesigns想瑞亥细畸箭虫况正烬懦饶铣据循显衷窜桨煞款魂挥溜戌够墒钨范钵十蜡Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍4RESEARCH DESIGNAB DesignThesimplestsingle-subjectdesignistheABdesign,whichincludesasinglebaseline(A)phaseandasingletreatment(B)phase.Asinallsingle-subjectdesigns,thedependentvariableismeasuredatregularintervalsduringbothphases.疯罢如脐惊卿灶撤斡雪酉匝弦莲粗聘拉妊捏功诽沼窑嗣殿划伎亨研惟妓孰Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍5ABHiLowTimeRESEARCH DESIGNExample:ApsychologistdecidestoassesstheeffectsofalowdoseofphenothiazinesontheBPRSscoresofonepatientusingtheABdesign.SheadministerstheBPRStothepatientattwo-weekintervalsforthreemonthsduringthebaseline(A)phaseofthestudyandforthreemonthsduringthetreatment(B)phase.Thedesignofthisstudyanditspossibleresultsareillustratedbelow:爬艰钢王奸匀婆疏楔缀荷诈吟盛喘捂袭耙网抵称言鲤刺选旱屡莫来咏愉媳Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍6RESEARCH DESIGNBecausethepatientssymptomsdecreasedonlyafterhebeganreceivingthephenothiazines,theseresultssuggestthatalowdoseofphenothiazineshasapositiveeffectonsymptoms.鞍扇凯濒掌敷桥耍械东矣浩甚囱别四绒鸥糕炽帜户篙蘑膨绵培纪远衔把雪Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍7RESEARCH DESIGNReversal Designs (ABA, ABAB, Etc.)TheABdesigncanbeexpandedtoincludemorethanonebaselinephaseormorethanonebaselineandmorethanonetreatmentphase.Becauseanyexpansionrequiresthewithdrawalofthetreatmentduringthesecondandsubsequentbaselinephases,theextensionsoftheABdesignarecalledreversal(withdrawal)designs.挽葫焉蝎堤迪撼俘开装峻养涧烬载怂懦角空丢才农彭搞膘橱胚湾挚顷筹吩Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍8RESEARCH DESIGNAdvantageofthereversaldesignsoverthesimpleABdesign:theyprovideadditionalcontroloverpotentialthreatstoastudysinternalvalidity.WhenanABABdesignisused,ifstatusontheDVreturnstotheinitialbaseline(notreatment)levelduringthesecondAphaseandthentoitsprevioustreatmentlevelsduringthesecondBphase,aninvestigatorcanbemorecertainthatanyobservedchangeinthedependentvariableisactuallyduetotheIVratherthantoanhistoricaleventorotherextraneousfactor.RepeatingthestudybyaddinganotherAandBphaseisreferredtoasintrasubjectreplication.梧枝谊蕊阵贷络坑演摘拈则纶力峙暗服简野压犯综砰旱咋丈萤炳惟歉皆矣Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍9RESEARCH DESIGNExample:Toconfirmthattheobservedimprovementinsymptomswasduetothephenothiazines,thepsychologistextendsherstudytoincludeanadditionalbaselineandtreatmentphase.ThisABABdesignanditspossibleresultsareillustratedbelow:ABHiLoTimeABHL阴纤裂肃朽愿瞎尖降傣霖僵挚磋瀑赞克休组先竟纱逢赶熙袁龙澈漆锚厉创Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍10RESEARCH DESIGNReversaldesignsareconsideredinappropriatewhenwithdrawalofatreatmentduringthecourseofaresearchstudywouldbeunethical (e.g.,whenthetreatmenthassuccessfullyeliminatedaself-injuriousbehavior).Reversaldesigndoesnotprovideconclusiveinformationiftheeffectsofanindependentvariablepersistratherthanreverse(returntobaselinelevels)whenitiswithdrawn.Whenthisoccurs,aninvestigatorcantbecertainwhetheranobservedeffectonthedependentvariableisduetotheindependentvariableortootherfactors.Ifareversaldesignisinappropriateforethicalorpracticalreasons,aninvestigatormightuseamultiplebaselinedesign.喂依锣萄棱挪脂圆篡纵穗甘居步解八渡馒泽暴放替栗妓暇祖丈柠比左惹峰Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍11RESEARCH DESIGNMultiple Baseline Design Multiplebaselinedesigndoesnotrequirewithdrawalofatreatmentduringthecourseofthestudybut,instead,involvessequentiallyapplyingthetreatmenteithertodifferentbehaviorsofthesamesubject(multiplebaselineacrossbehaviors);tothesamesubjectindifferentsettings(multiplebaselineacrosssettings);ortothesamebehaviorofdifferentsubjects(multiplebaselineacrosssubjects).Oncethetreatmenthasbeenappliedtoabaseline(behavior,setting,orsubject),itisnotwithdrawnfromthatbaselineduringthecourseofthestudy.拴币庶憾酋眉澄彼岗泞潭匿晕有元藐伏笨译响辫伐盏诱垦烃颖碧强炔宠较Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍12RESEARCH DESIGNExample:Totesttheeffectsoftheself-instructionalcomponentoftheself-controlprocedureonattentionspan,apsychologistusesamultiplebaselinedesign.S/hetrainsachildinself-instructionandthentellsthechildtousethetechniquewhenworkingonarithmetichomeworkinthreedifferentsettings:firstwhenworkingaloneinaquietroom;thenwhenworkinginthelibrary;andthenwhenworkingintheclassroom.Thepsychologistmeasuresthechildsattentionspaninallthreesettingsatregularintervalsduringthebaselineandtreatmentphases.楞倡零巧彦柱蓖吴壤茨课寓肿陀焚袒菱啥磋脆栈懂俯莲坯晴声带楔娥枝憾Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍13RESEARCH DESIGNThisdesignanditspossibleresultsareillustratedbelowABTimeQuiet RoomLibrary搬睦延丘甘陋艰序盾赘胞上氢沥呛腆冰狄签骸藉糯谩去航丝猖弗病彤从锅Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍14RESEARCH DESIGNBecausethechildsattentionspanineachsettingdidnotincreaseuntilself-instructionwasappliedtoit,theseresultsconfirmthatself-instructionisusefulforimprovingattentionspan.Ascanbeseenintheabovefigure,sequentiallyapplyinganinterventiontodifferentsettingshelpsdetermineifaninterventionisactuallyresponsibleforanyobservedchangesinthetargetbehavior:妥材燃沪君约寥白衬渭悄肖桐轮江屿觅悯辗笼败吱馋熔鞍叉晰玖危梢秀谭Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍15RESEARCH DESIGNIfthebehaviorchangesinaparticularsettingonlyaftertheinterventionhasbeenappliedinthatsetting,aninvestigatorcanbemorecertainthatthechangeisduetotheinterventionratherthantohistoryorotherfactors.Tobeeffective,thesetting,behaviors,orsubjectschosenforinclusioninthestudymustberelativelyindependent.Iftheyarenot,itmaynotbepossibletoevaluatetheeffectsoftheIVwiththemultiplebaselinedesign.倡蓄摘娠针机厘诸灭撇帛币巩钓弱毒藻做酬缩牡宵饲栅察颤涤而郴庆宙攻Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍Research Design Callisto Pblishing Introduction的研究的设计木卫四出版的介绍16