The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 精品文档Unit7SocialWelfareTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland精品文档Think about these questions before we start:What does “cradle to grave” mean? What is the role played by the “NHS”?Do you know current forms of British social welfare ?Warming-upActivities精品文档Contents PersonalSocialServicesinBritainHousingandUrbanPolicy SocialSecurityHealthCareIVIVEducationandSocialPolicyV VIII精品文档TheBeveridgeschemecomprehensivenessclassesofinsuranceflatratebenefitsflatratecontributionsadequacyunifiedadministrationSocialSecurity精品文档TheBeveridgeschemecomprehensivenessclassesofinsuranceflatratebenefitsflatratecontributionsadequacyunifiedadministrationSocialSecurity精品文档IncomesupplementsSocialsecurityforunemployedpeoplePensionsSocialSecurity精品文档Child BenefitThe basic arguments for Child Benefit are:- it is paid to the mother, who may have no other income- it is not means-tested and takeup is very high - it is simple to administer- it avoids problems like the poverty trap and stigma- it helps to protect the position of the working poor.SocialSecurity精品文档The arguments against are:- it is not well targeted.- the redistribution is horizontal from people without children to people with children - rather than vertical, from rich to poor. Child Benefit may redistribute from a poor single person to a better-off family.SocialSecurity精品文档After 1948, three departments were responsible for personal social services:health departments, responsible for public health and various aspects of social care; welfare departments, responsible for residential care and help to elderly and disabled people; Childrens departments, responsible for child care. PersonalSocialServices精品文档Slopping out, 1938. Victorian prisons had no toilets in cells. Following repeated legal action in the last ten years, toilet facilities have now been introduced in nearly all British prisons - but late in 2011, 2000 cells精品文档After 1948, three departments were responsible for personal social services:health departments, responsible for public health and various aspects of social care; welfare departments, responsible for residential care and help to elderly and disabled people; Childrens departments, responsible for child care. PersonalSocialServices精品文档Child care policyCommunity care policyServices to criminal justicePersonalSocialServices精品文档 Since 2001, these objectives have been replaced by aims which have more to do with community based punishment: the service is intendedto protect the public to reduce offending to provide for theper punishment of offenders to ensure that offenders are aware of the effects of crime, and to rehabilitate offenders. PersonalSocialServices精品文档Owner-occupationThisexpansionhasledtootherproblems,includingfinancialhardshipwhenincomesareunstabledifficultywiththefinancecompaniesworkingatthelowerendofthemarketlegalproblemsstructuralproblems,becausethehousesareofteninferiorvulnerabilitytomarketfluctuations,particularlysincethederegulationofthemarketinthelate1980sHousingandUrbanPolicy精品文档housing, and the housing it replacedA hostel for homeless people in the 1930s精品文档SocialhousingPrivaterentedhousingProblemestatesHousingandUrbanPolicy精品文档An unpopular estate, emptied in preparation for demolitionAn unpopular estate, with burnt out car精品文档Examplesofproblemsinpoorareasare:Vandalism.Rubbish.Homemaintenance.Lackofcommunityfacilities.Emptyhousing.Design.HousingandUrbanPolicy精品文档UrbandeprivationandtheinnercitiesThebasiccriticismsofinnercitypolicyare:themajorityofpoorpeopledonotliveintheinnercities.themajorityofpeoplelivingintheinnercitiesarenotpoor.thedefinitionofdeprivedareashasbeensuspect.theindicatorsused-likecarownership-haveabiastowardsurbanareas.evenifthepremisesofarea-basedpoliciesareaccepted,therearemajorconcentrationsofdeprivationontheedgesofcities.HousingandUrbanPolicy精品文档Prior to 1948, health services were mainly based on three sources:Charity and the voluntary sector. Private health care. Hospitals were fee paying or voluntary; primary care was mainly fee-paying or insurance-based. The Poor Law and local government. Poor Law hospitals were transferred to local government by the 1930 Poor Law Act. Healthcare精品文档精品文档TheNHSinprincipleTheNHSandthehospitalsTheorganisationoftheNHSHealthcare精品文档Nurses demonstrate over low pay, 1982精品文档Educational standards A series of conservative critiques of the education system in the 1970s argued thatthe abandonment of selection had been destructive; discipline in schools had been eroded; new teaching methods had failed. By contrast, the schools inspectorate made a very different set of criticisms of schooling:Comprehensives had imitated grammar schools instead of developing their own kind of curriculum. Exams dominated the curriculum unreasonably. Virtually all schools let down the less able pupils. Educationandsocialpolicy精品文档Reforms in education There have been three main trends in recent reforms. Centralisation. Assessment by outcomes. The use of “initiatives”. Education and social policy精品文档SummaryandReflectionRelate to what you have learned in Chapter 10, state your own understanding of the following questions:1. What is NHS? What are its core principles?2. What are the Reforms in education in Britain mainly about?3. Who is Beveridge? What is his contribution to British society?精品文档The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 精品文档