A COURSE OFCHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONEnter第一第一章章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介第二第二章章 翻译的过程翻译的过程第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比第四第四章章 词的翻译词的翻译第五第五章章 句子的翻译句子的翻译 （上）（上）第六第六章章 句子的翻译句子的翻译 （下）（下）第七章第七章 常见文体的翻译常见文体的翻译第八章第八章 常见错误例析常见错误例析目录：目录： 翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践，而且还 应因该讲翻译历史与翻译理论，这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系，不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结，翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华，而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践，无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。 林克难 第一章 翻译原则简介一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1. 翻译的定义和内涵2. 中国几位翻译家的理论3. 中国翻译史上的论争4. 直译与意译5. 归化与异化6. 段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第二章 翻译的过程一、教学目的：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略。二、教学过程：1.理解与表达2.习惯与表达3.段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三章 英汉词汇现象的对比一、教学目的：了解英汉两种语言表达的不同，词汇对应与不对应等情况。二、教学过程：1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差异：2. 英汉词语完全对应3. 英汉词语部分对应4. 英汉词语不对应5. 汉英表达尽量简洁6. 形合和意合7. 段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教学目的：要求准确理解句子中词的意义，从而在翻译时做出正确的选择。二、教学过程：1. 词义多样性2. 词义的对等3. 词义的选择4. 词语翻译练习第四章 词的翻译English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程：1. 增译法2.省译法3.词类转换4.正说反译、反说正译法5.翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程：1.重译法2.语态变换法3.无主句译法4.翻译练习 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体的翻译常见文体的翻译一、教学目的：要求理解并熟悉常见文体（含旅游景点、欢迎词/祝词、广告等）的翻译，力求在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程：1.旅游景点2.欢迎词、祝词3.广告的翻译4.翻译练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 1翻译的定义和内涵：（翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craft? 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践，而且还因该讲翻译历史与翻译理论，这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系，不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结，翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华，而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践，无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。 林克难 译译史史译译论论译译作作并并重重经经验验科科学学中中西西合合璧璧林林克克难难English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2中中国国几几位位翻翻译译家家的的理理论论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似spiritual conformity/, Resemblance in Spirit, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original. 强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境Transmigration(1964). Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness. 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介3中国翻译史上的论争中国翻译史上的论争鲁迅：宁信而不顺-rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信-rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。 翻译理论的学习：“细读原作，理清细读原作，理清脉络，联系实际，勤（善）于思索。脉络，联系实际，勤（善）于思索。”林克难（天津外国语大学）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介4直译与意译直译与意译直译：literal translation；意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿；chain reaction 连锁反应；gentlemens agreement 君子协定one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎；Breath ones last 断气；go to ones external rest 安息；the long sleep 长眠；see Marx 见马克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂；kick the bucket 蹬腿：You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介直译不等于死译(dead translation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adams apple句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish直译：小鱼不吃大鱼；意译：胳膊拧不过大腿试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介5 归归 化化 与与 异异 化化 （ domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。归化派代表人物尤金奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等What is functional equivalence?1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin “The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”- NidaFor instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。Spring up like mushrooms-雨后春笋Everybodys business is nobodys business. 三个和尚无水喝Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。 在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中，多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此，从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时，都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴，包括文化。特别要强调的是，在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积极创造条件，弘扬中华文化，帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一第一章章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介异化派代表人物韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:All roads lead to Rome: 条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成：班门弄斧班门弄斧：show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.Hence：Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成：趁热打铁If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能：一巴掌扇到西天去。武松要吃酒，哪里听他人发说，一转身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 6段落翻译练习段落翻译练习 沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。Understanding Translation 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin （1 1）离家）离家心里颇不宁静（文眼）心里颇不宁静（文眼）（2 23 3）走在路上走在路上（环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）（环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影（光和影）月光、月影（光和影）（45）荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色（冷清幽邃（冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁）淡淡的哀愁）（6）（710）回忆江南回忆江南联想，渴望自由联想，渴望自由 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 沿着沿着荷塘荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。（“曲曲折、幽僻、寂寞折、幽僻、寂寞”三种情景前后三种情景前后有何联系？）有何联系？）荷塘四面，长着许荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁，多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。虽然月光也还是淡淡的。 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know. When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them. Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale. Source 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin To outsiders this is a rather simple question to answer. In their eyes, people read and understand the original first and then translate, and this is the whole process. However, is the process of translating so simple as this? (1) Reading: Reading from the perspective of a translator is totally different from everyday reading. (2) Understanding: At this stage, we should bear in mind all the participants involved in the translating process, the SL text, the translator, the TL text, and the readeretc.(3) Expression: To express in the target language what we have understood. 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (4) Proof-reading: At this stage, we have usually finished our translation, but since we have been indulging ourselves in translating for so long, we most probably have become numb in thinking and cannot distinguish what is idiomatic English or Chinese. So we had better put the draft aside for a number of days and then pick it up for proofreading. This way, we may easily detect what has been lost in our translation. Besides, we are suggested to read the translation aloud, which can help us detect unidiomatic expressions on the one hand, and inadequacy of style on the other. 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1Understanding & ExpressionDo you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?It is an order from President Bush/ I dont care if it is from bush, tree, or grass. 这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。The old mans heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl. 这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。123 Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary.( Peter. New Mark)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A good dancer never missed a beat. 善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍（总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点）If we dont hang together, they shall hang us separately. 咱们要是不摽到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致，必然一个个被人绞死。 我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 世间有这样一条公认的真理，凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。 (?) 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程123 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Gonna fight with me? Tellem I am ready for it. I am always ready for it. 想和我打架？告诉他们我奉陪，我随时奉陪。He was glad because he couldnt have to send me away without buying anything. 他总能买点什么让我带走，这令他很高兴。The market in China is an almost bottomless pit. 中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。 中国的市场无限巨大。 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程123 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary. 第二章第二章 词语翻译词语翻译习惯与表达习惯与表达2. Indeed ExpressionAnna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。 改正：安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把细长的黑雨伞。Dont trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自寻烦恼。 Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩（F）/ 失业人数总是减不下来，已经十多个年头了。红白喜事 the red and white things -weddings and funerals English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3. 段落翻译练习(1) (2) 曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。 Translation 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin （1 1）离家）离家心里颇不宁静（文眼）心里颇不宁静（文眼）（2 23 3）走在路上走在路上（环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）（环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁）月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影（光和影）月光、月影（光和影）（45）荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色（冷清幽邃（冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁）淡淡的哀愁）（6）（710）回忆江南回忆江南联想，渴望自由联想，渴望自由English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Above the winding lotus pond, leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes. Leaves are high above the water, like the skirts of slim dancing girls. In those layers of leaves, dotted with white flowers here and there, some are gracefully in bloom, some shyly in bud, like scattered pearls, like stars in the clear sky, like beautiful girls just after a bath. Where gentle winds pass, there are wisps of light perfume, like faint songs coming from distant high buildings. Source 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程12122 34 曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin At this moment, there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves, like lightning, streaking across the lotus pond suddenly. Leaves are shoulder to shoulder, closely standing together, now there is a patch of green water. Water is flowing silently under the leaves, it is hidden, no color can be seen, but more charming are the leaves. 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 12122 34 这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，像闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水,遮住了,不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A.A.月月光光如如流流水水一一般般，静静静静地地泻泻在在这这一一片片叶叶子子和和花花上上。薄薄薄薄的的青青雾雾浮浮起起在在荷荷塘塘里里。叶叶子子和和花花仿仿佛佛在在牛牛乳乳中中洗洗过过一一样样；又又像像笼笼着着轻轻纱纱的的梦梦。虽虽然然是是满满月月，天天上上却却有有一一层层淡淡淡淡的的云云，所所以以不不能能朗朗照照；但但我我以以为为这这恰恰是是到到了了好好处处酣酣眠眠固固不不可可少少，小小睡睡也也别别有有风风味的。味的。 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234Translation 3. 段落翻译练习段落翻译练习(1) (2)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Moonlight is like flowing water, pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers. Filmy mists rise in the lotus pond. The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cows milk, like a dream covered with light yarn. Although it is a full moon, there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky. The moon cannot get through to give full light. But I think its just about perfect- although sound sleeps are necessary, naps also have a special flavor. Source 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234 月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月，里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处酣酣眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Moonlight is passing through trees. Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows, like ghosts. The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparsely drawn on the lotus leaves. Moonlight in the pond is not even, but lightness and shadows are in harmony, like sublime music played on a violin. B. 月月光光是是隔隔了了树树照照过过来来的的，高高处处丛丛生生的的灌灌木木，落落下下参参差差的的斑斑驳驳的的黑黑影影，峭峭楞楞楞楞如如鬼鬼一一般般；弯弯弯弯的的杨杨柳柳的的稀稀疏疏的的倩倩影影，却却又又像像是是画画在在荷荷叶叶上上。塘塘中中的的月月色色并并不不均均匀匀；但但光光与与影影有有着着和和谐谐的的旋旋律律，如如梵梵婀婀玲玲上上奏奏着着的名曲。的名曲。Translation 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三章第三章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差异思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expressed by words /Without thinking，language would be meaningless那么，思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知：思维-表现法-语言具体形式。中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国，即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关，所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体，人类文化与天命自然统一。The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate.1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然；不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论，即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中，则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物，万物归于道”等，这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式，比如在语言表现法中有回环式：“人不犯我，我不犯人”，及递进式表达：“道高一尺，魔高一丈”。所以，中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它们不仅在语言上如此，在文化艺术、经济活动中也都占有统治地位。1234567 第三第三章章汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，I do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。1234567 雅加达English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比也就是说，He wants us to believe in the struggle, not in the fate. 诸多此类像美国人热衷于job-hopping (跳槽)，美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比如，从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现：The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before. And the Americans a person who does things because they havent been done before.中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.美国人喜欢尝试新事物，很大程度上因为他们认为更新的可能是更好的。1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比通过研究可知，英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言，这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合，特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. 英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通达，对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说，培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范，以至被称为：Kings English。 1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比综上所述，我们不难理解：西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思 维 ， 擅 长 抽 象 思 维 ， 总 是 先 概 括 后 分 解 (Topic S-Supporting S）、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。试举例说明：我原先打算七月一日飞香港，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应先概括，将语义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成 It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to fly to Hong Kong On July 1st.1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比再看下面典型的例句：“在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”让我们看英语的语序：I strongly believe that its in the interests of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可见，汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，而英语则相反。1234567 On the Causes of the Disparities between Chinese and EnglishAbstract: There exist many disparities between Chinese and English, which were influenced deeply by their own traditional philosophy, thought pattern and natural geographical conditions. This essay will probe into the causes from the three aspects with numerous analyses and point out that, Chinese is an analytic language, whose main characteristics are shaped from the philosophical concept of viewing the universe as a whole, thought pattern revolving around the subject, figurative thinking and the semi-closed continental geographical conditions; while while English English is is a a synthetic synthetic language, language, whose whose differences differences from from Chinese Chinese can can be be traced traced back back to to its its analytic analytic concept concept in in traditional traditional philosophy, philosophy, abstract abstract thinking, thinking, thought thought pattern pattern moving moving around around the the object, object, and and open open maritime geographical conditions.maritime geographical conditions.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比2. 汉英词语完全对应汉英词语完全对应（word for word correspondence）Aspirin； Marxism； Capitalism； modernism.3. 汉汉英英词词语语部部分分对对应应 (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning )Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；Morning: 早晨、上午部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的翻译：Late in the morning 接近晌午/ Early in the morning 一大早；而mid-morning 等最好用时间表示：Mid morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点In the middle of next week: 下周三前后 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比4. 汉英词语不对应 (words without correspondence ):Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年; Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人; Prey: 被捕食的动物; Porridge: 牛奶燕麦粥（Combination of milk and oatmeal）; Individualism 个人主义; Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族5. 汉英表达尽量简洁（Brevity）Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处于罚款5英镑。废物入筐，违者罚款5磅。Clothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. 不管你怎样伪装，我都能看透你。 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比6 形 合 和 意 合 （ hypotaxis and parataxis）例如：Dont come in until I call you. 我叫你再进来。条件：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago. (他）离开北京五年了, 从未回去过。结果：He read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他读的太快，我们听不清楚。原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。转折：It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature. 江山易改，禀性难移。12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比对比：The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous. 道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people. 上海是资本家的乐园，劳动群众的苦海。If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。12 Do not remember a favor given; do not forget a favor received. Version2： 施恩勿念，受恩勿忘。施恩勿念，受恩勿忘。“惠”和“恩”可视为一对同义词； “施”和“受”是一对反义词； “无念”意为“不要放在心上”，“莫忘”意为“不要忘记”， 汉语译文是祈使句， 两句话， 八个字，完全对称。 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。张培基：We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.杨宪益：We crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw (was seeing) to my luggage. 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 英汉词汇现象的对比英汉词汇现象的对比7段落翻译练习：江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们，平日就感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁施过，还得带一身污泥回来。(摘自唐弢故乡的雨) Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing to mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, youll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich mans car flashing past may splash you all over with mud. English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1. The Diversity of Word Meaning（词义的多样性）（词义的多样性） The meaning of a word is not uniform but diversified and multidimensional. A case in point is the word seat in the sentence The District of Columbia is the seat of the national government. The usual sense of the word offers us no satisfactory solution. It is now obvious that the key to translating the sentence lies in a proper understanding of this single word. Consultation of dictionaries tells us that seat, apart from its usual sense of a place for sitting can also mean center or a place where a particular activity happens. Therefore, the sentence can be rendered into 哥伦比亚是国家政府的所在地。1 2 3 4 5English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Such examples abounds in the Chinese and English languages. For instance, 红茶 is translated into black tea instead of red tea; fresh milk is translated into 鲜奶, but get fresh with a woman can only be 调戏妇女. The same is true of cat (猫) when it is used as a single word and in the sentence She is a cat. (她是一个邪恶的女人) All these examples show the diversity of word meaning and the barrier it causes to the translator who, unfortunately, has got to wrestle with each of the words in a text. A good knowledge of different types of word meaning now seems apparent. 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4 5English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 同舟共济be/row/sail in the same boat “夹着尾巴” “ with his tail between his legs” “sing a different tune” 唱反调 “to start expressing a different attitude and reacting in a different way, after something as happened“ (LDCE) =变卦The translated version唱反调is a Chinese expression that indicates opposition, something the English original does not possess. 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译The major types of word meaning are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning.1 2 3 4 5English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, In practice, connotative meaning may include stylistic meaning and affective meaning, which can be respectively graded into formal, informal, literary, archaic and slang and appreciative and pejorative. 政治家: “Statesman” -a political or government leader, esp. one who is respected as being wise, honorable, and fair-minded (LDCE), and is often used appreciatively. “Politician” - someone who is skilled at dealing with people in a way that is advantageous to himself or herself or at using a system to his or her advantage (LDCE) and is often used pejoratively. 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4 5English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Stylistic Meaning小便: piss and pee ; “wash ones hands” , or do ones business. 雨后春笋(spring up like) bamboo shoots after a spring shower mushroom after a spring shower 爆发户: upstart/mushroom millionaire 布衣蔬食 wear cotton clothes and eat vegetable food coarse clothes and simple fare 谈恋爱 have love affairs with sb. have a walk-out with sb., date with sb., be in courtship, walk out with sb., or go out regularly with sb. 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4 5English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译2. Lexical Equivalence (词义对等）词义对等）日 Sun Equivalence is a relative translation terminology . (1) There are very few absolute or real equivalents in the two strikingly different languages like Chinese and English; (2) Most of the efforts should be spent in seeking possible equivalents in the target language that are nearly corresponding in meaning to the word in the source language. faithfulness1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 东方时空-Oriental Time and Space 德国-Germany等腰三角形-isosceles triangle断层山-fault mountain计算机-computer 助教-assistant teacher场磁铁-field magnet地盾-shield书 架-book shelf新生儿-newborn babyfrom beginning to end-从头到尾family property-家产helicopter-直升飞机The Atlantic Ocean-大西洋strike while the iron is hot-乘热打铁lose face-丢脸Failure is the mother of success-失败是成功之母 a near neighbor is better than a far-dwelling kinsman-远亲不如近邻bull market-牛市trump card-王牌 2.1 Absolute Equivalents（完全对等）（完全对等） 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2.2 Partial Equivalents （部分对等）（部分对等）警察： “policeman,” “constable,” “bobby,” “cop,” “smoky,” ;侮辱 ： A Modern Chinese Dictionary, means do harm to ones personality or reputation; be humiliated. (使对方的人格或名誉受到损害, 蒙受耻辱). abuse, insult and slander. More Examples can be seen in Chapter III. 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2.3Explanatory Equivalents（解说式对等）（解说式对等） It is the best in the process of translating if the translate can find an absolute equivalent; It is still satisfactory if a word can find one or more partial equivalents in the target language. But there are times when the translator may have to face such a dismal/gloomy reality that there are no equivalents either absolute or partial for the original. In other words, what exists in the source language does not exist in the target language. 衙门：yamen 杂碎：chop-suey大饼：dabin 油条：youtiao风水：fengshui 饺子：jiaozi豆腐：toufu 炒面：choumian 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3. Choosing Proper Words(词的选择）词的选择） 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译 Since word meaning is so diversified and multidimensional and equivalents are so difficult to find, we must choose words very carefully when we translate because a proper choice sometimes matters a lot to the overall translation. But meanwhile, we must guard against false friends, words that look similar but mean quite differently in different languages. Method: According to the CONTEXT the word ina. 金鸡金鸡鞋油：颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝。 Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. 1 2 3English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin b.老王说，他没着没着了。Lao Wang said that he was at the end of his tether. c. 我不仅暗自发笑暗自发笑：你有什么必要说 “sorry”呢？I cant help chuckling: why do you need to say sorry?吊膀子 has nothing to do with arm, but means flirt, 泡马子 can only mean court/woo a girl since the literal meaning of 泡 (soap into) makes no sense to native English speakers. 钓大鱼(to wait for a bigger return), 打水漂(to spend money in a wasteful way), 下海(to engage in doing business), 格格不入 (be inconsistent with), 半拉子工程 (uncompleted project), 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin d. 他是在苦水苦水中泡大的。He was brought up in misery.e. 我们的朋友遍天下天下。We have friends everywhere.f. 有一个字，整天挂挂在美国人的嘴边，那就是sorry。There is a word that is frequently said by/on the lips of Americans. That is sorry.笑掉大牙白酒 红眼 街道妇女 减肥操 slimnastics (reducing weight/fat exercise) 干货 婚约 三角恋 秋波 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2 3English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译4. Exercises for Word Translation 地下游览惊险刺激惊险刺激。郭彩娣笑了，赞赏他的口才说：说话真会绕弯绕弯。 别了别了，司徒雷登！你能算出那颗子弹的初速度初速度吗？我在校门口和他分手。她怕碰一鼻子灰碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又吞了下去。他吹得天花乱坠。天花乱坠。打得赢就打，打不赢就走走。 （Translation）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Key to exercise 4-4 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译 The underground voyage is full of dangers and risks. The underground voyage is full of adventure and risk.Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: He certainly knows how to beat around the bush. Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: He certainly knows how to keep you guessing.”Goodbye, Leighton Stuart! Farewell, Leighton Stuart! Can you calculate the initial speed of the bullet? Can you calculate the initial velocity of the bullet?(Source)1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (Source)I parted with him at the school gate. I parted from him at the school gate.She was afraid of being snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came to her lips. He bragged in the most fantastic terms. (give an extravagantly colourful description)Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win. Key to exercise 4-4 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）增词法增词法1. 增译法增译法(Amplification) 1 2 3 4 5 The theoretical basis for this method is shown in the fact that English is a language of hypotaxis while Chinese a language of parataxis. The former means that the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological. The latter, however, means that clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form. English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin DiscussionDiscussion：知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知己不知彼，每战必殆。 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）增词法增词法 （若）知己（而又）知彼，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）增词法增词法 Discussion：他跑来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非害怕，他实在亲眼见过。 He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide. He was going to block up the mouth of the cave so that he could moult in secret. He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs. 1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）增词法增词法 凭窗站了一会儿，微微的觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱。Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round 对不起，我恐怕来不了了。Excuse me. Im afraid I cannot come. 我们老地方见。Lets meet at the usual place. 公共场所禁止抽烟。Smoking is prohibited in public places. Discussion：1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）增词法增词法 英语系教学力量雄厚，学生在全国英语专业四、八级考试中，成绩处同类院校的前列。 The Department of English boasts a strong faculty of high dedication and competence, and as a result, students in the Department have been scoring high in the national English tests (TEM 4 and TEM 8). 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.人人为我，我为人人。 All for one, and one for all. 你想走就先走吧。 If you want to leave, leave first. Discussion：1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）省译法省译法 2. 省译法省译法 （Omission） Omission is a rhetorical device that frequents both Chinese and English. For instance, 若是死时，我与你们同死；活时， （我与你们）同活。（水浒第二回）；七月（蟋蟀）在野，八月（蟋蟀）在宇，九月（蟋蟀）在户，十月蟋蟀入我床下。（诗经）；As a translation technique, it means deleting what is redundant in the translation so as to make it concise and idiomatic. It is a method based on the assumption that word-for-word or even sentence-for-sentence translation will usually result in inadequate translation, producing works either awkward in wording or redundant in content. 1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）省译法省译法 Discussion：The Chinese language contains a large number of idioms that are composed of two parts that depend on repetition of meaning to achieve rhythm or balance, for example,铜墙铁壁天摇地动丰功伟绩能说会道谈天说地目瞪口呆Chinese expressions also abound in verbs or nouns that repeat themselves to achieve emphasis. In translating them into English, we retain only one of the verbs or nouns and omitted all the others for the sake of conciseness. bastion of iron, earth-shaking, great accomplishments, to have the gift of the gab, to have a casual chat,dumbfounded 1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）省译法省译法 (1)我们必须培养分析问题问题、解决问题问题的能力。(2)We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.(3)(2) 她看看看看我，又看看看看其他人，没有说话。(4)He looked at me, and then at the others, and said nothing.(5)(3) 我们必须坚持坚持社会主义道路，坚持坚持人民民主专政，坚持坚持共产党的领导，坚持坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。(6)We must adhere to the socialist road, the peoples democratic dictatorship, the Communist Partys leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.Discussion：1 2 3 4English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上） 省译法省译法 In translation from Chinese to English there are two other things to be noticed. First, the Chinese language uses a lot of category words in its expressions. For example, 任务，工作，情况，状态，问题，形势，局面，事业，现象，领域，做法，etc. These words are known as empty words that do not have concrete meanings and are used only to make the expressions structurally acceptable. Therefore, they are always omitted in the process of translating. (4) 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象现象。For many years unemployment has been rampant in that country. Discussion：3 4 5 6 7 8English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上） 省译法省译法 Discussion：(5)中国的现代化建设建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. (6)我们要逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、保险、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等领域领域的对外开放。Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world. 3 4 5 6 7 8English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin The Chinese language uses a lot of pompous (full of high-sounding phrases) words like 胜利（召开），不切实际的（幻想），彻底（粉碎）, etc. These words are used mainly for emphasis or for balance of the expressions. Literally translated, they will make the translations ridiculous or weaken the intended emphatic effect. Look at the following examples: (7) 我们强烈强烈要求美国政府就此次事件向中国郑重道歉。We demand that US government apologize to China for this incident. 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上） 省译法省译法 Discussion：3 4 5 6 7 8English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）省译法省译法 (8) 依法严严厉厉打击各种犯罪活动，坚坚决决扫除黄赌毒等社会丑恶现象现象。We must crack down on all criminal activities according to the law and eradicate such social evils as pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking.(9) 只有充充分分发展商品经济，才能把经济真真正正搞活，使各企业增加效率。The development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprises to raise their efficiency.Discussion：3 4 5 6 7 8English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）省译法省译法 (10) 进进一一步步简化手续，及时地积积极极地地从国外引进技术，并且认真认真组织科学技术人员和广大广大职工做好消化和推广工作。We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology and organize scientists, technicians and workers to assimilate popularize imported technology. Discussion：3 4 5 6 7 8English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 3. 词类转换（词类转换（Conversion） The English and Chinese languages are poles apart. Therefore, there can hardly be any word-for-word equivalence in terms of word class, otherwise, translation would have been much easier. Such being the case, it is only understandable that conversion, the change of word classes, should be adopted as a translation technique. 巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A. Verbs in Chinese and nouns in English It is generally acknowledged that the Chinese uses more verbs as the English uses more nouns. Therefore, in translation between the two languages a conversion between the two word classes are possible. For instance, 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 (1)非公莫入入！(2)No admittance except on business!(3)(2) 不准拍照拍照！(4)No camera!(5)(3) 照常营业营业。(6)Business as usual.1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 (4) 此路不通不通！ (5) 不准入内入内！No thoroughfare! No entry!(6) 绝对不许违反违反这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.(7) 中国成功地爆炸爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。Chinas first atomic blast was a great shock to the rest of the world.(8) 胎又瘪瘪了。Weve got another flat tire. Discussion1 2 3 4 5 6 当心碰头：Caution: Overhead Hazard!当心(地)滑倒/坡：Caution: Slippery Floor/ Surface!当心坠物：Caution: Risk of Falling Objects!前方施工：Road Work Ahead!禁止掉头：No U-Turn!English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 Discussion In addition, the English language uses a lot of abstract nouns like in the lectures we have discussed last semester. In translation into Chinese, these abstract nouns should be dealt with carefully, either replacing them with concrete nouns, or using Chinese V-O or S-P phrases. And on the contrary, in translating Chinese into English, these V-O or S-P phrases should be translated into English abstract nouns. The following are some examples and the second translations are preferred. 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 9. 她心心直直口口快快，总总是是愿愿意意和和任任何何人人交交朋朋友友，所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。a.He was very outspoken and was always ready to make friends with anyone, so she won their trust.b.b. His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.Discussion1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 10. 回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。 。a. To remember these will add zest to his life. b. The remembrance of these will add zest to his life. Discussion3 4 5 6 7English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 In addition to the above-mentioned conversions, there are other types of conversions: (1) conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives, (2) conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns, and (3)conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns. These types of conversion are based on the different syntactic structures of the two languages. The following are some examples to illustrate this point.(B)Conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives:(C) Conversion between Chinese Verbs and English adjectives:(D)Conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns:4 5 6 7English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin B. Conversion between Chinese verbs and English adjectives: 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 11. 我们决不满足满足于现在的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.12. 怀疑怀疑他所说的话。Im doubtful of what he said.13. 朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席出席了宴会。Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu, leading figures of the central government and the relevant ministries and commissions, and foreign experts working in China. English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (C). Conversion between Chinese Verbs and English adjectives: 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 14.他在讲话中特别强调提高强调提高产品质量。He laid special stress on raising the quality of the products in his speech. 15. 邓小平在“十一大”上说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作少说空话，多做工作”。Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress, “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” (vn)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）词类转换词类转换 16. 空气是这样的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅凉爽、舒畅。The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.17.我荣幸地荣幸地宣布，李先生就任公司的经理。I have the honor to inform you that Mr Li will be manager of the company. 18. 这个问题至关重要重要。This issue is of paramount/vital/pivotal importance.(D) Conversion between Chinese adjectives/adverbs and English nouns:English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）正说反译、反说正译正说反译、反说正译 Both Chinese and English use affirmation and negation to express ideas. However, in bilingual translation, it is always the case that what is affirmative in one language is expressed in the other through negation, and what is negative through affirmation. The change is not unjustified because the version thus translated either conforms to the habitual use of the target language, or is a reinforcement of the intended rhetorical effect. Some simple examples are Wet paint! (油漆未干！) and 不好意思！(Im sorry.). 4. 正说反译、反说正译正说反译、反说正译English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (1)他安然无无恙地回来了。(2)He returned safe and sound.(3)(2) 据悉联军给养不足不足。(4)It is reported that the coalition troops are short of supplies.(5)(3) 他没有没有再言语，听任老板在那里滔滔不绝滔滔不绝。(6)Withholding his opinion for the moment, he listened to his boss holding forth. 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）正说反译、反说正译正说反译、反说正译 Discussion:滔滔地说:hold forthdash along;give it mouthget off with a whole skin; keep a whole skin; come unscathed out of the battle; safe and soundEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (4) 外表往往是靠不住靠不住的。Appearances are often deceptive.(5) 美国不失体面不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。The U.S.A accepted the peace proposal with dignity.(6) 我完全同意。I cant agree with you more.(7) 你们大错特错了。We couldnt be more mistaken. 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）正说反译、反说正译正说反译、反说正译 Discussion:English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin (8) 他为这件事竭尽全力竭尽全力。He spared no pains doing this.(9) 她对他百依百顺百依百顺。She denied him nothing.(10) 当生活出现小摩擦时，美国人并不去并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要给对方带来不方便，都要说一声sorry.When conflict occurs in everyday life, Americans, instead of considering whose responsibility it is, will say sorry, so long as it brings inconvenience to others. 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）正说反译、反说正译正说反译、反说正译 百依百顺: docile and obedient竭尽全力: by might and main ;came it strong ;come it strong ;go all lengths ;go out for ;go to all lengths ;go to great lengths ;go to the length ;gone it strong ;gone to great lengths ;move heaven and earth ;pack all sail ;pack on all sail; spare no effort;English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A. 一天男神为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。Translation 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）练习练习 B. 当前，我国农业发展又处在一个关键时期。今年要按照统筹城乡发展的要求，采取更直接、更有力的政策措施，加强农业，支持农业，保护农业，努力增加农民收入。 解决农业、农村和农民问题，是我们全部工作的重中之重。TranslationEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A. One day the god presented a big and shiny divine mirror to the goddess as a token of love. The goddess reached out to take the mirror, but she was so excited and nervous that the mirror slipped from her trembling fingers and dropped to the valleys, breaking into 108 pieces. The 108 mirror pieces turned out to be 108 winkling and glittering crystal lakes of different sizes, covering the land of Jiuzhaigou. Source 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）练习练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin B. Once again, Chinas agriculture is in a crucial period of development. This year we must take more direct and effective policies and measures to strengthen, support and protect agriculture and increase rural incomes in line with the need to balance urban and rural development. Solving problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers is a top priority in all our works. Source 第五章第五章 句子翻译（上）句子翻译（上）练习练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Why? 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）重译法重译法 5. 重译法（重译法（Repetition） Repetition, in a strict sense, belongs to amplification. The only difference is that in repetition what is added is the word or phrase that just appears. Generally speaking, repetition as a translation technique is often used in translation from English to Chinese. In turn, it is seldom used in translation from Chinese to English, for instance: (1). 沉默沉默啊！沉默沉默！不在沉默沉默中爆发，就在沉默沉默中灭亡。(For emphasis) Version: Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）重译法重译法 (2). 孩子孩子就是孩子孩子，不要太认真了。A Child is a child. Dont be too serious to him. (3). 你答应了帮助帮助他就应当帮助帮助他。You should help him since you have promised to do so.(4). 妈，别听王奶奶的！王奶奶是个老顽固！” Ma, dont listen to Granny Wang; shes a diehard”English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）语态变换法语态变换法 6. 6. 语态变换法语态变换法 (The Change of Voices)(The Change of Voices) It is generally acknowledged that the frequent use of passive voice is a unique characteristic of the English language compared with Chinese. In fact, passive voice in Chinese always connotes a somewhat negative or unfavorable meaning. This is embodied in such expressions as 他被杀了；他被人打了；钱被他偷了；这话偏偏又叫我听到了；好象活人得让死人管着似得；再哭！一家人都给你哭完了. Of course, due to the influence of English on Chinese in the modern ages, modern Chinese passive voice may not necessarily carry such derogative meanings.1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）语态变换法语态变换法 English uses more passive voice either to achieve objectivity, avoid the mentioning of the actor. Generally speaking, many English passive sentences can be translated into Chinese active ones and vice versa. Discussion:a)Passive voice in Chinese is indicated by such words as 被，叫，让，给，受，遭，遭受，由，加以，为，所，为所，受到. These can be called Chinese passive voice markers. b)In Chinese, there are a lot of sentences that are active in form but passive in meaning. For instance, 飞鸟尽，良弓藏；电影明天还要放映. These sentences are called by some as 当然被动句.c)In Chinese, passive voice is relatively fewer and it is always compared with 把 structure, something we will discuss in later chapters. 1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）语态变换法语态变换法 (1)The plan will be carried out next week. (2)计划下周执行。(3)(2) His novel has already been translated into many languages.(4)他的小说已经译成了好几种语言。(5)(3) The man cannot be relied upon. (6)那人不可信。 (1) It is asserted/believed that有人主张/相信(2) It is generally considered that大家认为(3) It will be said that有人会说(4) It was told that 有人曾经说 Discussion:1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）语态变换法语态变换法 (4). 鼎湖山整个地区为为热带、亚热带森林所所覆盖，气候独特。Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has a unique climate. (5). 又一座立交桥将于年底通车。(当然被动句)Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year. (6). 据说据说，核电站正在筹建中。 It is said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction. (7). 他们今年遭遭灾了。They were hit by a natural calamity this year. Discussion:1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）语态变换法语态变换法 Discussion: Here are some Chinese subjectless sentences. They can be translated into English passive sentences.(8). 必须保证8小时睡眠。Eight hours sleep must be guaranteed.(9).弄的不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. (10). 橘子苹果买了一大堆。A pile of oranges and apples has been bought. 1 2 3 4 5 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 7. 7. 无主句译法无主句译法 Chinese and English have different systems of subjects and predicates. Subjects in English are usually assumed by nouns, noun phrases or structures that have similar functions like nominal clauses, but in Chinese by a lot of other elements. The following is a list of the elements that act as subjects in Chinese. More can be got in the Note.(1)nouns or noun phrases as subjects (2) 春天春天过去了。一本一本五毛钱。工业和农业工业和农业得到了大发展。长江一带长江一带是水稻产区。(3)(2) verbs or verb phrases as subjects (4)说说比做容易。坚持下去坚持下去就是顺利。专心地听专心地听才能听懂。 吃苦吃苦，他不怕。(5) (3) Adjectives or adjective phrases as subjects (6)勤俭勤俭是一种美德。甜滋滋的甜滋滋的，挺好吃。1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 A. Adding subjects: Since an English sentence usually requires a subject, the translator can add the subject that is omitted in the Chinese original when he translates a Chinese subjectless sentence. For instance,(1) 你一旦开始，就必须继续下去。Once you begin, you must continue. （amplification)(2)活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn. 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 B. Using the empty subject “it”: “It” in English is always used for weather, time, and some other natural phenomena. Some of the Chinese subjectless sentences describing natural phenomena or time can be translated into English sentences with “it” being the subject. (3) 十点钟了，他还没有回来。Its ten oclock now. He didnt return home yet.(4) 下雨了，我们快走吧。Its raining now; lets hurry up. 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 C. Translating into English passive sentences (5).必须保重产品质量。The quality of product must be guaranteed.(6). 去年发现了一种稀有元素。A rare element was found last year.(7).封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 D. Translating into English “There be” or “It+be+to” structure(9). 现在很难说谁对谁错。At the moment it is difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong. (10).除了枪声，再没有其他声音了。There was no sound but that of gunfire.(11).在经济建设的实践中，已经涌现了大批的优秀人才。There have emerged a large number of talented persons in economic construction.(12).不努力就不会成功。There is no success without effort. 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）无主句的译法无主句的译法 E. Translating into English imperative sentences (13).请大声点！Louder, please. 此处不准抽烟！No smoking!(14).中华人民共和国万岁！Long live the Peoples Republic of China!(15). 忠诚党的教育事业。Be loyal to the Partys educational cause.(16). 对什么人说什么话。Speak different words to different people. 1 2 3 4 5 6 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）翻译练习翻译练习 中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。但是，双方同意，各国不论社会制度如何，都应根据尊重各国的主权和领土完整、不侵犯别国、不干涉别国内政、平等互利、和平共处的原则来处理国与国之间的关系。国际争端应在此基础上与以解决，而不诉诸武力和武力威胁。Translation 术语：对外政策：foreign affairs 主权：sovereignty 领土完整：territorial integrity 内政： internal affairs 和平共处：peaceful coexistence争端：disputeEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第六章第六章 句子翻译（下）句子翻译（下）翻译练习翻译练习 There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. However, the two sides have agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use or the threat of force. SourceEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点 以传播中国文化，吸引游客，促进中国旅游业为宗旨，本着以中国文化为取向，以译文为重点的翻译原则，旅游资料的翻译就应该有针对性和灵活性，不能死扣原文，亦步亦趋，而是要在不影响原文思想表达的前提下，对原文作适当的增删等必要的调整，力图达到语言具体生动，语法简单明了，表达简洁传神。 翻译方法：翻译方法： 1. 景景点点名名称称 (直译、意译、音译、音译加直译、直译加音译、意译加直译等几种)其指导原则应是始终以传播中国文化为取向。常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点 A. 故宫里面几个主要宫殿的名称历来有多种译法，有的是完全音译，有的音译和意译结合，还有的完全意译。1太和殿太和殿 - Taihedian; Taihedian Hall; Hall of Supreme Harmony2中和殿中和殿 - Zhonghedian; Zhonghedian Hall; Hall of Complete Harmony3保和殿保和殿 - Baohedian; Baohedian Hall; Hall of Preserving Harmony4 文华殿文华殿 - Wenhuadian; Wenhua Hall; Hall of Literary Glory5 武英殿武英殿 - Wuyingdian; Wuying Hall; Hall of Military Prowess6 乾清宫乾清宫 - Qianqinggong; Qianqinggong Palace; Hall of Heavenly Purity7 交泰殿交泰殿 - Jiaotaidian; Jiaotaidian Hall; Palace of Union and Peace8 坤宁宫坤宁宫 - Kunninggong; Kunninggong Palace; Palace of Earthly TranquilityEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点B. 完全音译的方法适用于行政区划名称如城市、乡镇、县城、村庄等的翻译,北京（Beijing）八达岭(Badaling)北戴河(Beidaihe)、西安(Xian)长安(Changan)临潼(Lintong) 在这个原则的指导下，“银川”只能译成Yinchuan,而不能译作Silver Stream; 同样，长安只能是Changan, 而不是Everlasting Peace。 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点C. 音意双译一般都采用专名音译，通名意译的方法，牵涉到历史上和传说中的人物时，尤其如此。茅盾故居(Mao Duns Former Residence)杜甫草堂（Dufus Thatched Cottage） Tips: 桂林山水甲天下。Guilins mountains and waters rank first in China.上有天堂，下有苏杭。In heaven is paradise; on earth are Suzhou and Hangzhou./ Above is paradise, below are hangzhou and Suzhou.见识广须旅游。He that travels much knows much.世界环境和资源委员会 World Environment and Resources Council国家旅游度假区 National Tourist and Holiday Resort AreaEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点D. 许多山河湖海的名称也多采用此译法。这里牵扯到译名统一的问题。很多译家都赞成这样的做法：如果景点名称属于汉语的“单名”，为照顾音韵，应将通名音译出来，太湖 (Taihu Lake)黄山(Huangshan Mountain)华山（Huashan Mountain） 豫园(Yuyuan Garden) 如果是“双名”，则不必将湖、山、海、园等词音译出来普陀山（Putuo Mountain） 峨嵋山（Emei Mountain)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点E. 完全意译对保留原文形象及文化、历史内涵至关重要，如以上所列举的故宫景点名称的意译。 “三潭印月”（Three Pools Mirroring the Moon）“紫来洞”（Purple Source Cave）“寒山寺”（ Cold Mountain Temple）“拙政园”（Garden of Humble Administrator）“狮子林”（Lions Grove） “鹰嘴岩” ?English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点 2. 2. 景点介绍翻译法之一景点介绍翻译法之一增添增添A. 路左有一巨石，石上原有苏东坡手书路左有一巨石，石上原有苏东坡手书“云外流春云外流春”四个大字。四个大字。B.To its left is another rock formerly engraved with four big Chinese characters Yun Wai liu Chun (Beyond clouds and flows spring) written by Su Dongpo (10371101), the most versatile poet of the Northern Song Dynasty (960 -1127).B. 林边有一个洞，叫白龙洞。传说林边有一个洞，叫白龙洞。传说白蛇传白蛇传的白娘子曾经在的白娘子曾经在这里修炼。这里修炼。Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White, the legendary heroine of The Story of the White Snake, cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，如：历史事件发生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，名胜的具体位置等等。旅游资源除了其本身的自然景观所具有的欣赏价值外，大多含有丰富的文化内涵，从而产生了特殊的欣赏价值。不增添背景信息，一般外国游客则无法理解。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点 C. 绍兴是越瓷的产地。绍兴是越瓷的产地。 Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelain. Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in Ancient China. 如果不增加说明，外国游客不知这种瓷器为什么叫越瓷，更不知绍兴和“越”有何关系。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点 3. 景点介绍翻译法之二景点介绍翻译法之二解释解释 花港观鱼：Hua Gang Guan Yu (Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor) 孤山: Gushan (Solitary Hill) 湖南省位于长江中下游南部，东经108度至114度，北纬24至30度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖南。Huan Province lies just south of the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River between 108。 and 114。 E longitude and 24。 and 30。 N latitude. As it is also situated (at/in the) south of Lake Dongting, the Province has the name Huan, which means “south of the lake”.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点4. 景点介绍翻译法之三景点介绍翻译法之三借用借用5. 景点介绍翻译法之四景点介绍翻译法之四删减删减6. 景点介绍翻译法之五景点介绍翻译法之五改写改写 A. 对结构的改写对结构的改写 在在四四川川西西部部，有有一一处处美美妙妙的的去去处处。它它背背倚倚岷岷山山主主峰峰雪雪宝宝顶顶，树树木木苍苍翠翠，花花香香袭袭人人，鸟鸟语语婉婉转转，流流水水潺潺潺潺。这这就就是是松松潘潘县县的的黄龙。黄龙。 1One of Sichuans finest scenic spots is Huanglong (Yellow Dragon), which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountain. 2Its lush green forests, filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams, and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty. 潺潺潺潺: flow slowly; gurgle;babbleEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译旅游景点旅游景点B. 对诗词的改写：对诗词的改写： 水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更显柔情， 有诗云：岸上湖中各自奇，山觞水酌两相宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。The hills overshadow the lake, and the lake reflects the hills. They are in perfect harmony , and more beautiful than a picture. 译文省略了原文那首诗，用明白晓畅，浅显易懂的两句话概括了原诗的中心思想。 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译欢迎词、祝词欢迎词、祝词 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译欢迎词欢迎词. 女士们，先生们: 请允许我向我们的美国朋友讲几句话。我谨代表康定外办向你们表示热烈的欢迎，感谢你们光临今晚的宴会。中国有句古话“有朋自远方来不亦乐乎？”正如你们所知，中国是一个具有悠久历史和文化的国家，在康定期间你们将有机会欣赏到这座历史古城的面貌，了解她的人民以及她闻名的文化，我预祝你 们 的 访 问 成 功 。 我 提 议 ， 为 中 美 两 国 人 民 的 友 谊 干 杯 。 TranslationEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译欢迎词欢迎词 Ladies and gentlemen, Allow me to say a few words of welcome to our American friends. On behalf of the Kangding Foreign Affairs Office and my colleges, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the guests present here. Thank you for your presence at this banquet. There is a popular saying in China: “ Isnt it a great pleasure to have friends from afar?” as you know, China is great country with a long history and ancient culture. While you are staying here in Kangding, you will have an opportunity to visit the historical sights of this city, you may get to know its people and its well-known culture. I wish your visit a great success. Here now I would like to propose a toast: to the friendship of the Chinese and American peoples, lets bottoms up! SourceEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译欢迎词、欢送词欢迎词、欢送词 B. 中秋贺词（练习） 各位女士、各位先生: 晚上好! 今天，能邀请大家欢聚一堂，共同欢度中国的传统节日中秋佳节的到来，感到非常高兴和十分荣幸。我代表宾馆全体员工对大家的光临，表示热烈的欢迎。 “月到中秋分外明”、“每逢佳节倍思亲”，中秋节在中国文化中意味着思念和团聚，大家无论来自何方，思念家乡、思念亲人的心情是共同的。宾馆举办这场中秋PARTY，就是希望大家能把宾馆当成自己的家，宾馆员工也会把你们当作自己的亲人，使大家每天都能生活在幸福和愉快之中。 最后，让我门一起举杯，遥祝远方的亲人平安健康，也祝愿我们在座的各位中秋佳节快乐! TranslationEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Ladies and gentlemen: Good evening! Today, we are so honored that we can invite all of you get together here to enjoy the Chinese traditional festival, the Mid-Autumn Day. So please let me represent all the staffs to express our warm welcome. “The moon is more shining on the Mid-Autumn Day.” “People may miss their families more on every festive day”. In Chinese culture, on Mid-Autumn Day the family members should reunite and give the best wishes to the relatives and friends who can not be with us. Wherever you come from, we have the same feeling of missing our families and friends. The purpose of holding the party is to make you feel at home. Every staff working in our hotel is willing to be your friend, and wish you be happy and pleasure everyday. At last, lets toast the health of our families and friends, as well as everybody here. Happy Mid-Autumn Day! Source 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译欢迎词、欢送词欢迎词、欢送词 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 Advertisement is a kind of comprehensive art. Translators of advertisements are expected to have a good command of both English and Chinese so as to obtain wonderful, accurate, vivid, concise, distinct and appealing advertisements. This lecture probes into five common strategies of advertisement translation for the detail study.常见文体翻译常见文体翻译 广告翻译广告翻译1.直译法（Literal Translation）2.意译法（Free Translation）3.创译法（Creative Translation）4.增补型翻译（Supplementary Translation）5.套译法（Parody）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 中英文广告翻译中的文化比较注意文化背景的差异： “龙”、“喜鹊(magpie）” “Fortune Duck”要避免商标歧义： “白象”（White Elephant) 、“帆船” (Junk) 、“紫罗兰” （Pansy） 芳草牌牙膏（Fang-cao Brand Tooth Paste）要了解商品的特性,注意译文的信息传递功能： “Johnsons” (约翰逊）、“Whisper” 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 (1)美女话西施,美酒推灵芝。(2) 译文:As the Emperors favorite , Xi Shi was the most beautiful of woman , so is Lingzhi Medicated Liquor the most beautiful of wines. 该广告词以美酒喻美女,创意新颖,意境优美,具有强烈的美感功能和移情功能。译文巧妙地以解释性语言概括出了广告的信息功能, 同时, 通过“the most beautiful ofwoman”和“the most beautiful of wines”之对比, 以及“woman”和“wines”之头韵,在强调了产品特点的同时,弥补了广告的美感功能。因此,译文虽略显累赘,但还是较完整地再现了原文的各项功能。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 讨论：货比三家，下手在这家。Shop around to have a good buy in this store. 波导手机中的战斗机Bird handsetsas powerful as fighters.默默无 “蚊”的奉献 The silent offer to you without one mosquito. 成功之路，从头开始。 Start ahead.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 直译法（直译法（Literal Translation）1.眉笔像花瓣一样柔和。（眉笔广告）Our eyebrow pencils are as soft as petals.2.中国河南功夫的摇篮。（河南旅游广告）Henan in China the cradle of Chinese martial arts.3.No problem too large. No business too small.（IBM）没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。4. Unlike me，my Rolex never needs a rest.（劳力克斯手表）与我不同，劳力克斯从不需要休息。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 意译法（Free Translation）5.Every time a good time.（McDonalds）分分秒秒欢聚欢笑。（麦当劳）6. Everything is extraordinary. Everything tempts.（Cartier） 直译：一切都很出名，一切都很诱人。 意译：件件超凡脱俗，样样新颖诱人。（亚地亚饰品）7. Cooking Without Looking.（Minute Rice）转眼就熟。（迷你米饭） （曾晖、张志儒，试评几则英 文广告的翻译）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 创译法（Creative Translation）8. Good to the last drop!（雀巢咖啡） （李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）滴滴香浓，意犹未尽！9. It happens at the Hilton.（Hilton）希尔顿酒店有求必应。 （李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）10. Connecting People.（Nokia） （李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）科技以人为本。（诺基亚）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 增补型翻译（Supplementary Translation）11.Beyond your imagination.（Korean Air）意想不到的天空。（韩国航空） （李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）12.Elegance is an attitude.（Longines）优雅态度 真我性格 （浪琴表） （李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）13. Your Future is Our Future.（HSBC）与您并肩 迈向明天 。（汇丰银行）（李克兴，论广告翻译的策略）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 套译法（Parody）14.一天一块玛斯巧克力，让您工作像工作，娱乐像娱乐。A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.（Mars chocolate）15.烟蒂好，烟就好。（孟琳，詹晶辉，英汉广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译）All is well that ends well.16. Better late than the late. （交通公益广告）晚了总比完了好。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译广告的翻译广告的翻译 17.有目共赏。（上海牌电视机）Shanghai TV Seeing is believing. （谢小琼，论商业广告的翻译技巧18. 条条大路通罗马，款款百羚进万家。（百羚餐具）All roads lead to Rome，All Bailing lead to home. （谢小琼，论商业广告的翻译技巧）19.速效救心丸。（药品）A friend in need is a friend indeed.套译法（Parody）English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译 练习练习 例1：尊敬的主席先生，各位来宾，女士们，先生们，朋友们： 1在这春意盎然的美好时节，第八届中国东西部合作与投资贸易洽谈会今天隆重开幕了。2在此，我谨代表组委会和陕西省政府向莅临大会的国内外嘉宾、国家有关部委、各省区市区代表团，表示热烈的欢迎和衷心的祝愿。3同时欢迎港澳台同胞和各界朋友参加这次重要的全国性经贸盛会。4让我们共同预祝第八届中国东西部合作与投资洽谈会取得圆满成功！谢谢大家！Version English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译练习练习 Respected Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, all the dear friends, In this beautiful spring season, the Eighth Investment and Trade Forum for Cooperation between East and West China is grandly opened today. On behalf of the current forums organizing committee and the Peoples Government of Shaanxi Province, Id like to extend our warm welcome and wholehearted wishes to all the honored guests at home and broad, delegates from participant ministries and commissions, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Id also like to extend the warm welcome to compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as friends of various circles present at this important national economic and trade gathering. Let us wish the Eighth Investment and Trade Forum for Cooperation between East and West China a complete success! Thank you all! OriginalEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 例2-1： 我怀着愉快的心情，以我个人的名义，向光临悉尼农业技术展览会的中国来宾，表示热烈的欢迎。I am delighted to extend this personal welcome to Chinese visitors to the Sydney Agricultural Technology Exhibition. 我们在这里向中国朋友全面展示我国的农业成就，并介绍我们所能提供的先进的农业技术。Here we present to our Chinese friends a comprehensive display of Austrian agricultural achievements and advanced technology in farming that we have to offer. 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译练习练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 例2-2：我非常珍视澳中两国在贸易合作中发展起来的友谊和建立起来的信心。I greatly value the friendship and confidence that we enjoy as your trading partner. 我确信，这次展览会将进一步加强我们的经济合作，并直接对扩大我们之间的贸易往来作出贡献。I am certain that this exhibition will strengthen our economic cooperation and contribution directly to our further trade expansion. 第七章第七章 常见文体翻译常见文体翻译练习练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第第八八章章 常见常见汉译英错误例析汉译英错误例析 There are many factors to translate the sentences unfaithfully from Chinese into English. But the basic reasons are the following: (1) the SS do not have a good command of English ( grammatical and cultural knowledge, etc. ) , do not have more opportunities to do translation, although they have been familiar with some translation techniques; (2) the SS usually render the sentences from the perspective of Chinese thinking modes; for example: 1. 欢迎你来参家英语角活动！ Welcome you to join our English Corner activities! (X) 2.不要搞一刀切。Do not cut off at one stroke. (X) Do not impose uniformity in all case.（）生搬硬套性错误生搬硬套性错误English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3. 热烈欢迎国内外嘉宾参加贸易洽谈会。Warmly welcome all guest of honor at home and broad to attend this symposium. (X) 4. 对不起，我没看见你。Sorry I dont see you. ( X) 5. 从图书馆借来的那本书已经找到。The book which was borrowed from the library had been found. (X)6. 从山顶看下去，这座城市就像个漂亮的花园。Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks like a beautiful garden. 第第八八章章 常见常见汉译英错误例析汉译英错误例析 逻辑性错误逻辑性错误English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第第八八章章 常见常见汉译英错误例析汉译英错误例析 7. 我能看出你的心事。I can see you your mind.8. 从他的话音里，我能听出东西来。I can hear something from the tone of his voice.9. 我们享受公费医疗。We enjoy free medical care.n10. 他对中学教师讲授教学法。He lectured teaching method of English to high school teachers.语义性错误语义性错误 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第第八八章章 常见常见汉译英错误例析汉译英错误例析 1.昨晚我接到了她的电话。2. I received a telephone from her last night.3.2. 我觉得这样做是我的本分。4. I think to do so is my duty.5.3. 笨人无药可医。6. There is no medicine to cure a fool.7.4. 猫把家里的老鼠一扫而光。8. The cat cleared off rats from the house.5.兔子的耳朵比猫猫长。 6. The ears of a hare are longer than that of a cat.ProofreadingProofreadingEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 以入世为契机进一步扩大对外开放本报评论员 12月11日，我国正式成为世界贸易组织成员。这是我国改革开放和现代化建设的历史必然，也是进一步推进全方位、多层次、宽领域对外开放的重要契机，对我国的经济发展将具有深远的影响。加入世贸组织后，我国将在更大范围和更深程度上参与经济全球化，因此，要以加入世贸组织为契机，进一步扩大对外开放，赢得发展，争取主动，这也是明年我国经济工作的一项重要内容。当前，各地区、各部门和各行业要按照中央的部署统一思想，根据世贸组织的有关规则和我国的承诺，认真分析研究加入世贸组织对我国的各种影响，及时提出有针对性的措施，既要敢于开放市场，又要善于保护自己。各级干部尤其是领导干部，首先要学习并熟悉世贸组织的基本原则和有关规则，结合我国实际，加快过渡期的有关政策调整和涉外经济法律法规的清理、修订、废止工作，建立健全符合世贸组织规则又符合我国国情的涉外法律法规体系。要尽快转变政府管理经济的方式，增强政策的统一性和透明度，提高按国际通行规则办事的能力。要加紧建立产业安全保障体系，加快修订和完善质量、卫生、防疫、环保、安全等方面的市场准入标准，充分运用反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等。各类企业应增强紧迫感和竞争意识，利用过渡期加快技术创新和产品开发，提高质量，改善服务，扩大市场占有率。要强化世贸组织有关知识和规则的普及、宣传，抓紧培养和造就一支精通国际经济和法律的人才队伍。我们要以加入世贸组织为新的起点，努力提高开放水平。要充分利用加入世贸组织的有利条件，实施多元化战略，千方百计扩大出口。在确保传统出口市场的同时，积极开拓新兴出口市场，大力推进市场多元化。继续深化外贸体制改革，着力培育新的出口增长点，促进外贸经营主体的多元化。继续推动“走出去”，鼓励具备条件的国内企业到境外投资开发和承包工程以及劳务合作业务，以对外投资带动国内设备、材料及劳务等出口，实现出口方式的多元化。加强与国外的能源合作，逐步实现重要战略物资进口渠道的多元化。按照世贸组织规则，健全和完善进口管理体制。另外，要抓住加入世贸组织的机会，提高利用外资水平。要把吸收外资同国内产业升级、地区经济协调发展、国有企业改组改造和扩大出口紧密结合起来。进一步改善投资环境特别是软环境，保持吸收外商投资政策的稳定性和连续性，加强知识产权保护，增强我国对外商投资的吸引力。积极促进外资流向高新技术产业，鼓励跨国公司来华设立研发中心和地区总部。逐步扩大金融、保险、商贸、旅游、中介及其他服务业的市场准入，同时要研究开放后的新情况，解决新问题，使之健康有序地发展。中国作为世贸组织新的成员，将会在世贸组织中与其他成员一道为促进世界经济贸易的发展，建立和完善多边贸易体制，发挥积极和建设性作用。今后一段时期，是我国实现第三步战略目标的关键时期，也是做好加入世贸组织各项工作的关键时期。面对加入世贸组织的机遇和挑战，我们有信心也有决心，积极应对，趋利避害，我们一定能够正确把握机遇，从容应对挑战，以崭新的姿态迎接对外开放新阶段的到来，推动国民经济持续健康快速发展，为世界经济贸易的发展作出自己的贡献。 人民日报 (2001年12月11日第一版)附件：翻译练习： English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin The EndEnglish Department of KDNTC Huang Xin