Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationwThosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgoodandharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.AnidiomwThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.ShakespeareLearning objectives:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.to understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication 2.to perceive the definition of nonverbal intercultural communication3.to describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communication4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communicationChapterOutlineChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationNonverbal Intercultural CommunicationSignificanceDefinition & FunctionsCategoriesOther Categories RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceProxemicsChronemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttirelead-in case WhatIsWrongwiththeInteraction?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationPleasereadCaseandthendiscussthequestionsinpairs.Nonverbal behavior is a significant area ofcommunicationstudyforatleastthreereasons.wNonverbal behavior accounts for much of themeaningwegetfromconversations.wNonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects thesubconsciousness.wWe cannot avoid communicating throughnonverbalsignals.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText A SignificanceofNonverbalCommunicationwBesides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText B Definition and Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationDefinitionofNonverbalCommunication The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationa.RepeatingPeople use nonverbal communication to repeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassayingyes.b.ComplementingNonverbal communication cues can add to orcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationc.SubstitutingNonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.d.RegulatingNonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractions by regulating them, such as turn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversationse.ContradictingCertainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.1.paralanguage(副语言)2.silence(沉默 )Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText C ParalanguageandSilence1.Paralanguagea.voicesetthecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:thesituationgendermoodagepersonscultureb.voicequalitiesvolumepitchtemporhythmarticulationresonancenasalityaccentc.vocalization:characterizersqualifierssegregatesChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.SilenceSilenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:AQuarrelWhatisthebasicbarrierinthecommunication between Smith and LiHua?1.chronemics(时间行为)2. proxemicspr:ksi:mi:ks(空间行为)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText D TimeandSpace1. Chronemics wThesenseoftimewMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftimeChronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.Timeiscyclical(循环的)b.Timeislinear(线性的)Westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationwThesenseoftimea.Monochronictimeb.PolychronictimePolychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationwMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftimeActivity:Recallyourownexperienceaboutwaitingforsomeonewhoislateforanappointment,orwhen you are late for an appointment.Describeyourfeelingsundersuchcircumstances.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.proxemicsa.Fixedfeaturesofspaceb.Semifixedfeaturesofspacec.PersonalspaceProxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspaceChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.FixedfeaturesofspaceArchitectureandspacingofbuildingsbelongtothisaspectofspace.Forexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.Interculturalcommunicatorsneedtorealizethatcultureshavealternativeapproachestospaceandwaysofusingit.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationb.SemifixedfeaturesofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationFurniturearrangement French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers.InGermany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.InJapan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health. Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationSeating In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. c.Personalspace1.IntheUnitedStatesHall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2.InIndia In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3.InArab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator. Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationCase-analysis:DontPutYourHandonMyArmWhat can be learned from thecaseabove?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationDontPutYourHandonMyArmwIt was hard for Sam to concentrate on what Martin was saying. Martin was visiting from Chile and English was not his native language, but that was not the problem. Sam was all to aware of Martins hand resting on his arm. He tried to ignore it, but he felt like people passing by were staring at them. He didnt want people getting the wrong impression. They wouldnt knowwMartinwasfromChileand,eveniftheydid,itwasonethingtogivesomeoneafriendlypatbutquiteanothertojuststandthereholdingtheotherguysarm,occasionallyrubbingit.Itjustwasntsonatural.HetriedtodisengagefromMartinthroughsomepurposefulgesturesandsteppingbackslightly,butMartinpersistedandSamalwaysendedupwithMartinshandonhimagain.wSamhadbeenaskedbyhissuperiortohelpwithtransportationforMartinduringhisstayintheUnitedStates,andhedidntwanttooffendMartin.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.oculesics( (目光语目光语) ) 2. 2. olfactics( (嗅觉嗅觉) )3.3.haptics( (触觉行为触觉行为) )4. kinesics( (身势语行为身势语行为) )5. chromatics( (色彩学色彩学) ) 6. attire(服饰）服饰）Text E OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is alsoconsidered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. 1.oculesics Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.olfacticsThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics. Apersonssmellcanhavea positive or negative effect on the oralmessage.Activity:DiscussionHave you had the experience of being puzzled andannoyed by a direct eye contact from people of othercultures?Ifyes,trytothinkaboutthereasonwhy.Discussitwithyourgroupmembers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication3.hapticsHapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachildsspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworkerschairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Discussion:p186Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication4.kinesicsKinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.Gesturesa movement of part of your body, especially yourhandsorhead,toshowwhatyoumeanorhowyoufeel.b.Posture Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. c.FacialexpressionsChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message. symbols (the “ok” gesture),illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication5.chromatics Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesmood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationBlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,butwhiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationGreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsintheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobethemostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationUnitedAirlinesunknowinglygotoff on the wrong foot during itsinitialflightsfromHongKong.Tocommemorate the occasion, theyhandedoutwhitecarnations(康乃馨) tothepassengers.WhentheylearnedthattomanyAsianswhiteflowersrepresentbadluckandevendeath,theychangedtoredcarnations.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication6.AttireAlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropriatebusinessattire(服装).WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.Theuseofclothingandphysicalappearancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationCase-analysis:FormalityofDress1.Whatcanwelearnfromthecase?2.NikeisverypopularintheUnitedStates while the consumption ofNike remains moderate in theEuropeancountries.Why?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationAssignmentGiveinterpretationstothefollowingnonverbalbehaviors. lAnadultpatsachildshead lAcustomerinarestaurantwaveshishandoverhishead lTwowomenwalkhandinhandonthestreetInwhatsituationsmightyouneedtointerpretthenonverbalbehaviorofsomeonefromanotherculture? What problems could arise from notunderstandingdifferencesinnonverbalbehaviors?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationThank you for your Attention