Chapter Two Functions and types of Testing（考试功能及其类别）（考试功能及其类别） Test ; measure ; evaluation testevaluationMeasurement Summary of their relationship n n interrelated , interactive , interplay and overlapped . （相互作用；相互影响（相互作用；相互影响)。n nthe interplay of light and shadow (光影交错光影交错 ). I. Function of language testing n nTeaching / Pedagogical function of test n n test plays a crucial role in n nTo improve the teaching quality by testing n nTo promote the learners learning effectively n nTo provide useful information for policy-makers n nTo adjust the national curriculum n nTo evaluate the effectiveness of teaching materials n nMore ideas from YouMore ideas from You : :B. Research Function n n Context :In the middle of 20th century, in the USA ; some educational institutions; n nproblems : they encounter in every day classroom life. n nHow ? a teacher ? marry theory with practice to facilitate their classroom teaching Discussion and interpretation: Image of the teacher 1）春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡烛成灰泪始干春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡烛成灰泪始干.?2）学高为师，身正为范。？）学高为师，身正为范。？3）教师是太阳底下最辉煌的职业）教师是太阳底下最辉煌的职业 。?1)Teachers role :_ a craftsman to be responsible for knowledgean information-dispenser_teacher as a researcher Action research 2) related concepts of teacher trainging : in-service trainingprofessional training-professional development_teacher professioanl development_teacher development Observe-analysis-plan-do-reflectionobservationanalysisReflection Plan implementationSumarry of its research function :nProvide the tool for educational researchnProvide scientific criteria for classroom researchnWidely used in Second language acquisition ,Second language loss , and strategies of second language learning. II. Types of language Testing n nAccording to its purposes :n n 1) Placement tests ( 分班考试分班考试) : _ course-based or unrelated materials norm-referenced tests Purpose : placed learners in an appropriate course or class.Purpose : placed learners in an appropriate course or class.n n2) Proficiency tests ( 水平测试水平测试) ； language theory based ;belong to selective testing .Purpose Purpose : :meet a certain institutional needs in particular. meet a certain institutional needs in particular. For example: PESTS and ILTS.n n3) Progress tests: (阶段性测试阶段性测试) : course-based or textbook-based Purpose : to enhance what the students have learned .For example: midterm exam : classroom quiz . n n4) Achievement tests( 成绩测试成绩测试) : course-syllabus based or textbook- based Purpose : to assess the learning contents . 5) Diagnostic tests ( 诊断测试诊断测试) : contex-based or problem-finding-based Purpose: to identify those areas in which students need further help nFrom the testing form : nDirect tests : oral testing, interview, discussion .nIndirect tests typical one: error identification nFrom the marking form:nObjective tests : Multiple-choice, for example.nSubjective tests : translation , writing etc. III. How can we interpret the scores by testing? n nnorm-referenced tests (常模参照考试常模参照考试) after exam; comparision among scores criterion-referenced tests(尺度参照考试尺度参照考试)before exams ; ready criteria to reference n nGroup discussion: 1)How can you analyze the intentions, purposes of a certain test? 2)What language skills will be assessed through certain test papers ? What have you got from the lesson today? What have you got from the lesson today?