DefinitionAnacademicessay,alsocalledaresearcharticle,differsfromanordinaryessayinthatitconsistsofthereviewofpreviousstudiesonaparticulartopicandonesownresearch.Inmostcasesitisakindofdocumentedreportfromthewritersfirst-handacquisition,synthesisandinterpretationofinformation,dataandfindings.Atypicalacademicessayincludesfiveparts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusionandreference.2 Two types of research paperTwo types of research paperTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssayTherearetwomajorkindsofacademicpaper:primaryresearchpaperandsecondaryresearchpaper.Aprimaryresearchpaperisthestudyofasubjectthroughfirsthandinvestigation,involvingpresentingoriginalideasandinformationonyourown.Inmostcasesyouneedtoconductasurveyoranexperimenttoobtainnewfindings.Henceitissometimescalledsurvey-or-experiment-basedresearch.Asecondaryresearchpaper,however,involvesgatheringandanalyzingtheresearchfindingsfromotherpeoplesresearch.Toillustrateyourargument,youneedtoborrowanduseevidenceandfindingsavailableonthetopicinthelibraryorontheInternet.Henceitissometimescalledlibrary-or-lnternet-basedresearch.There are two major kinds of academic paper:lprimary research paper: thestudyofasubjectthroughfirsthandinvestigation,involvingpresentingoriginalideasandinformationonyourown- survey-or-experiment-based researchlsecondary research paper:involvinggatheringandanalyzingtheresearchfindingsfromotherpeoplesresearch- library-or-Internet-based researchUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of research paperElements of an introductionHow to make the statement of purposeTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4 3 Writing an introductionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayTheintroductionsectionisthestartofaresearcharticleanditsmainpurposeistogiveaclearpictureofwhatthearticleisaboutandwhattheattitudeoftheauthoris.Anintroductionusuallyincludesthefollowingelements:Elements of an introduction:l1)Introducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchessayisconcerned.l2)Giveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeyterms.l3)Providetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopic.l4) Reviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationifnecessary.l5) Statethepurpose/objectiveoftheessay.l6) Introducethetheoreticalperspectivestheessaymightuse.l7) Justifyyourchoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsforyourresearch.l8) Explainhowtheessaywillbeorganized(theoutlineoftheessay).Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionOfcoursenotallresearchpapersmustcontainalltheseelements.Aprimaryresearchessay,forexample,differsfromasecondaryresearchoneinthattheliteraturereviewofthelattershouldbegeneralasyouwillgivemoredetailsinthebodysectionwherepreviousfindingswillbeusedtosupportyourarguments.However,theintroductionsectionusuallygoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itstartswiththeinformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextandthennarrowsdowntotheinformationmorespecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearch.Thelengthoftheintroductionsectionvariesaccordingtothelengthofthepaperandrequirementsofdifferentjournals(orconferences).Statingthepurposeofwritingtheessayisimportant.Itsfunctionistomakesurethereadersknowwhatyouaretryingtoachievebywritingthisessay.Thisincludesestablishingthetopicandexplainingwhatyouwilldowiththetopic,forexample:How to make the statement of purpose:Purpose + Action Verb + TopicUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionAWiththeworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.BAccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,tides,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.CSincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.DDevelopingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.EDevelopingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.FTheessaywillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofdevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.GThepurposeoftheessayistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.Functions The Sentence NumberIntroduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsWriters purposeThesis statementOutline of structure The whole introduction: Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionParagraph 1:thetopicandbackgroundareviewofthepreviousstudylimitationorproblemsParagraph 2:reasonsandrationalforthestudyParagraph 3:purposeandstructureUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionParagraph 1:SentencedefinitionSentencebackgroundParagraph 2: SentencestopicSentencesreviewofthepaststudiesParagraph 3:reviewofthepaststudiesParagraph 4:SentencelimitationSentencepurposeUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction1 Function:Establishthespecifictopic2 Function:Introducethepresentmethodology3 Function:Statethepurposeand/ortheprincipalactivities4 Function:OfferabriefstructureofthewholepaperUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction1Function:Overthepastdecade,oneofthemostimportantadvancesin.hasbeenthedevelopmentof.Thereisaconcernover.isofparticularinterestwithrespectto.havebecomeincreasinglyinterestedin.Thereisanextensivescientificandindustrialinterestin.Recently,.hasreceived/attractedmuch/particularattention.Recentlytherehasbeengrowinginterestin.Recently,investigationsof.areincreasing.Thedevelopmentof.hasledto.Thepossibilityof.hasgeneratedwideinterestin.hasbecomeafavoritetopicforanalysisof.hasbeenapopulartopic.areextremelyactiveareasofresearch.2Function:Thispaperpresentsasystematicandunifiedapproachtomodeling.,basedon.modelisderivedbyproperlycombining.,andapplying.,theory.Inthispapertheauthorsproposeanovelmethodtoanalyze.Weuse.,toexamine.approachisappliedinordertodemonstrate.methodisemployed.ismeasuredthrough.3Function:Aspartofastudy,thepurposeofwhichistoaidtheexploitationofwehaveinvestigated.Thepurpose/aim/objectiveofthispaper/investigation/studyisto.Theaimofthispaperistoapply.,togivedetailedinformationon.Ourpurposeistoexplore.Inthispaper,weaddresstheproblemof/reporton/givepreliminaryresultsfor.Themainpurposeofthestudyis.Themeasurementerrorfor.,wasanalyzed.Thecalculationshavebeenperformedon.Thisstudyfocuseson/examines.4Function:Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:Wefirstdescribe.Wethendiscuss.Weshowthat.Asecondaryaim.Inaddition,weaddressthepossibilitythat.Finally,weshowthat.Afurtherreasonfor.Wefirstconsider.,andarguethat.Wethenpropose.bylistingresearchquestionsorhypotheses.byannouncingprinciplefindings.Specially,wetesttwohypotheses.DefinitionSteps to write the body section of the secondary research essay Text 18 Physical Effects of Marijuana UseOrganizationsCommon types of organizationTask 2 Task 34 Writing the body of a secondary research essayUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThebodysectionisthemajorpartofanessay.Itsstructurevariesfromessaytoessay.Thestructureofasecondaryresearchessaywillbesimplerasyoudonothavetoconductanexperimentorsurveyofyourownorcarryoutanempiricalstudy.WhatyoudoistouserecentfindingsanddataavailableontheInternettoillustrateyourideas.Hencethestepsare:Steps to write the body section of the secondary research essay:l1)Evaluateallsourcematerialsyouhavegathered;l2)Designthestructureororganizationofyouessayaccordingtoresearchquestions,suchascauseandeffect,orcomparisonandcontrast;l3)Arrangetheargumentsinalogicalorderaccordingtothechosenstructure;l4)Selectandorganizesourcematerialstoillustratetheideasofthetopicsentencesrespectively.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayAlthoughsecondaryresearchistouseinformationandfindingsavailabletoillustrateyourideas,itdoesnotmeanyouressaylackscreativeideas.Descriptionandintroductionofpreviousfindingsareonlypartoftheessay,andyouressayentailsyourpointofviewbasedonthedescriptionandanalysisofpreviousstudies.Inordertodevelopaposition,youneedtothinkcriticallyabouttheideasandfindingsofthesourcematerialsyouhavegathered,selectthemostappropriateevidencetosupportyourpointofviewand,mostimportantly,addyoucontribution.Forexample,offeringanewclassification(anewapproach)oraneweffect(oranewcause,anewadvantage)isthecontributionyoumaymaketothestudyofacertainsubject.Whenwritingasecondaryresearchessay,youshouldespeciallybewareoffallingintoatrapofplagiarismasthequotingandparaphrasearemorefrequentinsuchtypeofessay.Rememberthatasecondaryresearchessaydoesnotmeanthatyousimplypiecetogetherthefindingsofpreviousstudieswithoutyourownthings.OrganizationsBodystructuresvaryfrompapertopaperasasecondaryresearchpapergenerallylacksanempiricalstudywhichentailsthemethodandstatisticanalysis.Thefollowingaresomeofthecommontypesoforganization.A.EffectanalysisThestructureofeffectanalysismaybeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofacertainphenomenonsuchasglobalwarming,nuclearradiation,theuseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsandsoon.Common types of organization:A. Effect analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayB.CauseanalysisToanalyzethecausesforaphenomenonsuchasearthquakes,climatechanges,sleepdeprivationandbreastcancer,youmayusethebodystructureofcausalanalysis.Common types of organization:B. Cause analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayC.Pro-and-conanalysisThestructuremaybeusedtoweighbothadvantagesanddisadvantagesofatechnologysuchasGMfood,nanotechnology,artificialintelligence,syntheticalbiology,Web3.0andsoon.Common types of organization:C. Pro-and-con analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayCommon types of organization:D. Comparison analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayD.ComparisonanalysisTocompareandcontrasttwosubjectssuchascomputersandhumanbrains,ororganicfoodandtraditionalfood,youmayeitherusethesubject-to-subjectbodystructureorthepoint-to-pointbodystructure.Common types of organization:D. Comparison analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayAshortessaymightuseasingletypeoftheaboveorganizations.Alongessay,however,maycombineseveraltypesaccordingtothepurposeoftheessay.Whateverorganizationisused,athesisstatement-themainideaofyouressay,andseveraltopicsentenceswhichsupportthethesisfromdifferentanglesareessentialtoensurethecoherenceandlogicofyouressay.Thefollowingistheoutlineofasecondaryresearchessay.Title:BuildingaCityUnderground-fromanEcologicalPerspectiveThesis:Thereareadvantagestobuildingacityundergroundandhavingtheoutermostmileoftheearthscrusthoneycombedwithpassagesandstructures,likeagiganticanthill.Body:Argument(topicsentence)1Theecologicalstructurecouldbestabilizedasthesurfaceoftheearthwouldbeprotectedfromtoofrequentandintensehumanactivities.Argument(topicsentence)2Weatherwouldnolongerbeimportant,sincerain,snow,sleetandfogwouldnottroubletheundergroundworld.Argument(topicsentence)3Therewouldbenolocaltime,andthealternationofdayandnightcouldbeavoided.Conclusion:(Referbacktothethesisstatement)1 Function:Describethecauses2 Function:Analyzetheeffects3 Function: CompareandcontrastUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayTASK3Readthefollowingsentencepatternsandidentifytheirrespectivefunctionslndlicatedinthebox.AnalyzetheeffectsDescribethecausesCompareandcontrast1Function:Thereareprobablyavarietyofcausesforthismarkedgrowth/change.Theexplanationforthephenomenoninvolvesmanyfactors.Thecausesfor.,arecomplicated/varied.Thechange/increaseischieflyattributed/ascribed/owedto.Thechangemainlystems/arises/resultsfrom.Onemaytracethisproblembackto.Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthechange/phenomenon.Amultitudeoffactors,individualandsocial(inheritedandenvironmental)influence.Thesefactors,coupledwiththechange/growthof.leadto.Oneofthemostpopularexplanationsfor.,is.ispartlyresponsibleforthedecision.Thegrowthisnotthesolereasonfor.Thechangedoesnotinitselfexplain/accountfor2Function:Itmaygiverise/leadtoahostofproblems.Itmayhaveaprofoundinfluence.Itwillexertanumberofundesirableeffectson.Itmayproduce/bringaboutamarked/drasticchangein.Thiswillentail/bringsomeseriousconsequences.Thereareanumberofnegative/undesirableeffectson/consequencesof.Theeffect/influence/consequencehasnotbeenconfined/limitedto.Theimmediateresultitproducesis.Theeffect,bothphysicalandpsychological,ononeshealthisprofound.Negativeimpacts,includingeconomicandsocial,cannotbeignored.3Function:Thebiggestadvantageisthat.Ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Intermsofcost,itoutweighsthebenefitwegainfrom.TheadvantagesofBcarrymoreweightthanthoseofA.TheeffectofcomparisonisheightenedbyanotheradvantageBenjoys.AsadvantagesmeansnothingwhenBsadvantagesaretakenintoconsideration.Whentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesarecarefullycompared,thefindingisself-evident/moststriking.AlthoughAenjoystheenormousadvantageofitcantcompetewithBin.Bycontrast/Onthecontrary,.Despitetheseadvantages,italsohasitsowndisadvantagesLikeanythingelse,italsobringsproblems.Methods sectionQuestions an experiment or survey should answer Points one should make clear to readersTask 1Results sectionContents of results sectionTask 2 Task 35 Writing the body of a primary research essayUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayAsprimaryresearchessayinvolvesempiricalstudiesbasedonacertainexperimentorsurvey,itshouldpresentevidencewithdataandanalysisinaformatthatcanbereplicatedbyothers.Hencethebodypartwillbecomposedoftwosections:MethodsandResults.MethodssectionThemethodssection,whichisadetailedbreakdownoftheexperimentorsurvey,usuallyanswersthesequestions:Questions an experiment or survey should answer:l1)Whatareyourresearchquestions?l2)Howisyourresearchcarriedout?l3)Howisyourdatacollected?l4)Howareyourresultsobtained?Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayPoints one should make clear to readers:l1)subjectsoftheexperiment;l2)thematerials;l3)theprocedure;l4)thecriteria;l5)thesurvey;l6)statisticalanalysis.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayThereforeyoumustmakeallthefollowingcleartothereaders:1)subjectsoftheexperiment(Howweretheychosen?);2.)thematerials(Whatequipmentortoolswereused?Whereandinwhatconditionwastheexperimentconducted?);3)theprocedure(Howdidyoudesignyourstudyandwhatstepsdidyoufollowwhenthedatawerecollected?);4)thecriteria(Whatcriteriaareusedforselectingsubjects?);5)thesurvey(Howthequestionnaireisdesignedandadministered?Howarethesamplesorrespondentschosen?Andhowtheinterviewisconducted-bytelephoneordoortodoor?)6)statisticalanalysis(Howwerestatisticsanalyzed?).Thesignificanceis:knowinghowthedataarecollectedhelpsthereadersevaluatethevalidityandreliabilityofyourresultsandyourconclusion.Oneruleforaproperlywrittenmethodsectionisthat:Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentcouldbereproducedbyacompetentcolleague(Day,1988).Contents of results section:l1)anoverviewoftheexperimentorasummaryofthefindings;l2)detailedpresentationoftherepresentativedataand/orgraphicaidsandtheirlocatingand/oranalysis;l3)detailedpresentationofthefindings.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayResultssectionTheresultssectiondescribesthestatisticalresultsandthefindingsoftheresearch,whichdirectlyanswersyourresearchquestions.Itdealswiththefactsratherthantheopinions.Theopinionssuchasevaluationandcommentaryshouldbesavedinthediscussionsection.Theresultssectioniswritteninaconciseandwell-organizedmannerandisoftenshort.Itincludes:1)anoverviewoftheexperimentorasummaryofthefindings;2)detailedpresentationoftherepresentativedataand/orgraphicaidsandtheirlocatingand/oranalysis;3)detailedpresentationofthefindings.Whengivinganoverviewoftheexperiment,youmaybrieflyexplainhowandwhydatahavebeenproduced,butshouldnotrepeatthedetailsprovidedinthemethodsection.Youcanpresentfindingsindifferentways:statingthefacts;comparingandcontrasting;analyzingcauseandeffect;illustratingwithgraphicaids,etc.Statisticalresultsareusuallypresentedintexts,plusgraphicaidssuchastables,graphs,charts,drawings,photographs,etc(whichareusuallyplacedattheattachedappendixesiftheyinterruptonesreading).Thefindingsofanexperimentareusuallypresentedinthepasttense.Describinggraphicaidsandgeneralizationsconcludedfromtheresearchshouldusethepresenttense.Functions Task 1Task 2 6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThediscussionandtheconclusioncanbeeitherwrittenseparatelyorcombinedintoonesection.Asthefinalpartoftheessay,itcanserveanumberoffunctions:Separately,discussionsectiondiscussestheissuesarisingfromfindingsandlimitationsofyourresearchwhereasconclusionsectionincludesasummaryofmainfindings,implications,recommendations,possibilitiesforfurtherresearch.Functions that the conclusion can serve:l1)tosummarizethemainideasorkeyfindingsintheessay;l2)tomakesomecommentsonthefindings;l3)tocompareyourresultswithpreviousresults;l4)toexplainunexpectedresults;l5)toexplorepossibleimplications;l6)topointoutitslimitationsoftheworkcoveredbyyouressay;l7)tomentionfurtherresearchthatmightberequired.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion1 Function:pointouttheimplications2 Function:interpretandcommentontheresults3 Function:comparethepresentfindingswiththepreviousones4 Function:summarizethemajorfindings5 Function:pointoutthelimitations6 Function:suggestfurtherworkUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusionTASK2Readthefollowingsentencepatternsandidentifytheirrespectivefunctionsindicatedinthebox.SummarizethemajorfindingsPointoutthelimitationsPointouttheimplicationsComparethepresentfindingswiththepreviousonesInterpretandcommentontheresultsSuggestfurtherwork1Function:Thisfindinghasimportantimplicationsfor.Thepresentresultsaresignificantinatleasttwomajorrespects.Animplicationofthisisthepossibilitythat.Oneofimplicationsthatemergefromthesefindingsis.Someoftheissuesemergingfromthisfindingrelatespecificallyto.2Function:Apossibleexplanationforthismightbethat.Itseemspossiblethattheseresultsaredueto.Thisconsistencymaybedueto.Thiscontradictoryresultmaybeattributedto.Theobservedcorrelationbetween.,mightbeexplainedbyanumberoffactors.Thereareseveralpossibleexplanationsforthisresult.However,theseresultswerenotveryencouraging.3Function:Theresultscorroboratewiththefindingsofpreviouswork.Thisstudyconfirmsthat.Thesefindingsfurthersupporttheideaof.Theseresultsareconsistentwiththoseof.Thefindingsofthecurrentstudydonotsupport.Thisresulthasnotpreviouslybeendescribed.Incontrasttoearlierfindings,however,noevidenceof.wasdetected.Despitethedifferenceoftheseresultsfromsomepublishedstudies,theysupport.4Function:Inparticular,relationshipsamong.,arereadilyidentified.The.modelshadtheadvantagesof.whencomparedto.models.Weobserveadirectrelationbetween.,and.Fromtheinvestigationof.,itisfoundthat.Ithasbeenshownthat.,canbederivedfrom.Itisdemonstratedthatthepredictionfromthesimulationsareinagoodagreementwiththeresultfrom.,test.5Function:Themethodis,however,limitedto.However,wehaveonlyfocusedonseveralaspectsin.Theimmediategoalsofthistrialin.toimprove.,wereattainedonlytoaslightextent.Thoughtheillustrationisrestrictedto.itisconsideredasbeingwithoutlossofgenerality,because.Thelimitationsofthisstudyaredear:.Thepresentinvestigation,whichhasbeendoneonrelativelyfewbutcarefullyhandledsamples,maybeconsideredanimportantprecursortosuchrigorousinvestigations.Thefindingsofthisstudyarerestrictedto.Thisstudyhasaddressedonlythequestionof.Thelackof.meansthatwecannotbecertainabout.6Function:Thesolutionto.remainwideopen.Thereismuchroomforsomeimprovement.Muchworkneedstobedoneto.Afurtherstudywithmorefocuson.may.Moreresearch,however,onthistopicneedstobeundertakenbefore.,ismoreclearlyunderstood.Furtherstudiesonthecurrenttopicarethereforerecommended.Thisisanimportantissueforfutureresearch.Furtherresearchshouldbedonetoinvestigate.TASK3Writetheconclusionsectionofyourownessay.What an abstract should include Task 1Task 2 Task 37 Writing an abstractUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayAnabstract,composedafteryourresearchpaperisfinishedandplacedbeforethemaintext,isacondensedsummaryofthepaperskeyinformation.Themainpurposeistoenablethereaderstobeinformedofthebasiccontentandchiefresultsofyourpaperquicklyandaccurately.Aneffectiveabstractsummarizesthemainpointsoftheinvestigation,including:What an abstract should include:l1)thestatementoftheproblem;l2)thepurposeorobjectiveofthestudy;l3)themethodsorbriefdescriptionoftheexperiment;l4)theimportantdataorresultsofanystatisticalanalysis;l5)thechieffindings;l6)theprincipalconclusionsorrecommendations.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay7 Writing an abstracteconomy of wordsUnit 5 Writing an Academic Essay7 Writing an abstractSample abstract 1SentencetheobjectiveSentencemethodsSentencesfindingsSample abstract 2SentencebackgroundSentencetheobjectiveSentencesmethodsSentencesfindingsTASK2ReadThefollowingsentencepatternsandidentifyCheirrespectivefunctionsindicatedinthebox.IntroducetheproblemMakerecommendationsDescribethemethodStatetheobjectiveOutlinechiefresultsStatetheprincipalprocess7 Writing an abstractUnit 5 Writing an Academic Essay1 Function:Introducetheproblem2 Function:Statetheobjective3 Function:Describethemethod;4 Function:Statetheprincipalprocess5 Function:Outlinechiefresults6 Function:Makerecommendations1Funcfion:.isaproblemencounteredin.isstillanopenproblem.hasraisedthequestionof.hasbeenapopulartopicforjournalarticles.areextremelyactiveareasofresearchbecause.2Function:Thisarticlearguesthat.Thisarticleistoevaluate.Inthispaper,itcanbearguedthat.Thispaperisanempiricalstudyof.Thispaperattemptstopointoutsomemainproblemsof.Thispaperpresents/reviews/describes/examines/discusses/considers.Thisstudyfocuseson/examines.Thisstudyempiricallyestimatestheimpactof.Theaim/objective/purposeofthispaper/investigationistoexamine/present/study.Thisstudyseekstoidentify.3Function:A.strategywaschoseninordertoevaluate.Experimentswerecarriedouttoexplore.Weusea.modeltoexamine.Usinga.survey,wereexamine.A.approachisappliedinordertodemonstratethemaincharacteristicsof.Usingthemostefficient.,procedureInthisstudyweused.,todetermine.A.methodisemployed.ismeasuredthrough.Thispaperillustratesthiseffectby.Onthebasisof.,considerationisgivento.Thesystemisbasedon.4Function:Afterexaminingthepapersuggests.Thedifferentmethodsaredescribedandtheirapplicationto.isoutlinedwithreferenceto.Wearguethat.Weshowthat.Wepresentdatademonstratingthat.Wefirstconsiderandarguethat.Wethenpropose.Weshowthat.Inparticular,.areexamined/discussed.Someimplicationsaredrawnregarding.Focusisalsogivento.Inaddition,weaddressthepossibilitythat.Wealsobrieflysummarizethemaindevelopmentsof.Wecalculateanindexof.5Function:Theresultsrevealedsignificantgainsin.Theempiricalresultsconfirm./presentsomeevidencethat.Theresultsinclude.Theresult/analysisindicates/shows/suggeststhat.Theexperiments/examplessuggest/support/demonstrate.Itisshownexperimentally.Therewasnosignificantdifferencein.Wefindthat.6Function:Theauthor/Itconcludes/suggeststhat.Thispaperendswiththesuggestionthat.Werecommend/Itisrecommendedthat.Theresultscanexplainandprovideatoolforaquantitativeanalysisof.Theseresultsaresignificantfor.Assuchithasimportantimplicationsnotonlyfor.,butalsofor.Furtherimprovementsarepossibleon.mayhavebeenanimportantmechanismin.mayprovidebasisfor.couldbeusedtoanalyze.7 Writing an abstractUnit 5 Writing an Academic EssayMarijuanaisadrugofcontroversyinmedicalhistory.Whetheritsultimateeffectsareharmful,harmlessorbeneficialtohumanfunctioningremainstobeinvestigatedproblem.ThispaperfocusesonthestudyofthephysicaleffectsofMarijuanausesobjective.Basedonpreviousresearch,thestudydividedthephysicaleffectsofmarijuanauseintotheshort-termeffectsandlong-termones,accordingtoitsfrequency,durationandintensityofphysicalsymptomsmethod.Thestudiesindicatedthatanincreaseofpulserateandchangesinbloodsugarpressuresaretworemarkablesignsofshort-termeffectstogetherwiththesymptomsofnausea,vomiting,headacheandsoon.ItwasalsofoundthatthechronicuseofmarijuanamayweakenonesimmunesystemandinterferewithDNAproductionintermsoflong-termeffectsfindings.Rules for writing a reference list 8 Writing a reference listUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayCitations-whetheryouhavecopieddirectly(quoted)orrewrittenusingyourownwords(paraphrasing)-shouldbeindicatedclearlyinthereferencelist,thepurposeofwhichistoprovidereaderswithmoredetailsofsourcesyouhaveusedintheessay.Henceeveryreferenceinthetextmusthaveamatchingentryinthereferencelistwhichincludeinformationabouttheauthor,title,publisher.Therearedifferentkindsofstyles.Butwhicheveroneyouadolpt,somerulesshouldbefollowed:Rules for writing a reference list:l1)Placethereferencelistafterthelastsectionoftheessay.l2)Donotincludesourceswhichhavenotbeencitedinthetextoftheessay.l3)Starteachiteminthelistattheleftmargin.Ifanitemextendstomorethanoneline,indenttheadditionallines.l4)Usethelastorfamilynameandinitials(notfullnames)forallauthors.l5)Arrangetheitemsinthealphabeticalorderofauthorsfamilynames.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay8 Writing a reference listThefollowingareexamplesofReferencesaCBEstyle,usedinallscientificdisciplinesrelatedtoexperimentalandobservationalscience(includingbutnotlimitedtophysicalsciences,mathematics,andlifesciences).TheorderoftheCBEN-Ysystemis:AhoA,Year.Titleofwork.Edition.Placeofpublication:pbblishername.NumberofPagesp.1)JournalarticlesBjorkqvist,K.1994.Sexdifferencesinphysical,verbalandindirectaggression.SexRoles,33,177-188Berkowitz,R.I.,Wadden,T.A.,Tershakovec,A.M.,&Cronquist,J.L.2003.Behaviortherapyforthetreatmentofadolescentobesity.JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,289,1805-1812.2)Bookswithauthor(s)Black,J.2003.ADictionaryofEconomics(2nded.).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Dell,R.M.,andD.A.J.Rand.2001.Understandingbatteries.Cambridge,UK:TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry.3)Bookswitheditor(s)Blendon,R.J.,Benson,J.M.,Brodie,M.,Morin,R.,AItman,D.E.,Gitterman,D.,etal.1999.Bridgingthegapbetweenthepublicsandtheeconomistsviewsoftheeconomy.InRobertF.GarnettJr.(ed.),WhatDoEconomistsKnow?NewEconomicsofKnowledge(pp.86-100).London:Routledge.4)NewspaperarticlesHilts,P.J.2002.Petitionasksforremovalofdietdrugfrommarket.TheNewYorkTimes,p.A26.Availablefrom:http:/nytimes.com/accessedJuly1,2012RensbergerB,1989Aug7.CFCsmaybedestroyedbynaturalprocess.WashingtonPost;SectA:2(col5).5)OnlinearticlesHenryJ.2004.Theroleofmediainchildhoodobesity.Availablefrom:http:/www.kff.org/entmediaJ7030.cfmaccessedFebruary5,2004Hoppin,A.G.,&Taveras,E.M.2004.Assessmentandmanagementofchildhoodandadolescentobesity.ClinicalUpdate.Availablefrom:http:/www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481633accessedJune25,20046)AnonymousAnonymous.2004.Protocolforsterileprocedures.Toronto(ON):AssociationforMicrobiologicalStandards.35p.SmithRA.Dateunknown.Healthproblemsintheelderly.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.315p.FormalityHow to make your writing more formalTask 3Task 4Task 5Task 6 Text 19 Research Reports for Business and Technical WritingHedgingCommon hedging expressionsTask 8Task 99 Academic writing styleUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThestyleofacademicwritingisquitedifferentfromthatofanEnglishcompositionorthatofanoralpresentation.Asitsobjectiveistoinformratherthanentertain,anacademicessayischaracterizedbyobjectivityandpreciseness.Toachievethem,formalityandhedgingaretwoimportantelementsofanobjectiveandprecisepaper.How to make your writing more formal:l1)Longandformalwordsandcomplexgrammaticalstructuresarepreferred.l2)Avoidusingthesecondpersonpronouns.l3)Eliminatecontractions.l4)Avoidrun-onsentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleRewritethefollowingsetencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets23.4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style67910Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleTASK4Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.1Wemaybreakthesesectionsdownintoavarietyofsubsectionsandarrangetheminavarietyofways.(Usepassivesentence.)2Weshouldplacetheemphasisonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.(Usepassivesentence.)3Thissubsectionisrhetoricallyusefulbecauseitmakesyoumorecrediblebyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatyouhaveknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.(Avoidthepronounyouandtheabstractnounispreferable.)4Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateanddearwillhelpyoutoproduceeffectivereportsefficientl(Avoidthepronounyouandtheabstractnounispreferable.)5Ifweinvestigatetherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokes,wehavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.(Usenominalphrases.)6Thefinalsectionistodiscusstheresultsobtainedandstateanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.(Usenominalphrases.)7Weshouldexplainthesignificance-social,economic,medical,psychological,educational,etc.-ofthequestion.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)8Wedonotobjecttowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)9WhatstheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?(Avoidcontractionsuchasweve;shouldnt,whats;theres.)10Thereslittleemphasisonalivelystyle.(Avoidcontractionsuchasweve;shouldnt;whats,theres.)HedgingChancesarethatinyourpapertheremaybeinformationorevidencethatyouhavenotfoundanexceptiontotheconclusionthatyouhavedrawn.Inthiscaseyouneedtousecautiouslanguagetoavoidthepossibilityofpeoplesayingthatyouarewrong.Thecautiouslanguageiscalledhedging.Forexample:inOurresultsseemtosuggestthatlessindustrializedcountriesturnoutmoregreenhousegasemissions,thewordsseemandsuggestarehedgingexpressions,theuseofwhichcanreducetheriskofoppositionbecauseyoustateyouropinionscautiously.Thecommonhedgingexpressionsareasfollows:Common hedging expressions:l1)Certainintroductoryverbsandphrasesl2)Certainmodallexicalverbsl3)Certainmodalauxiliaryverbsl4)Certainadverbsoffrequencyanddegreel5)Certainmodaladverbsandadjectivesl6)Certainmodalnounsl7)Certainit-clausesl8)Certainif-clausesUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style1Theremight benodifficultyinexplaininghowthestructurecontributestohighsurvival;butthedifficultyisinthinkingofaseriesofstepsbywhichit could havearisen.2Itispossibletoseethatinourstudyshort-termbiochemicaleffectsalsoanimportantconsideration.3Thisstudy seemstoprovetheeffectsofshort-termfooddeprivationontwocognitiveabilities4Thereisexperimentalworktoshowthataweekortendaysmaynotbelongenoughandafortnighttothreeweeksisprobablythebesttheoreticalperiod.Identify the hedging expressions in the following sentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style5Conceivably,thatsmokingdoesnotproduceanyimpairmentofcellularimmunity.6Ofcourse itispossiblethat eachsysteminthisseriesofback-upsmightfailoneaftertheother,buttheprobabilityforthatisexceedinglysmall.7Insummary,GMtechnologycould causethetransferofaknownallergenintonewcrops.8Itissuggested thatMarsrockareunlikelybemeltedevenathightemperatures.Identify the hedging expressions in the following sentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style12.34Rewrite the following sentences by using hedging expressions given in brackets.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style56Rewrite the following sentences by using hedging expressions given in brackets.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleTask9rewritethefollowingsentencesbyusinghedgingexpressionsgiveninbrackets1Inspiteofitslimitations,thestudyhasanumberofimportantstrengths.(appear)2Itisprovedthatanimalsbecomeoldbecause,iftheydidnot,therewerenosuccessivereplacementofindividualsandhencenoevolution.(suggest,could)3Theeffectofthesesmallparticlesistocooltheclimateandtopartiallyoffsetthewarmingofincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases.(likely)4Veryhighradiationdoseswilldestroybodyfunctionsandleadtodeathwithin60days.(might)5Theeffectsofroutinereleasesofradioactivityfromnuclearplantsdependonhowthespentfuelishandled.(somewhat)6AlthoughtheyalsobegantoeattheGMsoya,theeffectwasmediatedbythetwofirstfactors.(suppose,could)Check globallyTask 1Check grammaticallyTask 210 ProofreadingUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayProofreadingisthefinalstepofwritinganacademicessay.Itisaboutsearchingyourwritingforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalerrorstomakesurethatyourpaperisfreefromanyerrorsbeforesubmittingyourpapertoyourteacherorajournal.Herearethesuggestions.l1)Thetitleandabstractl2)Theintroductionsectionl3)Theconclusionsectionl4)Thebodysectionl5)Topicsentencesl6)Citationl7)ReferenceUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreading1)Thetitleandabstracta)Isthetitleproperornot?b)Canthereaderpredictthetopicandthemainideaofyouressay?c)Istheabstractwell-writtenornot?d)Doesitincludethepurposeofyouressay,theresearchmethodologyandthemajorfindingsorconclusions?e)Arethekeywordswell-selectedandcanthereadersfindyouressaythroughthekeywords?2)Theintroductionsectiona)Doesitaddressthetopicdirectly?b)Isthereaclearstatementofpurposeofyouressay?c)Doesitcontaintheresearchquestionsyouwanttostudy?d)Doesitincludealiteraturereview?e)Doestheliteraturereviewprovidethereaderwithsufficientbackgroundinformationforthestudyofthetopic?f)Doyoulistpointswhichwillbecoveredinthebodysection?3)Theconcluasionsectiona)Doyoudividethebodysectionintoseveralpartswithaclearheadingforeachpart?b)Aretheseheadingslogicallylinkedandwritteninthesamegrammaticalstructures?c)Istheresearchdesignclearlyandcompletelydescribedifitisprimaryresearch?d)Doesitincludesufficientinformationabouttheparticipants,instruments,data-collectionanddata-analysis?e)Aremajorarguments(forexample,effects,causesoradvantages)logicallyorganized?f)Aretheargumentswell-connectedtoillustratethethesisintheintroductionsection?g)Aretheresearchquestionsyousetupinthebeginningclearlyanswered?4)Thebodysectiona)Aretheresearchquestionsfullyanswered?b)Isthereasummaryofchiefpointsillustratedinthebodysection?c)Doyourestatethepurposeoftheessaystatedintheintroduction?5)Topicsentencesa)Iseachargumentexpressedbyacleartopicsentence?b)Istheparagraphlogicallyorganizedaroundthetopicsentence?c)Isthereanyirrelevantideaordetail?d)Istheideaofthetopicsentencefullydeveloped?6)Citation.a)Doyoudocumentthesourceswheneveryouborrowsomething,bothdirectquotationandparaphrasing?b)Doyouusethein-textdocumentationwhenthesourcematerialsarecopiedorparaphrased?c)Areyousurethatyourparaphrasingisrewritingsubstantiallyinsteadofchangesofafewwords?d)Areyousurethedirectquotationisusedlessandanindependentparagraphisusedtohighlightitifthequotationrunsmorethantwolines?7)Referencea)Areallthesourcesyouusedintheessaylistedinfulldetailinthereference?b)Doeseachcitationinthereferenceincludetheauthor,title,dateandplaceofpublicationandsometimespagenumbers?c)Arethecitationsarrangedinanalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames?d)Dothecitationsfollowonestyleconsistently?Task1readthefollowingcitationandreferenceinastudentspaperandanalyzetheproblemswiththemToeveryonessurprisetheuniverseisinfactexpandingfasterandfaster,whichisprovedbySatflPerlmutter,BrainSchmidtandAdamRiess.AccordingtoEinstein,theuniverseisstillandallthesameinpropertyineverydirection(AlbertEinstein,1917).ItisprovedtobewronglaterbyEdwinHubblewhenhediscoveredthattheuniverseisinfactexpanding(EdwinHubble,1929).In1946,FritzZwickydiscoveredthedarkmatterbyobservinglargegalaxy.Afterthat,theobservingthestarswiththehelpoftelescopehasbecomethenewpowerfulmethodologyofcosmology.Supernovaeisonekindofexplodingstarwhichisextremelybright.Alongwiththelightistheinformationofouruniverse,suchasthedistanceoftheuniversesouterpart.MarioHamuy,theuniversityofChileledtheCalafi/Tololoproject,whichestablishedthebasisofthenewtechnologyusingthesupernovaetomeasurethespaceearlyinthe1990s(Hamuy,1993).Reference:AlbertEinstein.(1917)Thestudyoncosmologyaccordingtothetheoryofgeneralrelativity.InLiangyingXu,BaohengLi,ZhongliZhao(Eds.),CollectedWorksofEinstein(pp.351-363).TheCommercialPress(CP).20092ndedition.SaulPerlmutter,BrianP.Schmit(2004).Measuringcosmologywithsupernovae.RetrievedNovember202011,fromhttp:/arxiv.org/.MarioHamuy.(2011).ThekeyroleoftheCalafi/TololoprojectinthediscoveryoftheacceleratingUniverse.RetrievedNovember2)/2011,fromhttp:/arxiv.org/.1 Noin-textdocumentationforthecitationofSaulPerlmutter,BrainSchmidtandAdamRiess.2 In-textparentheticdocumentationshouldusetheauthorslastnameonly.Sothecorrectuseshouldbelike(Einstein,1917),(Hubble,1929).3 Someauthor(EdwinHubble,1929)ismissedinthereferencelist.4 Thecitationsarenotarrangedinanalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames.5 Thedatein(Hamuy,1993)isnotmatchedwiththereference:“MarioHamuy(2011)”.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreadingl1)Sentencefragmentsl2)DanglingModifiersl3)AmbiguousPronounReferencel4)ProblemsofAgreementl5)ProblemsofTensel6)ProblemsofArticlesl7)Uncountablenounsl8)Misusedwordsl9)Choppysentencesl10)Run-onsentencesUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreading1)SentencefragmentsError:Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wideningstreets,buildingsubwaysandsoon.Revised:Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wecanwidenstreets,buildsubwaysandsoon.Error:Hencecancerwillbethreatening.Becausecellsinapartofthebodyhasgrownoutofcontrol.Revised:Hencecancerwillbethreateningbecausecellsinapartofthebodyhasgrownoutofcontrol.Error:Wemustprotectourenvironment.Sincetheearthistheonlyplacehumanbeingscanlivein.Revised:Wemustprotectourenvironment,sincetheearthistheonlyplacehumanbeingscanlivein.2)DanglingModifiersError:Ifcookedunhealthily,onecancatchsomedisease.Revised:Ifcookedunhealthily,healthyfoodwillcausesomedisease.Error:Comparingwithtraditionalfood,wedonotbenefitfromorganicfoodintermsofnutrition.Revised:Comparingwithtraditionalfood,organicfooddoesnotbenefitusmoreintermsofnutrition.3)AmbiguousPronounReferenceError:Someplantsalsocontaintumor-suppressorproteins.Theyhelptocurbthegrowthofcancercells.Revised:Someplantsalsocontaintumor-suppressorproteinswhichhelptocurbthegrowthofcancercells.Error:Freudstheorycontributedtothepopularityofdreaminterpretation,whichremainsunknowntousotherwise.Revised:Freudstheorycontributedtothepopularityoftheinterpretationofdreamwhichremainsunknowntousotherwise.4)ProblemsofAgreementError:Themainreasonfortheterminalcanceristhattheyarediagnosedtoolate.Revised:Themainreasonfortheterminalcanceristhatitisdiagnosedtoolate.Error:Thehumanbiologicalclockactuallyfollowapatternofabout25hours.Revised:Thehumanbiologicalclockactuallyfollowsapatternofabout25hours.Error:Oneproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithnowarehowtousenaturalresourceseconomically.Revised:Oneproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithnowishowtousenaturalresourceseconomically.5)ProblemsofTenseError:Butmanyoftheseexperimentssufferfrommultipleproblemssuchasthelackofcontrolgroup.Revised:Butmanyoftheseexperimentssufferedfrommultipleproblemssuchasthelackofcontrolgroup.Error:Geneticrevolutionbeginin1960sandmanymethodsformodifyingtheDNAofplantshavebeencreated.Revised:Geneticrevolutionbeganin1960sandmanymethodsformodifyingtheDNAofplantshavebeencreated.6)ProblemsofArticlesError:Iftherewerenoelectricpower,wewouldhavetodoeverythingbythehands.Revised:Iftherewerenoelectricpower,wewouldhavetodoeverythingbyhand.Error:Thestudyfoundthattheairandthewaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Revised:Thestudyfoundthatairandwaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Error:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofmountainthanatbottomofit.Revised:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofamountainthanatthebottomofit.Revised:Thestudyfoundthatairandwaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Error:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofmountainthanatbottomofit.Revised:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofamountainthanatthebottomofit.7)UncountablenounsError:Manyevidenceshavebeengatheredagainstthegeneticallymodifiedfood.Revised:Abundantevidencehasbeengatheredagainstthegeneticallymodifiedfood.Error:Furtherworksshouldbedonetoidentifythemanddevelopacompletesupervisionsystem.Revised:Furtherstudiesshouldbecarriedouttoidentifythemanddevelopacompletesupervisionsystem.Error:Scientistscantreachagreementsyet,becausetheirrelationshipisverycomplicated.Revised:Scientistscantreachagreementyet,becausetheirrelationshipisverycomplicated.8)MisuasedwordsError:Atlast,thispaperendswiththeconclusionthattechnology,supervisionsystem,acautiousandobjectiveattitude,areallessentialtodealwiththeissue.Revised:Finallythispaperendswiththeconclusionthattechnology,supervisionsystem,acautiousandobjectiveattitude,areallessentialtodealwiththeissue.Error:Ourstudywillbedividedintotwoparts:Howtheproblemhasbeenraisedandwhatwayscanbeusedtoaddressit.Revised:Ourstudywillbedividedintotwoparts:Howtheproblemhasarisenandwhatwayscanbeusedtoaddressit.9)ChoppysentencesError:BroccoliisrichinvitaminCandhighinantioxidant.Itcanpreventthehumanbodyfrombeingdamagedbyoxidantenvironment.Revised:Broccoli,richinvitaminCandhighinantioxidant,canpreventthehumanbodyfrombeingdamagedbyoxidantenvironment.Error:Cloudcomputingisanewconcept.Itwasintroducedinjustrecentyears.Itcanbecomparedtothesupplyofelectricityandgasortheprovisionoftelevisionandtelephone.Revised:Cloudcomputing,anewconceptintroducedinjustrecentyears,canbecomparedtothesupplyofelectricityandgasortheprovisionoftelevisionandtelephone.10)Run-onsentencesError:Geneticallymodifiedfoodhasbeenpartofourlife,however,whetheritisanangeloradevilisstillanopenissue.Revised:Geneticallymodifiedfoodhasbeenpartofourlife.However,whetheritisanangeloradevilisstillanopenissue.Error:TheInternetisalargesourceofinformationanditprovidesalmostanythingyouwanttoknowandsothenumberoftheusersisincreasingrapidly.Revised:ThenumberoftheInternetusersisincreasingrapidlyastheInternet,alargesourceofinformation,providesalmostanythingonewantstoknow.Task2readthefollowingpartofastudentspaperandcorrectmistkesifyoufindanyE-Paper-APowerfulOpponentofTraditionalPaperAbstractThisstudyexaminedthedifferencebetweenE-paperandtraditionalwoodpaper.InordertofindwhetherE-paperwilltaketheplaceofwoodpaperinthefuture,wehaveadeepinspectionintotheworkingprinciples,functions,andapplicationsofdifferentkindofE-paper.WedemonstratehowE-paperiswidelyusednow.AtlastwepredictedthatE-paperwouldhaveabrightfutureandchangeourlifeinmanyareasaccordingtothehugesuccessithasachievednow.Butwehaveasuspensionaboutthesubstitutionforwoodpaper.1.IntroductionPaperisoneoftheoldestmediumforpeopletocommunicateideastoothers.Butnewtechnologieswhichmadeitnotasimportantaspastcame-paper.SowhatisE-paperindeed?Actuallyitisaconceptwhichwasexpressedasatechnologydesignedtomimictheappearanceofordinaryinkonpaper.WhatIwanttoshowinmyessayisthecomparisonbetweentraditionalpaperandE-paper.AcomparisonbetweenE-paperandtraditionaldisplaytechnologywillberaisedandIwillgivetheprospectsofthispaperaccordingtothelatestinformation.2.ExpectationsforE-paperForanydisplays,thebasicfunctionisreadingability.Toordinarypaper,itisnotaproblembecauseitneednotworryabouttheresolution.ButforE-paper,thisisactuallyacorefocus.Youmaynotfeelthathowitdifferencetraditionalpaperfromyourcomputerscreen.However,whenyoucheckthedetailsofyourpictureoncomputerscreen,itisreallyblurandpossiblymostofyoucannotbearit.Whythishappens?MostoftheelectronicscreensdesignednowuseLEDdisplaytechnology;massivecrystalscombinedintouniqueordersandthisshowyouthepattern.Sothequantityofthesecrystalswillmostlydecidethedefinition.Apartfromdefinition,scientificresearchshowsthattomeetthedemandsofourhumanbeingsreading,somepaaiculartargetshouldbemet,likecontrastratio,refinanceandothers.3.TheLatestTechnologiesChallengeTraditionalpaper4.ABrightFuturepfE-paperHowthenewtechnologiesareappliedandhowtheywillbeisabigquestion.Becauseitisrelatedtohowourpeopleseethisworld-readwoodpaperorscreens.Comparingwiththeoldwoodpaper,thespecialadvantagesthatportability,hugeinformationsaving,individuationisactuallyattractive.AndcomparingwithtraditionalLEDscreen,itismorecomfortabletoread,thestableimage,wideviewingangle,highcontrastratio,high-resolutionallmakingitanexcellentdeviceforreadingenthusiasts!SoalotofnewproductswithE-paperhavecometoourlife.5.ConclusionThoughtherearemanyweaknessfore-papernow-itisfragileandwecannotgetcolorfuldisplaywithlowprice-thetrendshowsthatitwillupdatequickinthefuture.Mostofuspossiblycannotimagineaworldwithoutwoodpaperbecausewehavebeenusedofitforthousandsofyears.Iamnowexpectingaprospectthatwecouldbringaportablelibraryandreadlikerealbookinanyplace.Ifyouwantknowhowsciencechangeourlife.Ithinkthisessaymayshowyoutheanswer.