welcomewelcomeMemory skills in interpretation Lecture 2 General procedures:I. Memory in interpretationII. Memory trainingIII. Interpreting the meaning of the utteranceIV. Improving active listening (提高积提高积极极记忆记忆)V. Memory exercise:口译课堂教学要以技能教学为主口译课堂教学要以技能教学为主,这些技能这些技能包括听力理解记忆包括听力理解记忆,分析综合能力分析综合能力,构造重构造重组组,注意力分配注意力分配,笔记笔记,准确精炼的目的语表准确精炼的目的语表达等技巧。而听力理解和记忆是口译的第达等技巧。而听力理解和记忆是口译的第一步一步,而恰恰是这第一步成为了口译很难突而恰恰是这第一步成为了口译很难突破的瓶颈破的瓶颈,同学们需要在这个问题花较大的同学们需要在这个问题花较大的力气力气,否那么否那么,后续的技巧和技能培训只是后续的技巧和技能培训只是空中楼阁。空中楼阁。I. Memory in interpretationNormal spoken delivery: 120220 words/min The more “meaningful the information, the shorter it takes for it to be committed to memory and the easier it is to remember. the interpreter has to try to make what he hears meaningful.Grasping of the meaning: active memory Words: a faint impression in his memoryA good example: the moviegoerThe reason the moviegoer remembers the film is because he has understood it. Understanding the meaning is crucial in the memory in consecutive interpreting. 口译记忆的根本原理：口译记忆的根本原理： 记忆的根本原理及口译记忆的特点：记忆的根本原理及口译记忆的特点：同声传译：同声传译：“超短期记忆，即记即超短期记忆，即记即译。译。交传：译员需要有超强的记忆力。交传：译员需要有超强的记忆力。通过后天的科学、系统的训练来大大通过后天的科学、系统的训练来大大提高。提高。记忆中的两个重要环节：存储记忆中的两个重要环节：存储 (storage) 和提取和提取 (retrieval)。我们的目标：提高存储的条理性，把我们的目标：提高存储的条理性，把握提取的线索。握提取的线索。2. 记忆的分类：记忆的分类：瞬瞬时时记记忆忆 (instant memory), 也也称称感感觉觉记记忆忆(sensor memory): 持续时间很短。持续时间很短。短短时时记记忆忆 (short-term memory), 也也称称工工作作记记忆忆(working memory)持持续续时时间间在在20-30秒秒，记记忆忆容容量量为为7+-2个个互互不不关关联联的的信信息息单单位位，且且始始终终处处于于活活泼泼状状态态，不不需需要要被激活。被激活。长长时时记记忆忆 (long-term memory), 也也称称永永久久记记忆忆(permanent memory)可可以以长长达达数数日日、数数月月乃乃至至数数年年，记记忆忆容容量量几几乎乎是无限的，但需要被激活。是无限的，但需要被激活。口译：短时记忆。口译：短时记忆。“记词还是记词还是“记意？记意？译员运用的主要是意义记忆的方式：译员运用的主要是意义记忆的方式：在在听听辩辩理理解解的的过过程程中中注注意意分分析析并并整整合合发发言言人人语语词所表达词所表达的意义，并把它作为记忆存储和提取的对象。的意义，并把它作为记忆存储和提取的对象。3. 口译记忆的运作方式口译记忆的运作方式1) 听听辩辩理理解解过过程程中中的的“有有意意识识的的筛筛选选-缩缩小小记忆的量记忆的量去粗取精，留存有意义的信息。去粗取精，留存有意义的信息。2) 对对记记忆忆的的信信息息进进展展“条条块块化化处处理理-扩扩大大记记忆的容量忆的容量言言语语的的记记忆忆主主要要采采取取以以“命命题题为为单单位位的的意意义义储存的方式。储存的方式。“以以命命题题为为单单位位的的意意义义模模块块可可以以包包括括一一句句话话、一个语段、乃至一个语篇的意思。一个语段、乃至一个语篇的意思。3) 理解记忆及意义记忆理解记忆及意义记忆口译口译“工作记忆的工作记忆的核心核心译员一定要注意对源语意义的分析、整合，并译员一定要注意对源语意义的分析、整合，并有意识地分析讲话者的思路，以便建立起记忆有意识地分析讲话者的思路，以便建立起记忆中各个意义模块之间的联系。中各个意义模块之间的联系。4) 强化口译记忆练习强化口译记忆练习提高信息的提取速度提高信息的提取速度记忆中信息检索和提取的速度和可能性取决于记忆中信息检索和提取的速度和可能性取决于记忆的激活程度，而激活程度又取决于记忆使记忆的激活程度，而激活程度又取决于记忆使用的频率和使用的新近程度。用的频率和使用的新近程度。口译记忆的技巧：口译记忆的技巧：1. 口译记忆的原那么口译记忆的原那么口译过程中经选择后的记忆对象主要包括：口译过程中经选择后的记忆对象主要包括：主题词、关键词、逻辑联系，这三者综主题词、关键词、逻辑联系，这三者综合起来就构成了源语语篇的意义框架。合起来就构成了源语语篇的意义框架。为提高记忆存储的效率，有必要对记忆的为提高记忆存储的效率，有必要对记忆的信息进展信息进展“条块化处理。条块化处理。口译记忆可以借助口译笔记的辅助，从而口译记忆可以借助口译笔记的辅助，从而提高记忆的准确性。提高记忆的准确性。2. 口译记忆的常用方法：口译记忆的常用方法：一般来讲，记忆的效果与记忆材料的类型有一般来讲，记忆的效果与记忆材料的类型有一定的关系。比方逻辑关系清晰、构造紧凑一定的关系。比方逻辑关系清晰、构造紧凑的语料记忆起来就比较容易、记忆保持的效的语料记忆起来就比较容易、记忆保持的效果也比较理想。另外，记忆的效果还与待识果也比较理想。另外，记忆的效果还与待识记语料是否具有形象性有关。人们对贴近生记语料是否具有形象性有关。人们对贴近生活实景生动、形象的描述记忆起来会比较容活实景生动、形象的描述记忆起来会比较容易，印象也比较深刻。考虑到记忆的不同类易，印象也比较深刻。考虑到记忆的不同类型和影响记忆的种种因素，大家不妨采取以型和影响记忆的种种因素，大家不妨采取以下几种方法进展相关的记忆训练。下几种方法进展相关的记忆训练。一、信息视觉化和现实化训练一、信息视觉化和现实化训练这种训练是针对大脑对意像语料的敏感性而这种训练是针对大脑对意像语料的敏感性而设计的，旨在训练译员通过将信息内容现实化、设计的，旨在训练译员通过将信息内容现实化、视觉化来记忆信息的能力。比方听到以下一段视觉化来记忆信息的能力。比方听到以下一段内容：内容：I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrrupting our conversaiton. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof! I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact.听到这一段生动形象的描述之后，译员便可在头脑中勾画这样一副图景：自己正与一位朋友在公园中散步、闲谈。突然，谈话被朋友的手机打断。然后放眼四周，发现到处是只顾自己拿着手机讲话而无暇互相交流的人们。译员就这样通过现实化、形象化的方法将一篇复杂的描写转化成生活中一个再熟悉不过的镜头摄入了头脑。然后，译员再用译语将眼前的这幅图景按照自己的方式描述出来即可。这样不仅记忆深刻、全面，而且译员也不会陷入机械的“找词翻译的误区。二、逻辑分层记忆训练二、逻辑分层记忆训练通常，人们能较好地识记逻辑层次清晰、构造紧凑的通常，人们能较好地识记逻辑层次清晰、构造紧凑的篇章，我们不妨从一些条理清晰的篇章入手，锻炼自己的篇章，我们不妨从一些条理清晰的篇章入手，锻炼自己的逻辑思维和整理识记的能力。在逻辑分析和记忆能力都有逻辑思维和整理识记的能力。在逻辑分析和记忆能力都有所提高之后再逐渐降低待识记信息的条理性和逻辑性，以所提高之后再逐渐降低待识记信息的条理性和逻辑性，以提高自己对逻辑层次一般甚至较差的普通讲话的适应能力，提高自己对逻辑层次一般甚至较差的普通讲话的适应能力，并最终能将逻辑思维能力作为一种并最终能将逻辑思维能力作为一种“半自动化的技能加半自动化的技能加以掌握，即在听到一段讲话后能够以掌握，即在听到一段讲话后能够“本能地对其进展逻本能地对其进展逻辑层次的分析并加以记忆。辑层次的分析并加以记忆。以上两种具体的记忆训练信息视觉化和逻辑分以上两种具体的记忆训练信息视觉化和逻辑分层记忆训练，均建议采用层记忆训练，均建议采用“复述法的步骤进复述法的步骤进展。展。1由训练者或练习伙伴以适当的语速由训练者或练习伙伴以适当的语速现场发布源语信息，长度应掌握在现场发布源语信息，长度应掌握在1至至5分钟之内。分钟之内。2承受训练者凭记忆储存源语内容，并尽承受训练者凭记忆储存源语内容，并尽量用译语记忆。量用译语记忆。3承受训练者用译语对原文的内容进展要承受训练者用译语对原文的内容进展要点复述。点复述。4复述后可进展讲评、切磋，探讨遗漏信复述后可进展讲评、切磋，探讨遗漏信息的性质和原因。息的性质和原因。5练习可分阶段进展。复述的内容逐渐由练习可分阶段进展。复述的内容逐渐由大意进入细节，并逐渐提高对细节准确性的要求。大意进入细节，并逐渐提高对细节准确性的要求。6整个过程中最好不要记笔记。整个过程中最好不要记笔记。记住：发言人每个语段的开头结尾都应成为记记住：发言人每个语段的开头结尾都应成为记忆的重点。忆的重点。1) 开头往往包含了整个语段的主题，结尾往往开头往往包含了整个语段的主题，结尾往往是呈现结论、总结的局部是呈现结论、总结的局部2) 只有记好了开头和结尾，译员才能清楚地把只有记好了开头和结尾，译员才能清楚地把握好本节口译是从哪里开场说起，说到哪里为握好本节口译是从哪里开场说起，说到哪里为止。止。II. Memory training (1) Encoding, storage and retrievalPsychologists tell us that memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Forgetting may mean the material was never encoded; it may mean the information was not stored; or it may reflect retrieval difficulties. II. Memory training: (2) Categorization, generalization and comparisonPeople believe memory can be fortified by consciously resorting to tactics (retrieval cues) such as categorization (grouping items of the same properties, origins, first letters, etc.);generalization (working out some headings to embrace the supportive details);comparison (noticing the differences as well as similarities between different things, facts, or events);noticing the time-markers or spatial barometers which often indicate the sequence of an event;description of a scene, or the shape and size of a substance. Three ways of training memory1. Shadow-speaking2. Retelling in the original language3. Retelling in the target languageRetelling exercises:Direction: Listen to the following passages, then retell in your own words in the same language the information you have just heard. Exercise 1: 金福实业从一个打火机五金塑料作坊起步，开展成金福实业从一个打火机五金塑料作坊起步，开展成为现在相当规模的实业公司。这个过程确实来之不为现在相当规模的实业公司。这个过程确实来之不易，是经过了十年艰辛努力，不断开拓，广聚人才易，是经过了十年艰辛努力，不断开拓，广聚人才和开展原始积累而成。和开展原始积累而成。我们近几年新开展的塑料包装瓶盖，拥有世界最先进的注塑系统及成型模具。我们先进的技术、舒适干净的工作环境、科学的管理方法、勇于开拓进取和至诚待客的精神，受到所有客户的一致好评。在这里我代表公司全体员工向曾经给予过和即将给予我们关心和支持的人们表示深深的诚挚的谢意！我们将秉承一贯以诚待人的经营作风，戒骄戒躁，在愈演愈烈的经济大潮中与您携手共进。同时，欢送您择日莅临指导工作，谢谢！Analysis:主要概念为：-小五金公司经过十年创业开展成为金福实业-新开发的瓶盖技术先进(注塑，成型模具)-在技术、工作环境、管理方法、创新客户效劳方面受好评-代表员工表示感谢-坚持诚信、戒骄戒躁、共同进步-欢送光临 When a guys printer type began to grow faint, he called a local repair shop where a friendly clerk informed him that the printer probably needed only to be cleaned. Because the store charged $50 for such cleanings, he told him he might be better off reading the printers manual and trying the job himself. Pleasantly surprised by his candor, the guy asked, “Does your boss know that you discourage business? “Actually, its my bosss idea, the employee replied sheepishly. “We usually make more money on repairs if we let people try to fix things themselves first. Exercise 2:Analysis:主要概念为：-printer has some problem-repair shop clerk asked him to clean it himself to save $50-surprised and asked-astonished by the answer-the shop makes more money by working on the printer damaged by innocent users IV. Improving active listening (提高积极提高积极记忆记忆)Key factors of interpretation:Gaining information, comprehension and memorizing. The reasons for forgetting the content which was just heard:1. Not enough concentration.2. Not familiar with the topic or cannot understand the source language thoroughly. Active listening:Actively analyze and memorize the information points which the interpreter just heard and find the relationship between the information points. Exercise:Listen to the following passage, try your best to grasp the main information and make clear the development orientation of the matter and logical connections. Good morning. Since I took office Ive done everything in my power to protect our children from harm. Weve worked to make their street and their schools safer, to give them something positive to do after school and before their parents get home. Weve worked to teach our children that drugs are dangerous, illegal and wrong. 1. 发言人就任以来在保护孩子不受伤害方面有哪发言人就任以来在保护孩子不受伤害方面有哪些业绩？些业绩？Today I want to talk to you about the historic opportunity we now have to protect our nations Children from an even deadly threat: smoking. Smoking kills more people every day than AIDS, alcohol, car accident, murders, suicides, drugs and fires combined. Nearly 90 percent of those smokers lit their first cigarette before they turned 18. Today, the epidemic of teen smoking is raging throughout our nation as, one by one, our children are lured by multimillion dollar marketing schemes designed to do exactly that. Consider this: 3,000 children start to smoke every day illegally, and 1,000 of them will die sooner because of it. 2. 今天讲话的主题是什么？今天讲话的主题是什么？3. 吸烟的危害如何？吸烟的危害如何？4. 导致青少年吸烟的一个重要原因是什么？记住了相关数据吗导致青少年吸烟的一个重要原因是什么？记住了相关数据吗？This is national tragedy that every American should be honor-bound to help prevent. For more than five years weve worked to stop our children from smoking before they start, launching a nationwide campaign with FDA to educate them about the dangers of smoking, to reduce their access to tobacco products, and to severely restrict tobacco companies from advertising to young people. 5. 在过去的在过去的5年里政府采取了什么措施防止青年里政府采取了什么措施防止青少年吸烟？少年吸烟？But even this is not enough to fully protect our children. To put an end to the epidemic, Congress must act. Last fall, I called on Congress to put aside politics and pass comprehensive bipartisan legislation to reduce teen smoking by raising the price of cigarettes by up to $ 1.50 a pack over the next 10 years, imposing strong penalties if the tobacco industry keeps selling cigarettes to our childrens access to tobacco products, and to restrict tobacco ads aimed at young people, so that our children cant fall prey to the deadly threat of tobacco. 6. 发言人的身份是什么？谁可以呼吁国会通过议案？发言人的身份是什么？谁可以呼吁国会通过议案？7. 能复述议案的主要内容吗？能复述议案的主要内容吗？Now, we learned last month that if we do this, well cut teen smoking by almost half over the next five years. That means if we act now, we have it in our power to stop 3 million children from smokingand to save a million lives as a result. Today, there are as few as 70 working days left before this Congress adjourns. On every one of those days, 1,000 adults will die from smoking. On every one of those days, 3,000 children will light their first cigarettes. On every one of those days, this Congress has the opportunity to stop it. 8. 采取行动可能带来怎样的积极效果？采取行动可能带来怎样的积极效果？9. 在这次行动中占主导地位的是哪个机构？在这次行动中占主导地位的是哪个机构？ Will this Congress be remembered for putting politics aside and protecting our children from tobaccoor for letting the public health opportunity of a lifetime pass us by? There will be no greater measure of your commitment to the health of our children or the future of our nation. Thank you. 10. 国会在这个问题上将面临两种怎样的选择？知识回忆知识回忆Knowledge Knowledge ReviewReview祝您成功！