Lecture ThreeStructure of an English PaperIntroduction12Body3ContentsConclusionStructure of a papernTitlenAbstractnIntroductionnbodynconclusionnReferencesIntroduction of an English research paper Introductionn“Introduction” = the broad beginning of a written assignment.nIt should set the context for the paper.-Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development .Or reviewing previous research in this area.nIt should state why the main idea is important. -Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question or specifying the purpose of your research.nIt outlines the contents of your paper. nA thesis statement is typically placed at the end of an introduction to announce your major findings.Body of an English research paper Writing the bodyThe Body The main discussion of the issue, broken down into parts to help the reader understand your line of thought. Writing the BodynThe body consists of paragraphs each of which is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. You can have fantastic ideas, but if those ideas are not presented in paragraphs in an organized style, you will lose your readers and fail to achieve your goals in writing.nClaim + reason + evidence+ acknowledgement + responsenCase for discussion: nclaim: TV can have harmful psychological effects on children Writing the BodynMain claim: TV can have harmful psychological effects on children nReason 1 supporting the claim: Because when they are constantly exposed to violent images, they come to think violence is natural .nReason 2 supporting reason 1: constant exposure to violent images makes them unable to distinguish fantasy from reality.nEvidence: Smith (2010)found that children aged 5-7 who watched more than three hours of violent television a day were 25 percent more likely to say that what they saw on television was “really happening.” Writing the BodynAcknowledgement: of course, some children who watch more violent entertainment might already have violent values.nResponse: but Jones (2009)found that children with no predisposition(倾向) to violence were as attracted to violent images as those with a violent history. Writing the BodynIdea: I claim thatnReason: because of these reasonsnEvidence: which I base on this evidencenAcknowledgement and response: I acknowledge these questions, and I respond to them with these argumements Writing the BodyexercisenAnalyze this paragraph including the five elements just discussed.exercisenSolving the environmental problem is difficult because of the high treatment cost, enterprises responsibility evasion and the weak environmental awareness of the public. According to Business Week ，China needs to spend up to $175 billion in order to fighting against pollution. It is equivalent to 7% of Chinas economic output.It is a high cost. 80% of enterprises want to avoid responsibility after polluting. Besides，according to a Public opinion polls , 60% of people have no environment awareness. All of these result in the deterioration of the environment. There are many companies or individuals who were contributed to the environmental protection. It played a role to a certain degree.But the environment problems have been an urgent problem. It needs the joint efforts of the government and enterprises and the public.exercisenIdea：solving environment problems is difficultnReason：Solving the environmental problem is difficult because of the high treatment cost, enterprises responsibility evasion and the weak environmental awareness of the public.nEvidence：According to Business Week， China needs to spend up to $175 billion in order to fighting against pollution.It is equivalent to 7% of Chinas economic output.It is a high cost. 80% of enterprises want to avoid responsibility after polluting. Besides according to a Public opinion polls , 60% of people have no environment awareness. All of these result in the deterioration of the environment. nAcknowledge：I admit that there are many companies or individuals who were contributed to the environmental protection. It played a role to a certain degree.nResponse：But the environment problems have been an urgent problem. It needs the joint efforts of the government and enterprises and the public.Structure of a paper: bodyIt should be the longest section of your paper. Avoid the phrases I think or I feel.“Read your paper aloud and have someone else read your paper. Avoid Plagiarism.Conclusion of an English research paper Concluding a paperWriting the ConclusionnThe conclusion is the last magic touch of your academic paper. Conclusion nThe conclusion should in some way be connected with the introduction. It is a summary or restatement of the point of view put forward, or an answer to the question posed, in the introduction.Strategy for an effective conclusionnIt is important to have a strong conclusion, since this is the last chance you have to make an impression on your reader. Specifically, your conclusion should accomplish three major goals:Three major goals nRestate the main idea of your essay, or your thesis statement nSummarize the three subpoints of your essay nLeave the reader with an interesting final impression Ways to realize the major goalsTo tell the reader that you are finishing your academic paper.And others?Useful ways to write a good concluding paragraphA summary of the main ideaA summary of the main ideaA restatement of the thesis statementA restatement of the thesis statementA final comment, discovery, or attitude.A final comment, discovery, or attitude. A solution to the problemsA solution to the problemsExercise The paragraph below is an example conclusion for the sample essay topic. As you read, think about what each sentence accomplishes within the paragraph. What sentence(s) restate the essays thesis statement? What sentence(s) summarize the essays three subpoints? What sentence(s) leave the reader with an interesting final impression? “ In conclusion, although the twentieth century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer, healthier, and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in my opinion, not made us wiser. The twentieth century has also made our Earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our spiritual lives poorer. We should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements because they free us to pursue our interests and goals. However, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal, mechanized world.”Exercise Can you find the symbolic words and sentences in this paragraph?Exercise In conclusion, although the twentieth century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer, healthier, and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in my opinion, not made us wiser. The twentieth century has also made our Earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our spiritual lives poorer. We should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements because they free us to pursue our interests and goals. However, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal, mechanized world.Exercise At the very beginning, the phrase “in conclusion” shows us this paragraph is the concluding one. The words “in my opinion” , “we should”, “we must” suggest the authors comments or attitude. The order is looking to the future.(Using signal words)Exercise This is important:nNo new information is presented in this paragraph. Instead, the writer sums up what has been written so far and leaves the reader with a last thought. While the content of the part is very similar to the introduction, the part itself is not exactly the same. This is important. Even though the goal of the conclusion is to restate a lot of the information from the introduction, it should sound different.