初中英语写作教学漫谈初中英语写作教学漫谈 初中毕业初中毕业(5级级)要求达到的目标：要求达到的目标： A. 能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材； B. 能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导 下进行修改；下进行修改； 新课程标准中关于新课程标准中关于写写的要求的要求C.能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系（即文章中用于表示并列，转折，举例，因果，（即文章中用于表示并列，转折，举例，因果，递进，让步，总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词递进，让步，总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组）组） ； D.能简单描述人物或事件；能简单描述人物或事件； E.能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。操作说明。 初中英语写作教学现状初中英语写作教学现状写作能力远远落后于阅读能力很少有专门的写作指导课 很多教师采取简单的方式处理写作： 指定题目，要求在规定的时间内完成后上交，逐一批阅，给予评价或划分等级。忽视了在写作过程中技能的培养有的教师在平时不进行写作训练，让学生在考试前让背几篇范文来应付考试。多数学生对老师的评改反馈只看评分对写作丧失信心，不再重视（草率应付）恶性循环 宁波陈佩芳（2010）推广中的推广中的 “过程法过程法”三阶段三阶段构成： 写前准备（pre-writing）: 小组讨论 Brainstorm for ideas 写作（drafting）: 汇总意见，确定提纲 学生定时完成 修改（revising）: 同伴互批, 定稿 优点：优点：调动学生，启发思维 缺点：缺点：费时，英语课堂时间有限。还忽略了中学生的苦衷：“想得到，写不出” 和 “想的精彩，写的难堪” 。近几年杭州地区中考英语作文题目近几年杭州地区中考英语作文题目VIII书面表达（共书面表达（共1题，计题，计15分）分） 假如你叫李华，在英特网上找到了一个叫David的网友，现在请你根据下列要点给David写个E一mail，介绍你自己的一些情况。1李华，中学生，家住在上海。2喜欢集邮和运动。3对英语很感兴趣，会唱不少英文歌曲。4班里同学也想找网友，希望得到帮助。5想去英国看看。注意： 1.开头部分已写好，只需接着写。 2下面方框中所给的词语可供你选择使用，也可适当增加一些词语，使所写的短文正确、连贯。 3词数：65个左右。 live in， collect stamps， do some sports， pen friends， visit ones country， soon， English songs David， How are you？近几年杭州地区中考英语作文近几年杭州地区中考英语作文没有超过课程标准五级要求任务简单明了。篇幅短，写一段就够了（65-80词，10句话左右）关键在于语言正确，表达清楚（注意顺序和逻辑关系）。写作能力的培养需要进行写作能力的培养需要进行语言语言知识知识积累和积累和写作技能写作技能训练。训练。Guided practice and pa学生作文学生作文sentence问题诊断问题诊断My home have three people.I want go home. There are some students play football in the playground.搭配不当Next week, we are going to take part in the final examinations. examination 或 test不能与 take part in搭配使用, 但可以和take, attend, have , sit for, conduct, enter for, get through, pass, fail 搭配。搭配不当We should learn as many knowledge as possible. knowledge 不能与learn 搭配, 只能与acquire, gain, obtain, absorb, accumulate, develop, broaden, enlarge, deepen, digest 等词搭配使用。http:/corpus.byu.edu/bncVerb + knowledgeAcquire + knowledge 全部例句Adjective + knowledgeShe felt dangerous.When we go into society, we will (go out into the world; join the society加入协会)词汇似是而非词汇似是而非由于学生缺乏英语基础知识和技能，许多句子看起来类似用汉语想好了语句再用英语逐字死译。（李志雪，2008）让我们的广州充满爱。让我们的广州充满爱。 Lets make love everywhere in our Guangzhou. “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别语和汉语的差别”。（吕叔湘）。（吕叔湘）要克服英文写作中的要克服英文写作中的“ 汉化汉化” 倾向倾向, 一个很一个很重要的方法是与母语的特点进行比较重要的方法是与母语的特点进行比较, 使学使学生努力排除母语特点的干扰生努力排除母语特点的干扰, 并有意识地模并有意识地模仿英语的特点仿英语的特点, 写出具有英语味的东西来。写出具有英语味的东西来。英汉句子结构差异英汉句子结构差异1)英语句子结构完整（英语句子结构完整（complete），），动词变化多动词变化多 （transitivity , number, time, aspect)2)主干成分语序基本一致：主干成分语序基本一致：SV(O) （不过汉语中有许多SOV句：你书读了吗？英语中有大量倒装句）3)英汉语中的定语、状语和补语位置有很大不同英汉语中的定语、状语和补语位置有很大不同Summary chart of verb tensestimeaspectPresentPastFutureprogressivePerfectPerfect progressivesimpleSimple presentSimple pastSimple futurePresent progressivePast progressiveFuture progressivePresent perfectPast perfectFuture perfectPresent perfect progressivePast perfect progressiveFuture perfect progressiveWhat do you do everyday?What did you do yesterday?What will you do tomorrow?What are you doing now?What were you doing at this time yesterday?What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?What have you done since you got up this morning?What had you done before you went to bed yesterday?What will you have done by the time you go to bed tonight?What are you doing? How long have you been doing that?What were you doing before I walked into the classroom today? How long had you been doing that?What will you be doing before I walk into the classroom tomorrow? How long will you have been doing that?Answer the following 12 questions in complete sentences.英汉句子主干成分的语序差异英汉句子主干成分的语序差异主语主语 英语一般严格遵循SV结构要求。每个句子都要有主语（除祈使句），并且以动词为中心；主谓之间相互制约。 汉语多用“topic comment” 结构，几乎什么结构都可以做主题（topic）。主题总是在前。 Put the following into English 她十岁死了父亲。她十岁死了父亲。 台上作者一位老者。台上作者一位老者。 （衣服）洗好了。（衣服）洗好了。 下雨了。下雨了。Her father died when she was ten.An old man is sitting on the platform.I have washed the clothes.It is raining.主语主语 e.g. 活到老，学到老。活到老，学到老。 One is never too old to learn. 很难说谁对谁错。很难说谁对谁错。 Its hard to tell who is right and who is wrong. 昨天找到了丢失的钢笔。昨天找到了丢失的钢笔。 The lost pen was found yesterday. 上饭店吃饭很贵。上饭店吃饭很贵。Its expensive to eat out. 谓语动词谓语动词 汉语：无动词或多动词英语：单动词（除非有连接词）e.g. 我妈妈很漂亮。 My mother is very pretty. 我们又唱又跳。 We sang and danced. 我们邀请他们到上海来玩。 We invited them to come to Shanghai for a visit. 你上课常常缺席所以我想要提醒你。 You are often absent from class so I want to warn you. 宾语宾语 汉语中还有较多SOV，OSV句式。他英语不懂，法语也不懂。他英语不懂，法语也不懂。工人晚饭没吃。工人晚饭没吃。那座山我们已经爬过了。那座山我们已经爬过了。这本书她没看过。这本书她没看过。他把车停街上了。他把车停街上了。He knows neither English nor French. The workers didnt have their supper yet.We have climbed the mountain.She didnt read the book.He parked the car on the street.附加成分的语序差异附加成分的语序差异定语位置定语位置 汉语：通常放中心词前 英语：不然 1. 单词做定语单词做定语，英汉语序基本相同。但英语中有定语后置的情况。 something old nothing important the manager involved students present the baby awake on the way home 2. 多词定语多词定语 英语中定语都后置 (目标先于参照点) The apples on the tree are ripe. The way to start the machine The roses in the backyard of the Caos looked great. 曹家后院的玫瑰花好看极了。（参照点先于目标）三到六岁的孩子Children from 3 to 6 years of age隔壁的音像店the music store next door用英语写的信the letter(s) in English玩/放松的时间time to play/relax当一个音乐家的计划plans to be a musician出国学习的机会the chance to study abroad城市用水water used by cities不乱扔垃圾的习惯the habit of not throwing away rubbish我曾经生活的村庄the village where I stayed/lived我昨晚吃的某样东西something I ate last night到月球去的宇航员astronauts who traveled to the moon分词短语、定语从句等作后置定语分词短语、定语从句等作后置定语分词短语、定语从句等作后置定语分词短语、定语从句等作后置定语状语位置状语位置 汉语：一般放中心词前汉语：一般放中心词前 英语：英语： 位置灵活多变位置灵活多变 I always remember the day. He gave me a gift yesterday. They have recently bought a car. I have visited the museum twice. He fell heavily and twisted his ankle. He studied as hard as he could in order to pass the exam. 为了通过考试，他尽最大努力学习。为了通过考试，他尽最大努力学习。 她一周有三个下午在一家百货公司做兼职。She works part time in a department store three afternoons a week.在我十岁那年我和家人经历了一次奇妙的旅行。 I took a fantastic trip with my family when I was ten years old.英汉段落连贯性表现英汉段落连贯性表现英语：显性连贯（形合）汉语：隐形连贯为显著特点 （意合） 段落不是句子简单相加。句子间要过度自然，不应该有跳跃式的转换；前后语句应有符合逻辑的结构关系。知彼知己, 百战不殆; 不知彼而知己, 一胜一负; 不知彼不知己, 每战必殆（少用语言形式手段连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序, 注重内在关系）(你) (若) 知彼(而又) 知己, (你) (则)(将) 百战不殆; (你)(若)不知彼而知己, (你(则)(将)一胜(及)一负; (你)(若)不知彼(而又)不知己, (你)( 则)每战(将)必殆。 （按英语形合的特性, 把其中省略、隐含、模糊的东西都补上） Television serves us in many ways. Most importantly, television serves us as a kind of entertainment in our spare time. For instance, we can enjoy ourselves by watching our favorite programs, such as movies, sports games and plays. Also, television provides us with a lot of information. For example, by watching advertisements, we learn about the latest products available on the market; or by watching news programs, we get to know what is going on in every corner of the world. In addition, television can help us widen our views. These days, many television programs introduce different cultures and places of historical interest. In this way we learn a lot on TV.Transition signals1、并列,递进: and, also, besides, in addition, whats more2、转折和对比：but, however, on the other hand, 3、举例： for example, for instance, such as4、因果：as a result, due to, because of, thus, therefore5、让步： although, though,6、总结：in short, in brief, for these reasonsUnity in a ParagraphEvery sentence in a paragraph should support the main idea expressed in the topic sentence.main ideasentencesentencesentencesentenceIs this a unified paragraph? My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He will not let me out of the house unless I have done all my homework. Frankly, I do not care whether I go to school or not. School is such a waste of time. There are not any good jobs, anyway. My mother does not agree with my father. They quarrel a lot. Sometimes I wish they would get a divorce, but then whom would I live with?1234567This is a unified paragraph My sister Liz was born lucky. She has a beautiful smile. When she does something bad, she smiles and my parents are not angry. She eats a lot and does not get fat. Her favorite meal is a double cheeseburger with French fries, a milkshake, and an ice cream sundae. After school she does her homework in five minutes while she watches television at the same time. In conclusion, I believe some people are born lucky, but some are not.1234567英汉语思维方式差异英汉语思维方式差异汉语思维汉语思维英语思维英语思维 环形的，不直接，在主要观点前作大量铺垫直线形的，直击主题 Dear Teacher, How are you? Now I am a college student. College life is quite different from middle school. It is new for me. I am trying to adjust myself to the new life. Dear Teacher, when I was at middle school you not only taught me a lot of knowledge, but you influenced me in various ways. I am very grateful. You were very kind to me in various ways. I am very grateful. You were very kind to me just as kind as a father might be. I still remember once you lent your umbrella to me whereas your were caught in the rain as I learnt later. You were generous to me, too. Once you invited me over for dinner. I will never forget what you have done for me, and I will keep grateful for what you have done for me. Dear teacher, Im busy with my study. But I am in bad need of an English-Chinese dictionary. I remember you have one. Would you let me have it? If you would I will be very thankful. Best wishes to you. Yours sincerely, Li Dong压轴压轴 Dear Mr. Smith, As you know, I am a student here at Peking University. I am enjoying my Chinese classes very much but I have a problem and I was wondering if you could help me. I am in need of an English-Chinese dictionary and I remember that you have one that you do not use. Would you be willing to lend it to me? I would really appreciate it. College life is very different from that in high school, but I am having a great time. I have already make some good friends and I feel quite at home in the dorm. Thank you very much for your help. Sincerly, Tom 开门见山开门见山中文思维中文思维英语思维英语思维感性、抽象、玄乎明确描述和具体例证，细节、逻辑Tips for English writing When describing or explaining things, try to use specific or concrete words whenever possible, for they are vivid, exact and interesting. The weather in early spring is bad. The weather in early spring is cold and wet. He is a nice boy. He is tall, rich, handsome, humorous, warm-hearted . I wasted a lot of time yesterday. In the morning, it took me two hours to get to my office because I had got into several traffic jams. Then I waited for half an hour for the manager to begin a meeting. In the afternoon I had to go to a public lecture. The speaker talked for three hours but I couldnt make out what his main points were. to chair a meeting , a pretty woman a high mountain, a tall tree, a tall/high window Merry/happy Christmas, * Merry birthday a bit/little sad, *a bit/little happy very pleased * very delighted (absolutely/so) happen 常与令人不愉快的事物(e.g. a car accident)联系在一起 provide 的宾语是令人愉快的事物（e.g. help, service, support, money.)不要只记单词，因为英文中不要只记单词，因为英文中70%都是固定表达方式都是固定表达方式Things I hate to dowhatwhygo to the tutorstiring, boringget up earlystay up late at night, havent enough sleeptell liesfeel guiltyThings I hate to do I often do things that I enjoy. However, there are still things that I hate to do. I hate going to the tutors because it is boring and tiring. I often stay up late and I dont get enough sleep. So getting up early is also what I dont like. But the thing I hate most is telling lies. I feel guilty after cheating others. I hate being dishonest, and I hope that everyone will be honest to others. (78words)Writing is a very demanding task in language learning!By limiting the demands made on the students at any one time and by focusing our attention on the different stages of the process, we have been able to simplify the task, and increase the students chance of success. (学过游泳吗？) Thanks for your 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