The Bones of Limbs附附 肢肢 骨骨 医学生学习网医学生学习网medelitesmedelites目的和要求目的和要求1. 掌掌握握上上肢肢带带骨骨、自自由由上上肢肢骨骨、下下肢肢带带骨骨、自自由由下下肢肢骨骨的的位位置置和和形形态态及及上上、下下肢肢骨骨的的重要体表标志重要体表标志2.2.了解腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾了解腕骨、掌骨、指骨及跗骨、跖骨、趾骨的位置和排列骨的位置和排列The appendicular skeleton( (附肢骨）附肢骨）nthe brief introduction Include the bones of upper limbs and lower limbs. Because of the erect standing ,the upper limbs are released from weight bearing and bee the organs of labour with greater and delicated mobility . so that the bones of upper limbs are lighter and smaller in shape and size. the bones of lower limbs are very heavy and strong.Bones of upper limbs（上肢骨）上肢骨）Composition:nShould girdle clavicle 锁骨锁骨 scapula 肩胛骨肩胛骨nBones of free upper limb lIn arm Humerus 肱骨肱骨lIn forearm ulna尺骨尺骨 Radius 桡骨桡骨 l In hand Carpal 腕骨腕骨 metacarpals 掌骨掌骨Phalanges 指骨指骨 Clavicle （锁骨）（锁骨）n“S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backwardnSternal end胸骨端胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端肩峰端 laterally 上面观上面观下面观下面观 The weakest part of the clavicle is at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds 骨折部位骨折部位Scapula （肩胛骨）（肩胛骨） The scapula is a triangular flat bone onthe posterolateral of the thorax between the second and seventh ribs . Two surfaces:nAnterior (or costal) surface: subscapular fossa 肩胛下窝肩胛下窝nPosterior (or dorsal) surface: spine of scapula 肩胛冈肩胛冈 supra- and infraspinous fossa 冈上冈上/下窝下窝 acromion 肩峰肩峰Three borders:nSuperior border : ( (上缘）上缘） scapular notch 肩胛切迹肩胛切迹 coracoid process 喙突喙突nMedial (vertebral) border 脊柱缘脊柱缘nLateral (axillary) border 腋缘腋缘n Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib nInferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals spacenLateral: glenoid cavity关节盂关节盂 supra- and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节盂上、下结节Three angles: :SuperiorInferiorLateral The humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. It has a body and two ends Upper end: head of humerus 肱骨头肱骨头 anatomical neck 解剖颈解剖颈 greater and lesser tubercles 大大、小结节、小结节 surgical neck 外科颈外科颈(易骨折易骨折)The humerus（ 肱骨）肱骨）nShaft: 1.deltoid tuberosity 三角肌粗隆三角肌粗隆on lateral surface 2.a sulcus for radial nerve桡神经沟桡神经沟 on posterior surface(肱骨中断骨折容易伤及桡神经引起垂腕肱骨中断骨折容易伤及桡神经引起垂腕)capitulum 肱骨小头肱骨小头Trochlea 肱骨滑车肱骨滑车coronoid fossa 冠突窝冠突窝radial fossa 桡窝桡窝 olecranon fossa 鹰嘴窝鹰嘴窝 lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁 sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟尺神经沟Lower end:Radius ( 桡骨桡骨)nUpper end: head of radius 桡骨头桡骨头 neck of radius 桡骨颈桡骨颈 radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆桡骨粗隆nShaft interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘nLower end: styloid process 桡骨茎突桡骨茎突 ulnar notch 尺切迹尺切迹 carpal articular surface 腕关节面腕关节面Fracture of the distal end of the radius Ulnar 尺骨尺骨nUpper end: olecranon 鹰嘴鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突冠突 trochlear notch 滑车切迹滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹桡切迹 ulnar tuberosity 尺骨粗隆尺骨粗隆 nLower end : styloid process 尺骨茎突尺骨茎突 head of ulna 尺骨头尺骨头nCarpal bones 腕骨腕骨(8) :(lateral to medial) 舟月三角豆舟月三角豆;大小头状钩大小头状钩nMetacarpal bones掌骨掌骨(5): base (proximally) 底底 shaft 体体 head (distally) 头头nPhalanges of fingers 指骨指骨(14): base (proximally) 底底 shaft 体体 trochlea of phalanx (distally) 滑车滑车Bones of Lower LimbComposition: nPelvic girdle: hip bone 髋骨髋骨nBones of free lower limb:lin thigh Femur股骨股骨 ( patella髌骨髌骨)lin leg Tibia胫骨胫骨 and fibula腓骨腓骨lin foot Tarsals跗骨跗骨, metatarsals 跖骨跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨趾骨three ponents: ilium 髂骨髂骨 Ischium 坐骨坐骨 pubis 耻骨耻骨Hip bone ( (髋骨髋骨) ) Ala of ilium 髂骨翼髂骨翼 iliac crest 髂嵴髂嵴 anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘髂前上棘 anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘髂前下棘 tubercle of iliac crest 髂结节髂结节 posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘髂后上棘 posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘髂后下棘greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切迹坐骨大切迹iliac fossa 髂窝髂窝arcuate line弓状线弓状线 The ischium ( (坐骨坐骨) )nBody of ischium 坐骨体坐骨体 to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulumischial spine坐骨棘坐骨棘lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹坐骨小切迹nRamus of ischium 坐骨支坐骨支 ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节坐骨结节 Pubis (耻骨耻骨)n Body of pubis 耻骨体耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum, iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起髂耻隆起nSuperior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支耻骨上支: pecten of pubis 耻骨梳耻骨梳 pubic tubercle 耻骨结节耻骨结节 pubic crest 耻骨嵴耻骨嵴 symphysial surface耻骨联合面耻骨联合面nInferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支耻骨下支: : obturator foramen 闭孔闭孔nAcetabulum (髋臼髋臼)formed by bodies of ischium, ilium and pubis Lunate surface 月状面月状面 acetabular fossa 髋臼窝髋臼窝 acetabular notch 髋臼切迹髋臼切迹 The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body and consists of a shaft and two endsThe femur (股骨股骨)femoral head 股骨头股骨头fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹股骨头凹neck of femur 股骨颈（易骨折）股骨颈（易骨折）greater trochanter 大转子大转子lesser trochanter 小转子小转子intertrochanteric line 转子间线转子间线intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴转子间嵴 Upper end:Fracture of the femoral necklinea aspera 粗线粗线gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆臀肌粗隆pectineal line 耻骨肌线耻骨肌线 popliteal surface 腘面腘面 Shaftmedial condyles 内侧髁内侧髁lateral condyles 外侧髁外侧髁medial epicondyle 内上髁内上髁lateral epicondyle 外上髁外上髁adductor tubercle 收肌结节收肌结节intercondylar fossa 髁间窝髁间窝patellar surface 髌面髌面 Lower endTibia 胫骨胫骨nUpper end: medial and lateral condyles 内外侧髁内外侧髁 intercondylar eminence 髁间隆起髁间隆起 fibular articular surface 腓关节面腓关节面 tuberosity of tibia 胫骨粗隆胫骨粗隆 nShaft: interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘 soleal line 比目鱼肌线比目鱼肌线nLower end: fibular notch 腓切迹腓切迹 medial malleolus 内踝内踝 Fibula (腓骨腓骨)nUpper end: fibular head 腓骨头腓骨头 neck of fibula 腓骨颈腓骨颈nShaft: interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘nLower end: lateral malleolus 外踝外踝Patella 髌骨髌骨ntriangular sesamoid bone腓骨颈骨折损伤腓神经引起的腓骨颈骨折损伤腓神经引起的“马蹄内翻足马蹄内翻足”nTarsal bones 跗骨（跗骨（7） 距距 跟跟 舟舟 三三 楔楔 骰骰nMetatarsal bones 跖骨跖骨（5）nPhalanges of toes 趾骨趾骨（14） 4.足骨：跟骨距骨足舟骨楔骨跖骨趾骨骰骨包括7块跗骨Tarsal B 、5块跖骨Metatarsal B、 和14块趾骨Phalanges of Toes 。Question the clavicle and the scapula. 上页上页下页下页 1What bones make up the shoulder girdle ？ the hip bone髋骨髋骨,the femur股骨股骨 ,the tibia胫骨胫骨 the fibula腓骨腓骨 , the tarsal bones跗骨跗骨 the metatarsal bones跖骨跖骨, the phalanges趾骨趾骨2 2What bones prise the lower limb？ Up Summary End Up