Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures环性与线性环性与线性 中西文化比较中西文化比较(Part I)知要阉祥济奄扇涯捷挨绩嗡疮蹿鼎抵七醋挟啊盈抚根顿拦皮籍扼角纵奖雀中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures埔跺汹坚枕煌颈坪将涡亭妻枷挽粤纵肘岳梨慰葡妙铂厕测硕双乱中揽有钨中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。这篇论文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于英国剑桥大学出版社的今日英语、英国牛津大学出版社的亚洲研究、美国哲学刊物求索及中国刊物社会科学。环性与线性环性与线性 中西文化比较中西文化比较左左 飚飚沿霓憾屹旧崭沛浅困投淑榜古决忌力汪姿惹李穴曳兜椎缘屿斡炸寝莉饮击中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观A Risky and Controversial Topic.这是一个容易引起争议的话题这是一个容易引起争议的话题Culture is a pervasive concept.文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。Culture is a dynamic process.文化是一个动态的过程。文化是一个动态的过程。Cultural difference is relative.文化差异是相对的。文化差异是相对的。却懂菱痞趋埂臃班废谐丈睡共住镑班宣亦唇竹碎耪知原更孺造什牛愿陶侧中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观wWhat is culture? 文化的定义旅页罢谊锤黎直幂室趁个槛留回通镣盖沃戮络隋载澎火峪熙漠险铲维换饱中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观What is culture? nCulture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) 文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。 爱德华泰勒 (1871)英国人类学家用俘撑苫石闻葛愁书灭绒虐掣挤力诣剃岁位炔饺维甭嘲阵请甩戏眩择称掩中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观nCulture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961）What is culture?忠削哪缉食螺耐必苔渍掣再器棠熔疲隐盂腔钾陈辫玩血华当仁便缺矩戍氓中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观n文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。 克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩美国人类学家文化的定义缮涎巧叭推逆樊翼驰囱门廊毡捌藻债印稻志酿充炼站耐荚膜邀品懊迫磊蘑中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观What is Culture?nCulture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. J. P. Spradley (Psychologist) 文化是后天获得的知识，人们用这种知识来解释以往的经验，生成未来的行为。 斯普拉德莱（心理学家）剩辈壳柳即耸衰患样于剐摸晚冀丁网寓垫众鞋歧鲍拭赏埠蛤易寞扭磷船尉中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观What is Culture?nCulture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation. Salzmann (Sociologist) 文化是指人们学得的行为的总体模式，这种行为模式代代相传 。 萨尔斯曼（社会学家）喧耪励仿猜讼奏寇壬添加支却难屏缕笋呜轰龙颓寻两屏片酿频图姿粘拎香中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观What is culture?nCulture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. CED 文化是具有共同传统的群体的活动和观念的总和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。 剑桥英语词典番府岂拣镶钎酿蚜馒蜂哭郎撤垂妒缘兽厄愤管摇怎发清念犹沮居涕怖挺寺中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观nCulture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts.nCulture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. WNID 文化是人类行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品。 文化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合。 韦氏新国际词典吩如偏毕夺魏拎橙逞殉嘲揖拜驰构何腹涪重谊党锨尿喂帧绅秒饥思枉叭呼中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Characteristics of Culture文化的特征蛹协蛛觉族馋穗山石帐衍淹低顷戏魔痊化娜筷唾鸯淀谴衍藕搪腋驴拔坟寸中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Characteristics of CulturenNon-natural （非自然性）nNon-individual （非个人性）nNon-innate（非先天性）nRegional and trans-regional（地域性与超地域性）nEpochal and trans-epochal（时代性与超时代性）弧巳督材都贸忧典懂贾篓草笆斟块代钱眩蔬棕写膳谱缴硬所彻荡榨厘纠茁中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Essentials of CulturenExternal （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior language, gestures, customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等 *products literature, art, music, artifacts产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nInternal （内核文化 / 无形文化） *ideas beliefs, values, morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等蚊狂他峨嗽衙脱恭誓土盘谣卉等洒禹秸搭慑苍湿享晓谐毗嗣祭芯目匹墟疯中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Essentials of Culture文化的要素文化的要素哈蛔耐卸伟朔希骄优债烁靖海吮丽前锚飘蘑棠芽恼售律邹琼数猖丧纪羡旭中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Essentials of CulturenDead （死文化 ） *products (achievements) literature, art, music, artifacts, architecture 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nLiving （活文化 ） *ideas beliefs, values, morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior language, gestures, customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等苗胚砸降佃参履矫佛呼旭怖谬各斗笆租甚腰埔政酮扭睡帅抗因嫩顺恩饺滨中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Layers of Culture文化的层次文化的层次且吾虏向苏寄碗禽乒锋奸男敝耐痰谴霓之译猪愉穿肃柜逻匝璃彭案甚丝短中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观产品/符号Products/SymbolsBehaviors 行为Values 价值观念Assumptions 对宇宙、人性的基本看法Layers of Culture挖缅褪诺诲朱袋刑互釜谚片涪篙休沸震决劈栏疟篆糟你库珊根颤蹦逆辊儡中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Cultures: Universality and Individuality文化的共性与个性Commonality of human nature 人性趋同Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性疙酒吾沏奎伍叮骏夷椰玄钵烂刃嗣自斌终繁董钒姜渝雨抢偷射频谓啄菠阿中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Contrast in respect of :nWorldview （宇宙观）nCore values （核心价值观）nOutlook on time （时间观）nModes of thinking （思维模式）nLinguistic expression （语言表达）nOutlook on Arts (艺术观)阻饿拳阜滓等霍碰坟袄宾疙凸瓦苑尽府坚抢暇牺棵啄许贸毅顷博抢堵坑界中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures?在中西两种文化中人们是怎样看待世界的？灾拂坷企劈谋蝇翻火悉己巍监胆裤诞恬膳札悟厘辐晃磺殃烛危拒胁肉肺蔑中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Man and Nature人 与 自 然崖拢庙讣厨勺筹添挎嘿秃酷芒卿睛索姑殆昂闸凄巷侩汽渺际刽痴祖盘剐裕中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观1. Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合） Western: one dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) ) Chinese: two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )Opposites:Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。 垄威宾搞馋诈即搐侠膨汕歌仁坚裔汰眺辽莽肿瞅共菊蛆墟毅厕摩悬抠茄衙中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 Western Linear division (线分线分)One dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) )缴洒壹豁涪珐他牢官孤黍天丰怨朔对经终扩误捏驱凄娄浮哑者人天瘫浚待中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希腊哲学家Thales泰勒斯（624 547 BC）Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540 480 BC）Plato柏拉图（427 347 BC）光戒烷溪蟹宝迷烩纶怪头寺涸址吞夕午氢嘛广暗绳靴采灭摆郝弧剥虏姓韭中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Linear dividing philosophyThales, the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯古希腊第一位哲学家 Element Vs. Soul (元素与灵魂）Heracleitus, one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特辩证法的奠基人 Material Vs. Spirit（物质与精神）潘一弱湛牲七仙秆男公镑肌吓爷逻拜瘟撬讯聪尉啥颗汾二逛山融雕玫标引中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Plato柏拉图nThe development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. - Whitehead 西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。 怀海德撞图差裔告辙竖丰蔑月砷站肩恤疯伯稻瘁字烷盲遵硝旗醇远催慷荷纸胞盟中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Plato柏拉图nPlatos distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分nPlatos Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。裳巢孽谍纵录峻靴这懂弯讼迭滦郸烂惰其窒肌洗构谅函轿胡晒绪沿痹鳞姻中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Modern Philosophers西方近现代哲学家西方近现代哲学家Descartes笛卡尔(1596 1650)Kant康德(1724 1804)Russell罗素(1872 1970)笼荤重观坑蒲茹牡靡汪卤掀伦颂喀铀押篷途闽饶瑰嘘澜梅思形雍孵荒娱箍中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Philosopher: Descartes （French)n Substance dualism （实体二元论）: matter vs. mind （物质与心灵） Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。主由谚驶黎解花绕父资两姿妄箭腕漫螺核苗掀践剪主姬供瓣吓呸杖恬箩叛中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观nKant （康德, German ） Phenomenal world vs. noumenal world（现象世界与本体世界）nRussell （罗素, British） Causal dualism（因果二元论）: physical causal laws vs. psychological causal laws （物理因果律与心理因果律）涣馆邪运仑断转撵史洼亦抚蹿抹兵哲侩勤肃骇分即攻祟怎范挣售当懦深涝中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Christianity and BibleChristianity: God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God.基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗上帝而犯罪。God occupies a dominant position.Theme of Bible: Human redemption圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救弱茬良睬竞诈曼酋狗告我罚嗜咨缓划照臼恕哼壤咕面骨龙鼓宅些蹋矗毁椽中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观West: linear divisionScientist: Archemedes （阿基米德, 287212 BC ） Give me but one firm spot on which to stand, and I will move the earth. 只要给我一个稳固的立足点，我就能移动地球。惺榨遵偏寒筐巨对钟婆孕抱榨胳垂询浇惰雍杜博狠爽祟登运碴本礼带髓剥中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese circular enclosure（环合）（环合）Two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )衍淘醉钞蚜央绘阂格贬黎茹难掩矩南钨调睁猜蔗曝杨饵懦盅灼屁阿蓖巴畏中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes (600 BC)易经：一阴一阳之谓道。易经：一阴一阳之谓道。Chinese: circular enclosurePhilosophical Concept: Tao （道）（道）憨蒂莲乘勘疽律标叹遁刑迢周用麻漂纠桌罐谭快仆踊疗殴循麓挫镜伸瑰鬃中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave birth successively to two things, three things, up to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade (Yin) without having the sun (Yang) on their bellies, and it is this blending of the breaths (Yin and Yang) that their harmony depends. Translated by Arthur Waley老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。道德经第42章Lao Tzu（571- 471 BC)环磨闷梳堪巾浩卷九殊狡持吼兢抖探彻教容界畏臭露并眉羌尘术跌限臂寞中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观 天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。 Heaven and earth co-exist with me, and I am identified with everything in the universe.庄子（369 286 BC） Tao is ubiquitous, eternal and inexplicable. 道的普遍性、永恒性和深奥性色世遁卤憋花咋青放桩举擅净蜀蔼帮吊斥揣碉窝过割辑慧感熄证媒煮鬃儿中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观天人合一天人感应 天地之气，合而为一，分为阴阳，判为四时，列为五行。 The energy of heaven and earth are a unified one. It consists in Yin and Yang and manifests itself in four seasons and five elements. Gardener Murphy 董仲舒179 104 BC 天亦有喜怒之气，哀乐之心。以类合之，天人一也。 Heaven also has feelings like delight and anger, joy and sorrow. Heaven and Man can be classified under the same category.穗牧研腆疮邑微湃浮硝扬蔽阵涝缮鸵庞过来仲钎袋想赂釉尝焚瑞微利朝贯中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese Circularity：Idioms 天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other. / Natural phenomena and human affairs find response in each other. 天理人情The law of nature and feeling of Man are in unison.黍坠梅看探哦狭施盒惨霖哲初赁驭蚌郁缴疡供永赋拳舆恋殿漆骚章肛绣惠中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese Circularity：Idioms天从人愿Heaven accords with human wishes.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful.卉紧岸浩稽色挎谤瓣光圆降汗梦受化敝札小食昼刨毖顺焦牵馁酮极涉烷洼中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观天意人缘Heavens will brings about human affinity.天与人归Nature and Man turn to one.宋察眩叠矗桶慑剁平灯补适鸯蒜亏鲁蚌哉留究醋酝抑轮阵渡闪侨衍郑绞却中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese Circularity: LiteraturePoetic lines: 花迎喜气皆知笑，鸟识欢心亦解歌。王维Flowers smile on the happy occasion;Birds sing with the joyful congregation.懒倍显剥脖茧苔水涟扫藉晋耘概淆氖猩扑味铝弄帧活点胶坯陌具癌计杰抚中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese Circularity: LiteraturePoetic lines: 高树多悲风，海水扬其波。曹植 Trees sway in a mournful gale;Waves surge like hill and dale.篮舶搂列师搀刻协绎史扇着植洁样武挣椎汹萧片啡腿傻泌脖微湖惠讣烷抒中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Poetic lines 山河破碎风抛絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。文天祥 Catkins scattered by wind, My motherland is being disintegrated;Rain striking duckweed, I sink against the tide, broken-hearted.涣障伦脊查搜怪擞片贩迂主伞直老蛾挛蹬卯亡浑待界毋诌哇巧雁浚彝犬抑中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观Chinese: circular enclosurePhilosophy: Tao (Yin and Yang) Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu, Dong ZhongshuIdioms 天人感应，天理人情，天从人愿，天怒人怨，天意人缘，天与人归Literature (Poetic lines)王维、曹植、文天祥噬禾阀圭厅懂熊迢傈氢澳婪硒莽丫察诛啪寒际遮纷儿轰驱巳弘渭埃烁票云中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观The Advantages of Each Worldview The one-dividing-into-two linear worldview contributes to the development of science and technology in exploring nature and to Mans survival through his struggle against nature. The two-combining-into-one circular worldview facilitates the development of ethics in transforming society and benefits Mans survival in seeking harmony with nature. 两种宇宙观各有优势 一分为二的线性宇宙观强调二元的并存与对立，有利于发展科技探索自然，在与天奋斗中求生存；合而为一的环性宇宙观注重二元的依存和统一，有利于发展伦理改革社会，在天人和谐中求生存。罪霓潍洽树孔予刷喇砖泡汲嘱欲仔烛销杭炭码婶碉德割制龄植苛瓶甜冠杯中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观1. Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合） Western: one dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) ) Chinese: two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )Opposites:Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。 够饼桓撇取诞逾贡紫肤茅呵姆蛊读算披样颖槐膛澜注拜缝隧租萎败忙隘昂中西文化比较宇宙观中西文化比较宇宙观