Grammar Revision分分词做状做状语和和独立主格独立主格结构构分分词做状做状语V-ing作状语作状语,可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬等含义让步、伴随或陪衬等含义,相当于一个对应的相当于一个对应的状语从句状语从句所表达的意思所表达的意思. 1. _（walk）in the street, I came across an old friend. When.2. _(be) ill, he didnt go to school. Because3. _(use) your head, you will find a way. If lWeweresittingbythewindow,_(talk)aboutwhathappenedyesterday.(伴随）伴随）Hisparentsdied,_(leave)himanorphan.lHavingmethimformanytimes,shedecidedtohelphimout.Aftershehadmethimformanytimes,1.v-ing形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在主形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，需用句谓语动作之前，需用havingdone,被动形式被动形式havingbeendone2.v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句主形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句主语保持一致；语保持一致；3.否定式直接在分词前加否定式直接在分词前加notNotknowingheraddress,wehadtogetintouchwithher._(finish)theclass,shewenthome._(catch)onthespot,thethiefhadtoadmithiscrime.Ved 作状语作状语 l1.过去分词作状语，表示过去分词作状语，表示时间时间、条件条件、原因原因、让步让步、伴随情况伴随情况等。等。l过去分词的过去分词的逻辑主语逻辑主语是是主句的主语主句的主语_(see)fromspace,theearthlooksblue.Whenitis_(keep)inrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.IftheyareDeeply_(move)bythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.过去完成时l1.定义：在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。l2.结构：结构：haddone被动：被动：hadbeendoneIhadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineoclocklastnight。I thought I had seen him before.与分词作状语交叉与分词作状语交叉Aftershehadfinishedtheofficework,shecametothesittingroomandrelaxed.Havingfinishedtheofficework,shePractice l1._fromhearttroubleforyears,ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A.SufferedB.SufferingC.Havingsuffered D.Beingsufferedl2.Hesentmeane-mail,_togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hopel3.Whilebuildingatunnelthroughthemountain,_.lA.anundergroundlakewasdiscoveredB.therewasanundergroundlakediscoveredC.alakewasdiscoveredundergroundD.theworkersdiscoveredanundergroundlake4.Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage_thegirlandtookheraway,_intothewoods.A.seizing;disappearedB.seized;disappearedC.seizing;disappearingD.seized;disappearing5._inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.TowaitB.Havewaited C.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited6.If_thesametreatmentagain,hessuretogetwell.A.givingB.giveC.givenD.beinggiven7.Unless_tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited7._in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding独立主格结构独立主格结构l1.由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。2.特点特点1）独立主格结构的）独立主格结构的逻辑主语逻辑主语与与句子的主语不同句子的主语不同，它独立存在。它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定不定式，介词等是式，介词等是主谓关系主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。3.结构结构名词/主格代词+现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词/不定式不定式/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短语介词短语There being +名词/代词It being +名词/代词lThegirl_(stare)athim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidntknowwhattosay.lTime_(permit)(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.lTheproblems_(solve)(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.独立主格与状语从句的转换独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的当状语从句的主语主语与与主句的主语不同时主句的主语不同时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再不再保留连词保留连词。Afterclasswasover，thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.Classbeingover/ClassoverlHeisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.Hismother（being）ill,hehadtostayhometolookafterher.lThemeeting（being）over,theyallwenthome.being（或（或having been）不能省略的情形不能省略的情形(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。 ItbeingSundayItbeingSunday, we went to church. (2)在There being名名词/代代词的的结构中构中。There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.lOurEnglishteachercameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.ln/pron+介词短语结构中，介词短语结构中，n/pron前不可用冠前不可用冠词或形容词性物主代词（词或形容词性物主代词（his，her，our）Practice 1.Thecave_verydark,helitsomecandles_light.A.was;givenB.was;togiveC.being;givenD.being;togive2.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand_agunandhisface_withsweat.Aheld;coveredB.holding;coveringC.holding;coveredD.held;covering3.Thegirlinthesnapshot（快照）（快照）wassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_.A.flowedinthebreezeB.wasflowinginthebreezeC.wereflowinginthebreezeD.flowinginthebreeze4.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished5._,wewenthome.A.OurhomeworkhadbeenfinishedB.OurhomeworkhavingbeenfinishedC.OurhomeworkfinishingD.Ourhomeworkbeenfinished6.Themeeting_,hewentbacktohiscompany.A.OverB.hadoverC.wasoverD.havebeenover7._,heputonhiscoat.A.ItbeingcoldB.ItcoldC.BeingcoldD.Ithavingbeencold8.Time_,weshallvisitthezoo.A.beenpermittingB.permittingC.permittedD.havingbeenpermitted9._,wehavetogetdowntobusinessrightawayA.TherewasnotimeleftB.ThereisnotimeleftC.TherebeingnotimeleftD.Theretobenotimeleft10.Shestoodthere,_fromhercheeks.A.tearsrollingdownB.tearsrolleddownC.withtearsrolleddownD.tearsrollingdown11.Theboystoodbeforetheroastedduck,hiseyes_onitandhismouth_.A.werefixed,waswateredB.fixed,wateringC.fixed,wateredD.werefixing,waswatering12._Sunday,thelibraryisclosed.A.BeingB.ItbeingC.TherebeingD.ItisHomework Domoreexercisestoconsolidateabsolutestructureandparticiplesasadverbials.