Chapter 1 Thinking GloballyNiu ShujieFaculty of College English TeachingNew Era Interactive EnglishNew Era Interactive EnglishLevel 4Level 4Active readingnRead the statement for 5 minutes, then summarize the five steps of active readingQuestions:-What is active reading?-Why should we read actively?-How to read actively and what are the five steps of active reading?Reading strategy 1:Reading strategy 1:-Whats active reading?Active reading means reading critically, or questioning, what you read.- Why should we read actively?Active reading can help you understand the reading better and also make reading more enjoyable.- Whats the five steps of active reading?Preparing to read; Reading; Marking and questioning; Reviewing; RespondingKeep a reading journalnMarking and questioning is one of the five steps of active reading. To fulfill this step, its quite necessary to keep a reading journal.Question:Whats the use of keeping a reading journal?What can you put in your reading journal?Reading strategy 2:Reading strategy 2:- Whats the use of keeping a reading journal?Keep a reading journal can help you to keep track of your ideas and your learning. It can help you to review your ideas, remember your reading and understand more fully what you have read.-What can you put in your reading journal?You can put your written response to the readings; some good vocabulary items; some useful sentences, etc. together in your reading journal.Reading 1v Discuss the following questions with your group mates. For each group, one student is supposed to record the opinions of the group mates. Then another student is responsible for reporting their opinions to the others.Warming up exercise:Warming up exercise:1.What happened on July 1, 1997?2.What are the Opium Wars? And what were consequences of the wars?3.What do you think of Deng Xiaopings role in Hong Hongs return?4.Whats the significance of Hong Kongs return?Reading comprehension:Reading comprehension:Task 1: Read the text again by yourselves and try to summarize the speech of President Jiang and complete the following summary.Task 2: Work in group to answer the following questions.What does “one country, two systems” mean?Why was Hong Kong originally transferred to British power?What is the HKSAR?What will the Chinese government continue to do after resuming exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong?Summary of Jiang Zemins speech The Chinese and British governments have held_ _, announcing the resumption by the Chinese government of_ _. Hong Kongs return to the motherland is a shining page in the annals of the Chinese nation. After reviewing the brief history of Hong Kong, President Jiang promises that Hong Kong will continue to _ _ _. And then, he reaffirms that _ _will remain unchanged for 50 years.thehandover ceremony of Hong Kongsovereignty over Hong Kongthe exercise ofpractice the capitalist system with its previous socio-economic system and way of life remaining unchanged and its laws basically unchanged“one country, two systems,” “ Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong” and “ a high degree of autonomy”Reference:1.“One country , two systems” refers to the capitalist system in Hong Kong, and the Chinese Communist party governing the rest of China- both now a part of the Peoples Republic of China. 2. China ceded Hong Kong to the British after the Opium Wars.3. HKSAR refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China.4. Hong Kong will continue to practice the capitalist system, with its previous socio-economic system and way of life remaining unchanged and its laws basically unchanged.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:In 1898, Britain again coerced the Qing Government into signing the Convention of the Extension of Hong Kong, thus occupying the entire Hong Kong region. (Para. 4)coerce: v. make sb. do sth by using force or threatscoerce sb. into sth./ doing sth.-The boss coerced the stickers into compliance.-They were coerced into signing the contract.coercion: n. - He paid the money under coercion.coercive: adj.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:Notwithstanding the prolonged separation, the flesh-and-blood bond between the people on mainland and Hong Kong (Para. 4)prolonged: adj. continuing for a long time- After prolonged questioning, she finally confessed.乘火车的旅客要长时间受阻。乘火车的旅客要长时间受阻。- There will be prolonged delays for railway travelers.prolong: v. make sth. longer, esp in time- They prolonged their visit by a few days.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:China had achieved national independence and liberation and embarked on a road to socialism. (Para. 5)embark: v. 1.Go or be taken on board a ship or an aircraft2.Start or engage in (esp sth. new or difficult)- He embarked on a new career.- We embark for Europe at New York harbor.带汽车的乘客必须先上船。带汽车的乘客必须先上船。他着手一项别人都没敢做的冒险活动。他着手一项别人都没敢做的冒险活动。- Passengers with cars must embark first.- He has embarked on an adventure no one else has dared.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:He initiated, with exceptional wisdom and great statesmanship, the creative vision of “one country, two systems,” (Para. 6)initiate: v. 1.Put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause sth. to begin2.Give sb. elementary instruction -The government will initiate a reform of the educational system.-The book was written to initiate outsiders to the mysteries of the trade.initiation: n. the act of bring sth. into effectthe initiation of an investigationWords and phrases:Words and phrases:initiative: n. 1. Action taken to resolve a difficulty-It is hoped that the governments initiative will bring the strike to an end.2. the initiative: power or right to take action-Because of the generals indecisiveness, our armies have lost the initiative to the enemy.3. on ones own initiative: without anyone else ordering one to do sth, or suggesting that one should do it-In the absence of my commanding officer, I acted on my own initiative.4. take the initiative: take the first step in an undertaking-Its up to this country to take the initiative in banning nuclear weapon.Note:Words and phrases:Words and phrases:Complete the following sentences by using initiate, initiation, initiative, on ones own initiative, take the initiative.1.He helped me_.2. Our country _ trade with developing nations.3. He _ in trying to solve the problem.on his own initiativeinitiatedtook the initiativeWords and phrases:Words and phrases: to resolve the Hong Kong question through diplomatic negotiations and to maintain long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. (Para. 6)negotiation: n. discussion aimed at reaching an agreement-Negotiation of the sale took a long time.negotiate: v. -Weve decided to negotiate with the employers about our wage claim.be in negotiation with sb.工会与业主议定一份新合同。工会与业主议定一份新合同。-The trade union negotiated a new contract with the owner.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:After Hong Kong returns to the motherland, the overwhelming majority of the laws previously in force will be maintained. (Para. 9)overwhelming: adj. too great to resist or overcome- The out-party got an overwhelming victory.overwhelm: v. 1.(usually passive) cover sth./ sb. completely by flowing over2.To affect deeply in mind or emotion3.To defeat completely-Overwhelmed with gratitude, he fell to knees.-Our team overwhelmed the visitors by 40 points.-A great mass of water overwhelmed the village.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:A gradually improved democratic system suited to Hong Kongs reality is an important guarantee for its social and political stability. (Para. 9)Thing that makes an event likely to happenPerson who promises to be responsible for seeing that sth. is donePromise given by one person to another that he will be responsible for seeing that sth. is donePromise that certain conditions agreed to in a transactionguarantee: n. The watch comes with a years guarantee.Blue skies are not a guarantee of continuing fine weather.Are you willing to be a guarantee of your friends good behavior?be guaranteed to do: be certain to doWords and phrases:Words and phrases:guarantee sth. to sb.: promise sth. with certaintyguarantee sth against sth:undertake to pay the cost of repairsguarantee: v. We can not guarantee the punctual arrival of trains in foggy weather.The insurance guaranteed him against money loss in case of fire.Its guaranteed to rain when you want to go out.不能保证她不会接受。不能保证她不会接受。保证书还有效，所以厂家会给修理的。保证书还有效，所以厂家会给修理的。Words and phrases:Words and phrases:他一出席，会议就成功在望。他一出席，会议就成功在望。-It is still under guarantee, so the manufacturer will repair it.-There is no guarantee that she will accept.-His turning up will guarantee the success of the meeting.Translate the following sentence by using guarantee.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:The British Consulate- General, which will be inaugurated in a few hours time, will be our largest in the world.inaugurate: v. 1. Introduce (a new public official or leader) at a special ceremony2. Mark the beginning of (an organization or undertaking) or open (a building, an exhibition, etc) with a ceremony3. Introduce sth. new-Concorde inaugurated a new era in airplane travel.-The city library was inaugurated by the mayor.-He will be inaugurated as president in January.Reading 2Reading comprehensionReading comprehensionnRead the article once and discuss the following questions with your group mates.1.Who is Jeffrey Benzien?2.What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?3.How did some people get amnesty in South Africa?4.Why was the amnesty program begun?5.Who is P.W. Botha? Why is he facing jail time?Reference:1. Jeffery Benzien is a police captain who tortured people whod been arrested for opposing the government of South Africa.2. It is a group of judges, lawyers, and ministers who listen to confessions of people, white or black, who committed crimes for or against apartheid. The criminals, in exchange, receive amnesty.3. By simply telling the truth about their crimes, people could receive amnesty.4. This program is a joint deal between the white government and Mandelas government to ease racial tensions.5. He was South Africas president from 1978 to 1989, one of the most violent period in the countrys history. He faces jail time not for his crimes, but for his refusal to confess before committee.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:He was demonstrating a method of torture that would take victims to the brink of suffocation. (Para. 1)demonstrate: v. 1. sth. to sb.: show sth clearly by giving evidence2. sth. to sb.: show and explain how sth. works or a way of doing sth.3. (against/ in favor of sb/ sth): take part in a public rally, usually as a protest or to show support-His sudden departure demonstrates that he is unreliable.-Thousands demonstrated against the price increases.-An assistant demonstrated the washing machine.Words and phrases:Words and phrases:她示范最有效的自卫方法。她示范最有效的自卫方法。-She demonstrated how best to defend oneself.他们示威反对那条新法律。他们示威反对那条新法律。-They demonstrated against the new law.这次选举是以实际行动体现了民主。这次选举是以实际行动体现了民主。-The election demonstrates democracy in action.Translate the following sentences by using demonstrate.Words and phrases: Among the people who gathered to hear Benziens confession last summer were several of his victim. (Para. 2)confession: n. 1.Statement of ones guilt2.Formal admission of ones sins to a priest-He made a full confession of his crimes.-I always go to confession on Fridays.confess: v. to sth/ doing sth. sth to sb -She finally confessed to having stolen the money.-He confessed to the priest that he had sinned.Words and phrases:We as a nation must confront the truth and heal ourselves. (Para. 9)confront: v. sb. with sb./ sth.: make sb. face or consider sb or sth unpleasant, difficult, etcbe confronted with: face-They confronted the prisoner with his accusers.- After entering the WTO, China is confronted with many challenges.面对证据，她只好承认偷了钱。面对证据，她只好承认偷了钱。- When the police confronted her with evidence, she admitted that she had stolen the money.Words and phrases:Some stories the commission hears are so awful that the people listening can do nothing but cry. (Para. 13)awful: adj. 1.Extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible2.(informal) very bad3.(informal) very great-Im in an awful hurry to get to the bank.-The plight of starving people is too awful to think about.-What awful weather!awfully: adv. Very much-Im afraid that Im awfully late.-Thanks awfully for the present.Reviewing tasks:Reviewing tasks:v Dictation within the group: The student who performed the best in a group dictate words and phrases in reading 1 and 2 to the group mates.v Game: making sentencesFor each group of students, the teacher will give them some new words or expressions. When the teacher says out one to them, anyone in the group should make a sentence by using the word or expression. The group that makes the most sentences within 5 minutes will win.Writing strategy 1:Writing strategy 1: Brainstorm to get ideas for your writingnBrainstorming means coming up with as many ideas you can think of without stopping to think or judge your ideas. It is an easy and popular technique for getting started in writing.How can it help?How to brainstorm?Brainstorming brings lists of ideas, which help you to discover what you want to write about.you may do it alone, with a partner, or with a group of classmates.You may do it aloud, on paper or in your head.Writing strategy 2: Writing strategy 2: Use invention techniques to find and develop ideas for writingQuestion: How can you generate ideas? What are the three techniques introduced?Freewriting:Writing whatever comes to your mind, without being concerned with grammar or spelling.Quickwriting:Beginning with a suggested, specific topic; then keep writing without worrying about spelling, punctuation, or grammar.Wordmapping:Linking ideas together in a visual presentation.Grammar in writing: parallel structureGrammar in writing: parallel structureParallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel structure, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence. Errors in parallel structure can lead to confusion for your readers.Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.Note: “what he says” and “his deeds” are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed.Example:Apply the grammar:Apply the grammar:1. We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.Revised: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable.We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.2. We have great faith and high hopes for her.Revised:We have great faith in and high hopes for her.Correct the following sentences.Writing knowledge: coherenceWriting knowledge: coherence Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or it organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writers train of thought and understand what he is talking about.The following ways may help the writer to produce a coherent and fluent paragraph:n Using parallel structuresn Repeating words or word groupsn Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentencesnBeing consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbsn Using transitional expressionsTransitional expressions:n For spatial development:above under around beneath beyond on the left on the right across from adjacent to in the distance opposite to next to on top of close to nearbyn For chronological development:first, second, etc. soon in the meantime at the same time then after an interval somewhat later next thereafter thereupon presently later finally eventually at last n For analytical development:first, second, etc. now for this purpose as a result but furthermore consequently yet moreover on the contrary thus in addition in this case on the other hand in conclusion in summaryn For comparisons:similarly in the same way like, likewise accordingly despite in contrast unlike whereas just as so the former the later then now Transitional expressions:Apply the writing knowledge:Apply the writing knowledge:Put in the right transitional expressions for each blank. Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the United States than American-made cars. _, foreign cars cost more to buy. _, there are reasons for this. The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. _ high tariffs on many foreign models have raised prices. _, foreign cars often cost more to register. _, insurance rates can be higher. _, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. _, there are some financial advantages to owning a foreign car. _, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than American cars do. _ their resale value is higher. This price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what is cost new. _ the price for a year-old American car will be around $1000 less.For one thingOf courseThenFurthermoreIn additionMoreover However First SecondButWriting assignment:Writing assignment:Write a composition with the topic of “Effect of advanced technology on human beings”. Please base your writing on the following outline. Try to use the different ways of achieving coherence in your article.Effect of advanced technology on human beings1)Great convenience to human beings2)Some serious problems resulted in by the rapid development of technology3)Your opinionExample writing:Example writing:Effect of advanced technology on human beings Advanced technology has offered great convenience to human beings. Fast airplanes take us anywhere we wish at any time. Electric appliances like microwave ovens make our home life much easier. Whats more important, with advanced technology, the doctors have saved lots of patients lives. Nevertheless, the use of advanced technology has resulted in some serious problems. The most serious one is pollution. Modern transportation means have also brought about air and noise pollution. The abuse of computer data banks has invaded the privacy of some individuals, which has caused considerable concern. In spite of this, advanced technology has given us a lot more of benefits than disadvantages. Therefore, while we enjoy the great convenience it has brought to us, we have to learn to use high tech under careful planning and control.Translating strategy:Translating strategy:Scientific and technical translation(科技翻译科技翻译) 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。所以，量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。所以，了解这种语篇的特点对准确翻译有帮助。了解这种语篇的特点对准确翻译有帮助。科技英语的特点如下：科技英语的特点如下：一、一、大量使用名词化结构大量使用名词化结构大量使用名词化结构（大量使用名词化结构（NominalizationNominalization）是科技英语的特点是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、强调存在的之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、强调存在的事实事实, ,而非某一行为。而非某一行为。 Eg. The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. ( (名词化结构使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更名词化结构使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。加确切严密。) ) Eg. Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. （使用名词化结构强调客观事实，尽量避免使用第一、二（使用名词化结构强调客观事实，尽量避免使用第一、二人称人称.).)二、广泛使用被动语句二、广泛使用被动语句因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态人称叙述，采用被动语态. .Eg. Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 而很少说而很少说: :You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.三、非限定动词。三、非限定动词。如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用往使用分词短语分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立分词独立结构结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语不定式短语代替各种代替各种从句；从句；介词介词+ +动名词短语动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目可缩短句子，又比较醒目. .Eg. A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.Eg. Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave. 四、后置定语四、后置定语 常见的结构以下四种：常见的结构以下四种： 1 1、介词短语、介词短语Eg.Eg.The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.2 2、形容词及形容词短语、副词。、形容词及形容词短语、副词。 Eg. In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 3 3、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。Eg. The results obtained must be cheeked .4 4、定语从句、定语从句 Eg. During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 五、复合词与缩略词五、复合词与缩略词大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词。词。 Eg. full-enclosed 全封闭的全封闭的（双词合成形容词）（双词合成形容词）feed-back 反馈反馈（双词合成名词）（双词合成名词）work-harden 加工硬化加工硬化（双词合成词（双词合成词） Eg. ft (foot/feet) 英尺英尺 FM(frequency modulation) 调频调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）（用首字母组成的缩略词） TELESAT(telecommunications satellite ) 通信卫星通信卫星（混成法（混成法构成的缩略词）构成的缩略词） 六、专业词语六、专业词语专业词语是科技文体的一大特点。原文的内容愈专门，专专业词语是科技文体的一大特点。原文的内容愈专门，专业词语也愈多。这类词语比一般词语具有更精确，更固定业词语也愈多。这类词语比一般词语具有更精确，更固定的意义。关于专业词语的翻译，要注意几个问题：的意义。关于专业词语的翻译，要注意几个问题： . .词义的选择词义的选择有些词在一般用语和专业用语中的词义完全不同。同一有些词在一般用语和专业用语中的词义完全不同。同一个词用在不同的专业中，词义也不一样。个词用在不同的专业中，词义也不一样。 例如名词例如名词pupilpupil在一般用语中为在一般用语中为“小学生小学生”，在解剖学上为，在解剖学上为“瞳孔瞳孔”；名词；名词cellcell在一般用语中为在一般用语中为“小室小室”，在生物学，在生物学上为上为“细胞细胞”，在电学上为，在电学上为“电池电池”，在建筑上为，在建筑上为“隔板隔板”。 翻译这类词必须根据所讲的专业内容确定词义，然后选用翻译这类词必须根据所讲的专业内容确定词义，然后选用与之相当的汉语来译，遇到不懂的或者不大熟悉的专业词语，与之相当的汉语来译，遇到不懂的或者不大熟悉的专业词语，一定要查阅有关的词典或专业书刊，选用恰当的译法。一定要查阅有关的词典或专业书刊，选用恰当的译法。 . .新词语的译法新词语的译法科学技术是不断发展的，随着新的科学成就的取得，科学技术是不断发展的，随着新的科学成就的取得，科技文献中会出现一些新的词语，翻译新词语的方法一般科技文献中会出现一些新的词语，翻译新词语的方法一般有译意，译音，音意兼译，译形等有译意，译音，音意兼译，译形等。1 1）译意）译意译译意意是是根根据据原原词词的的涵涵义义译译成成相相当当的的汉汉语语。这这样样的的译译法法词词义义明明显显，易易于于理理解解和和接接受受，所所以以在在可可能能的的情情况况下下，应应该该尽量采用这种译法。例如：尽量采用这种译法。例如：gramophone留声机留声机 telescope显微镜显微镜transformer变压器变压器 loudspeaker扬声器扬声器）译音）译音人名、地名一般采用音译法，还有一些不便意译或找人名、地名一般采用音译法，还有一些不便意译或找不到恰当的汉语来译的词也常用音译法进行翻译。不到恰当的汉语来译的词也常用音译法进行翻译。 ）音意兼译）音意兼译有有些些词词是是采采用用译译音音与与译译意意相相结结合合的的方方法法翻翻译译的的。这这样，使词义比单纯译音的较易理解。如：样，使词义比单纯译音的较易理解。如：cigarcigar雪茄烟雪茄烟 riflerifle来复枪来复枪 motor-cyclemotor-cycle摩托车摩托车 ）象译）象译英语中用字母或词描述某种事物的外形，汉译时也可英语中用字母或词描述某种事物的外形，汉译时也可以通过具体形象来表达原意。它既不是意译，也不是音译，以通过具体形象来表达原意。它既不是意译，也不是音译，但作为一种翻译手段，可补意译和音译的不足，称之为但作为一种翻译手段，可补意译和音译的不足，称之为“象译象译”。 I-shapedI-shaped 工字形工字形 herring bone patternherring bone pattern 人字形人字形 U-U-pipepipe 形管形管 O-ringO-ring 形环形环 V-beltV-belt三角带三角带 科技翻译中，译者应该翻译文字所指的科技翻译中，译者应该翻译文字所指的意思，而不是语言本身，因为翻译的目的意思，而不是语言本身，因为翻译的目的重要是传达信息。根据这种语篇的特殊性，重要是传达信息。根据这种语篇的特殊性，在翻译过程中灵活采用各种不同的翻译技在翻译过程中灵活采用各种不同的翻译技巧与方法，如被动语态的译法、长句的处巧与方法，如被动语态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等。理方法、倍数的译法等。Lets translate:Lets translate:1.If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 2.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 3.Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. 4.The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 5.The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them. Reference:Reference: 1.1.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗. . 2.2.应当注意机器的工作温度。应当注意机器的工作温度。 3.3.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。 4.4.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。这一高度。 5.5.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。决于它们之间的距离。 Thank you!Population and ImmigrationXu GuihuaFaculty of College English TeachingNew Era Interactive EnglishNew Era Interactive EnglishLevel 4Level 4Chapter 2Teaching Objectives1. Master different reading skills and techniques for various purposes of reading2. Learn to write main-point reading journal4. Identify the differences between abstract and concrete nouns and use them effectively in writing5. Learn to use peer response sheet to comment on others essays6. Learn to translate computer documentsnWhat is population explosion?nWhat are the effects of overpopulation on environment?nShould we limit or even decrease population to protect environment?BrainstormingSupplemented reading:population and environment - a global challengenWatch a news report about how human activity conflicts with environment.nDo you think the project of building an entertainment centre should be supported? If you are one of the residents of the area, which position would you support ? why? environment or entertainmentWatching1. Different Purposes, Different SkillsnJust as there are many different types of reading, there are many purposes for reading. Understanding these various purposes will help you read more effectively. nLook at the list below.n When do you read for these purposes?n What kinds of reading skills do you use? nIf you can think of others, add them to the list.ReadingPurposesTypes of readingReading skillsTo get information about specific questionsTo check the accuracy of informationTo get a general understanding of a topicTo learn language knowledge, e.g. the usage of words and sentence structuresTo evaluate what you readTo understand difficult terms or ideasTo understand an authors point of view or argumentTo check predictions you have made about a topicTo enjoy readingIdentify and understand various purposes of readingReadingIntroduce different reading styles and techniquesReading approachReadingSummarize main pointsnIn some reading, you often need to read complex passages that present a lot of information or more than one point of view. Summarizing main points helps you recognize what the most important points are and helps you better understand what you have read.Reading Create a Main-point Reading Journal for Reading 1 In your group, half of the members will hold opinion for immigration reform, and the other half against it. Please look for information in the reading to fill the following chart.Group DiscussionFor Immigration ReformAgainst Immigration ReformWho:Reasons:Who:Reasons:Who:Reasons:Who:Reasons: Members of opposite opinions exchange information to complete the whole chart. Note: only refer to your journal in the discussion.Comprehension of Reading 2nThe following is a summary of Reading 2 with blanks. How can you complete it?nListen to the teaching read the complete version of the summary and check it with your own understanding. Every Wednesday, Esther Kuroiwa would take Wilshire Bus to _. In the bus she always _. One day, on the way to her husbands hospital, she _. The man kept talking about _. She found that the guy _. Realizing that _, she was quite _. When she reached her husbands room and caught sight o his welcoming face, she _.ReadingComprehension of Reading 2What do you think are the main ideas of this reading?nIt is about the American society: the war brought Americans together, but racial differences still divided people.nIt is about the courage against prejudice: its important to stand up against prejudice, not try to hide from it.nIts about racial discrimination: the Orientals are treated unfairly in western society.ReadingTuning in: The Sierra Club ControversynBefore watching: review the two points of view discussed in reading 1nWatching time: watch the CNN video story about the Sierra Club. nGroup discussion: discuss the questions on Page 31 in your group.WatchingAssignmentnReview the two readings in this chapter and write main-point reading journals;nConsider a debate topic of “Melting pot or Mosaic?” (see further explanation on Page 40) and read more articles on this topic after class.nWriting journals or notes to keep a record of the ideas you get from the reading.ReadingPre-writing Activities1.Find yourself a partner.2.Show him/her the reading journals or notes youve made for after-class reading about the American society; exchange the ideas youve got from the reading.3.Add to your notes ideas that come from your partner to improve your understanding of the topic.4.Write an outline for your argument in the Debate on Page 39. Ask for your partners ideas to improve it.WritingPair WorkGrammar you can use in your writingAbstract and concrete nounsWriting Knowledge How to Develop An EssayWriting TimenTopic: Melting Pot or Mosaic? Which image do you think is more accurate to describe the American society. Give support for your opinion from the ideas youve got in your reading and discussion with your classmates.nLength: 120-150 wordsnTime: 30 minutesReadingPeer FeedbacknWhy do you need others feedback on your writing? Having “another pair of eyes” look at your work can help you find problems you cant see. Why do you need peer feedback? Peer feedback can:1.Increase the sense of autonomy and responsibility in your learning process;2.Raise your awareness of you own potential for effective revision;3.Produce an ability to self-correct surface errors.WritingPeer Feedback Activities1.Commenting: Exchange drafts with your partner. Read each others draft and answer the questions in the peer feedback sheet.2.Oral Interaction: Give the draft and the peer feedback sheet back to your partner. Discuss your reactions to each others draft. Make a note of any part you need to revise.Writing Peer Feedback Sheet1.1.Which image does the author use to describe the American society?2.2.Identify the method that is used to develop the essay. Do you think it is an effective one? If not, suggest ways to improve the development.3.3.Mark places that use abstract nouns or generalization which can be better expressed by using concrete specifics.4.4.Are there any other problem with the draft, including spelling, grammatical or mechanic errors? point out them to your partner.Assignment:nRevise your writing according to your peers comments and your own ideas of revision. nRewrite it on the back of the peer response sheet and hand it in next week.Translating Computer Documents1.Identify the technical terms and find out the standard translations. Sources of reference: computer dictionary or network word stock (ftp:/ftp.microsoft.com/developer/msdn/newup/Glossary http:/www.webopedia.com/ http:/www.saugus.net/Computer/Terms/ ) 2. The translated version should be readable for common readers.TranslatingTranslation exercisesnPlease translate the following into English, paying special attention to the technical terms in the piece. The Internet is an enormous and rapidly-growing system of linked computer networks, world-wide in scope, that facilitates data communication services such as remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web, and newspaper. Relying on TCP/IP, the Internet assigns every connected computer a unique Internet address, also called an IP address, so that any two connected computers can locate each other on the network and exchange data. Although there are Internet connections in virtually every country in the world, the network is till predominantly English-speaking and most users live in English-speaking countries. Within English-speaking countries, the Internet is best seen as a new public communication medium, potentially on a par with the telephone system or television in ubiquity and impact.TranslatingTechnical termsThe definition of the following terms are taken from http:/www.webopedia.com/ nremote In networks, remote refers to files，device, and other resources that are not connected directly to your workstation. Resources at your workstation are considered local. nLogin: To make a computer system or network recognize you so that you can begin a computer session. Alternative spellings for log n are log on and login. nelectronic mail：the transmission of messages over communication networks. nWorld Wide Web： A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. nTCP: Abbreviation of Transmission Control Protocol, and pronounced as separate letters. TCP is one of the main protocos in TCP/IP networks. nIP: Short for Internet Protocol. IP specifies the format of packets , also called datagrams, and the addressing scheme. TranslatingThe translated version 因特网是一个庞大且不断迅速发展的连接计算机网络的系统，规模覆盖全球， 促进各种数据通信服务，如远程登记、文件传输、电子邮件、万维网和新闻组。因特网依靠传输控制协议/网际协议（TCP/IP），为所有连接的计算机指定一个特殊的因特网地址，也称IP地址，使任何两台相连的计算机都可以在网上找到对方，互通数据。虽说目前全球各国都跟因特网联网，但网上仍以英语材料为主，大多数用户居住在说英语的国家。在英语国家中，因特网普遍被认为是一种新的大众通信媒介，很有发展潜力，其普及程度与影响终有一天可跟电话或电视不相上下。TranslatingnThank you!All TalkXu GuihuaFaculty of College English TeachingNew Era Interactive EnglishNew Era Interactive EnglishLevel 4Level 4Chapter 3Objectives1. Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writernDraw inferences from your reading nDifferentiate connotations and denotations2.Understand the contents and the main ideas of the two reading materials3. Master the key language points and grammatical structures in the texts4. Learn methods for beginning an essay5. Learn to translate multiplicationReading strategies:Strategy 1: Draw inferences from your readingnWhats the definition of inference? nWhat are inferences affected by? nWhy is learning how to draw inferences from your reading important?Read the statement in your book and answer the following questions.Inferences are evidence-based guesses. They are the conclusions a reader draws about the unsaid based on what is actually said.n Whats the definition of inference?n What are inferences affected by?Inferences are affected by circumstances, interpretation, assumption and also the choice of words.n Why is learning how to draw inferences from your reading important?It helps you to understand the reading better and to be able to respond to the writers mind more accurately.Strategy 2: Scan a reading for specific informationRead the statement in your book and answer the following questions.nWhat does scanning mean? nWhy do we scan when reading? nWhat should we read for specific information, in other words, how to apply the skill of scanning?n What does scanning mean? Scanning means reading quickly to find specific information.n Why do we scan when reading? Scanning for information can help you to remember and review important information from your reading.n What should we read for specific information, in other words, how to apply the skill of scanning?Keep your eyes moving quickly, and only search for information in the questions. Look at important words in the questions and read especially for those words.Reading 1: Background informationReading 1: Background informationA brief history of the development A brief history of the development of Englishof Englishv The old English periodThe old English periodv Middle English Middle Englishv Modern English Modern EnglishReading 1: Background informationReading 1: Background informationThe Old English period (449-1100)The Old English period (449-1100) The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement by the Angles, Saxons and jutes from about 450 AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the language used by the former inhabitant. The next 650 years are known as the Old English period of the English language. The vocabulary of old English were chiefly Anglo-Saxon.Reading 1: Background informationReading 1: Background information Long before their invasion of Britain the Angles and Saxons had had various contacts with the Romans, through which they borrowed a considerable number of Latin words: such as “bargain, inch, dish”, etc. The English language continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period, especially after the introduction of Christianity into Britain in 597. It is natural that most of the Latin words borrowed at that time were related to religion.Reading 1: Background informationReading 1: Background informationMiddle English (1100-1500)Middle English (1100-1500) The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French. Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social matters; but the masses continued to speak English. Only toward the end of the 15th century did English become once more the language of the whole country. However, the language showed vast changes in the English vocabulary the loss of a large part of the old English words and the adoption of thousands of French words.Modern English (1500- the present)Modern English (1500- the present)Reading 1: Background informationReading 1: Background information In the early stage of this period(1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. From the 16th century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languagesFrench, Spanish and Italian. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of exploration, colonization and trade, many words came in from non-European languages, like Chinese ”Hong fu” and the Japanese “kimono”.Reading 1: Reading aloud exerciseStudents in each group take turn to read. When one student is reading, the other students in the same group should listen carefully to see if theres any pronunciation mistake.Reading 1:Reading comprehensionRead the article again without voice. After your reading, discuss the comprehension exercise 1 & 2 with your group mates. Every one in the same group should write down the opinions of the group mates.Reference for exercise 1:1. The choice of words carried different emotional reactions. For instance, the word “mother” connotes love, care, and tenderness.2. Denotation refers to the actual dictionary definition of the word, without the attachment of an emotional response. For example, if you look up the word aggressive, you will find that it means “characterized by unprovoked offensive attacks, hostile behavior, vigorously energetic, and boldly assertive.Reference for exercise 1:3. For example, the word, “aggressive”, if used to describe a type of treatment for a deadly disease, aggressive carries a positive emotional response. On the other hand, if your friend complains that a salesperson is aggressive, the picture you get of that salesperson is not positive.4. Connotations affect our understanding for the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in our mind.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesAs he pinned the corsage on her, he said to the congregation(Para. 1)pin: v. To fasten with or as if with a pin-Can you pin this to the notice board?-He pins hope on passing the entrance examination.n. 大头针大头针pin-headpin-moneypinprickpins and needles令人烦恼的小事令人烦恼的小事傻瓜傻瓜,笨蛋笨蛋发麻发麻,针刺感针刺感私房钱私房钱assumption: n.-Their assumption that their project was something entirely new proved to be untrue.2. The act of pretending-The hostess bustled about with an assumption of authority.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesWord choice and assumptions that individuals hold about those words affect their inferences. (Para.2)1. Something accepted as true without proofReading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesThe ministers and mothers statements were essentially the same. (Para. 2)essential: adj. basic or indispensableessentially: adv. basicallynecessary: adj. that can not be done without or avoidednecessarily: adv. as an unavoidable resultIt is essential for us to set our goal realistically.Is it necessary for you to buy so many clothes at a time?His proposal is not essentially different from yours.Taller men arent necessarily strong men.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesComplete the following sentences by using essential, essentially, necessary, necessarily.1.She hasnt the experience _ for the job.2.He is _a generous man.3.Is money _ to happiness?4.Big men arent _ strong men.necessaryessentiallyessentialnecessarilyReading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesWhat is a denotation? Denotation refers to the actual dictionary definition of the word, without the attachment of an emotional response. For example, if you look up the word “water”, you will find that it means “liquid as in river, lakes, seas and oceans”. It is certain that a chemist knows more about water than a layman. But a layman and a chemist can both use the word water and understand each other. Therefore, denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesWhat is a connotation? Connotation refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in ones mind. For instance, the denotative meaning of the word mother is “female parent”, but it generally connotes love, care, and tenderness. The word January denotes “the first month of the year”, but the connotations of the word may include cold weather, a biting north wind, snow, central heating, skating or the New Year.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesIf you look up the word “aggressive”, you will find (Para. 2)looklook up: search for a word or fact in a dictionarylook down on: consider sb/sth inferior to oneselflook on: 1.watch sth without taking part in 2. Regard sb/sth in a certain waylook over: examine sth part by partlook to: 1. be careful about sth. 2. Rely on sb/sthlook into: examine sth.look through: examine sth carefullyReading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesComplete the sentences by using look up, look on, look down on, look over, look to, look into, look through.1.I used to _him as a friend.2.When you do not understand a word, you can _ it _ in this dictionary.3.The police are _ his appearance.4.We are _ you for help.5.She _ people whove never been to university.6.We must _ the house before we decide to rent it.look onlookuplooking intolooking tolooks down onlook overevoke: v. To call to mind-The newly published book has evoked much controversy.-That old film evoked our father generations memories of the years of the war.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesThe word “aggressive” evokes both positive and negative emotions. (Para. 2)这乐曲勾起她对青年时期的回忆。这乐曲勾起她对青年时期的回忆。This music evoked memories of her youth.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesThey expect you to respond emotionally in a certain way to the word choice.in a wayin the wayon ones way/ on the wayout of the wayin no waythe way outno wayby the wayby way of没门，别想没门，别想顺便说说顺便说说挡道挡道; ; 阻碍阻碍, ,干涉干涉在某种程度上在某种程度上途经途经在途中在途中决不决不出路出路不挡道不挡道; ;不挡道、不碍事不挡道、不碍事1._, a young man waved to me.2.I like the new styles, _.3.Im afraid your car is _.4.They are traveling to France _ Germany.5._ will I work for that man.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesComplete the sentences by using the phrases of “way”.On the wayin a wayin the wayby way ofIn no wayprime: adj. Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesColor is a prime element in painting. (Para. 3)1.Most important, chief2.Of the best quality; excellent-Her prime concern is to protect the property.-This is a prime site for development.n. State or time of greatest strength, vigor; the best part-He is still in the prime of life, while she is past her prime.dramatic: adj.-She made a dramatic speech at the meeting.-The play is a dramatic representation of a real event.Reading 1: Words and phrasesReading 1: Words and phrasesMonet makes a bold and dramatic departure from the conventional color combinations (Para. 3)1.Of drama2.Exciting or impressive她的开场白十分激动人心。她的开场白十分激动人心。Her opening words were dramatic.Reading 2Comprehension of Reading 2Read the article of reading 2 and discuss with your group mates and complete the following outline.Para 1-2:nEnglish has spread the globe to become the dominant language of entertainment, business and science.nAdvantages to having a globe language enable people to know and learn more about each other. Disadvantages divisive and exclusionary; creating a privileged elite for those who know the prevalent language.Para 3-4:Para 5-7:nTwo different opinions about whether other languages will disappear.Para 8-10:n English will continue to evolve and change.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesHow did English rise to such a high status? (Para. 1)status: n.1)persons social, legal or professional position or rank in relation to others2)High rank or social positionWomen have very little status in many countries.status symbol: 社会地位、身分的象征社会地位、身分的象征status quo: 现状；原来的状况现状；原来的状况你在公司里的正式职位是什么？你在公司里的正式职位是什么？Whats your official status in the company?Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrases, thus creating a privileged elite with access to communities by virtue of their knowledge of prevalent language. (Para. 3)privileged: adj.1)Having special right or advantage2)honoredWe are very privileged to have Senator Dobbs with us this evening.She came from a privileged background.今晚我们非常荣幸，请到法国外交部长作为我们的主要发今晚我们非常荣幸，请到法国外交部长作为我们的主要发言人。言人。We are privileged tonight to have as our main speaker the Foreign Minister of France.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesprevalent: adj. existing or happening generally; widespread among/ in sth. / sb.Is malaria still prevalent among the population here?眼疾在一些热带国家很普遍。眼疾在一些热带国家很普遍。Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical countries.prevalence: n. They are very surprised by the prevalence of anti-government sentiments.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesWill other languages endure as English increasingly encroaches upon the worlds languages? (Para. 5)endure: v.1)suffer or undergo patiently; tolerate 2)continue in existence; lastHe endured three years in prison for his religious beliefs.These traditions have endured throughout ages.看着儿童受苦，我可受不了。看着儿童受苦，我可受不了。I cant endure to see children suffer.endurance: n.He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesParadoxically, in this way, the spread of English may in fact help to maintain global diversity. (Para. 7)diversity: n. State of being varied; varietyMary has a great diversity of interest; she likes sports, travel, photography, and gardening.diverse: adj. of different kinds; variedHer interests are very diverse.diversify: v. give variety to We must try to diversify the syllabus to attract more students.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesThe status of English as a global language may peak soon. (Para. 9)peak: v. reach the highest point or valueToy sales peaked just before Christmas and are now decreasing.n. 1)pointed top of a mountain 2)point of highest intensity, value, achievementShe is at the peak of her career.The plane flew over the snow-covered peaks.Adj. most busy or intensepeak hourReading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrases早晨八九点是交通的高峰时刻。早晨八九点是交通的高峰时刻。用电量最大的时候是在黄昏时。用电量最大的时候是在黄昏时。Traffic reaches a peak between 8 and 9 in the morning.Demand for electricity peaks in the early evening.Translate the following sentences.Reading 2: Words and phrasesReading 2: Words and phrasesCould Chinese or Arabic overtake English as the global language? (Para. 9)overtake: v.1)come level with and pass2)come to sb./ sth. suddenly and unexpectedlySupply will soon overtake demand.On his way home he was overtaken by a storm.A car overtook me although I was going very fast.我虽然开得很快，还是被一辆汽车超前了。我虽然开得很快，还是被一辆汽车超前了。工程为突发灾难所阻。工程为突发灾难所阻。Disaster overtook the project.Reviewing activities:Reviewing activities:n Dictation within the group: The student who performed the best dictate words and phrases in reading 1 and 2 to the group mates.n Game: Each group makes up a story by using the new words and expressions in reading 1,2. The group that uses the most words and expressions will win. Time limit: 8 minutes.Reviewing activities:Reviewing activities:Debate: Do we need an Esperanto-a universal language?n Suppose the pro-side(正方正方) agrees that everyone in the world should speak one language, while the con-side(反方反方) holds the opposite position. Both sides will try to convince each other with their views. n Group 1, 3 and 5 will make up one side, while group 2, 4 and 6 make up the other side. Draw a lot to decide which position each side will hold. Three speakers are needed for each side. n Give one minute for each speaker in the following order: Pro-side 1 Con-side 1 Pro-side 2 Con-side 2 Con-side 3 Pro-side 3n The audience will decide the winner by voting. Academic power strategyAcademic power strategyExpand your reading experience to become a better readerRead the statement in your book and discuss this question with your group mates.n What does it mean to be a good reader?Take the quiz in the book to find out what kind of reader you are. Grammar in writing: nominalizationNominalization means turning a verb or an adjective into a noun. E.g.discover - discovery careless - carelessnessmove - movement react - reaction different - difference fail - failure applicable - applicability refuse - refusal Nominalization has four major functions, which are conciseness, preciseness, objectivity, and strictness. With the assistance of nominalization, we can express the true meanings in detail. Useless Nominalizations:1. Nominalization follows verb The police conducted an investigation into the matter. The police investigated the matter. 2. Nominalization follows there is. There was considerable erosion of the land from the floods. The floods considerably eroded the land. 3. Nominalization is the subject of empty verb. Our discussion concerned a tax cut. We discussed a tax cut. 4. Consecutive nominalizations There was a first a review of the evolution of the dorsal fin. First, she reviewed the evolution of the dorsal fin. First, she reviewed how the dorsal fin evolved. 5. Linked nominalizations Their cessation of hostilities was because of their personnel losses. They ceased hostilities because they lost personnel. Useful Nominalizations 1. Nominalization is a subject referring to a previous sentence.These arguments all depend on a single, unproven claim.This decision can lead to costly consequences. I do not understand either her meaning or his intentions. is more compact than the acceptableI do not understand either what she meant or what he intends. 2. The nominalization names what would be the object of its verb. 3. To replace awkward The fact that The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury. My denial of his accusations impressed the jury. but even better When I denied his accusations, I impressed the jury. In denying his accusations, I impressed the jury. 4. Use nominalization after there is/are to introduce a topic that develop in subsequent sentences. Although the NS is very useful for writing, it is difficult to grasp it freely. Therefore, we must use it with great care. Sometimes our topic is so abstract that we think we can write about it only in nominalizations. However it often is the case that the paragraph can be rewritten using subject/characters and verbs/action. Writing knowledge-Methods for beginning an essay Most, if not all, essays are made up of a beginning, a middle and an end. The beginning rouses the readers interest in and attracts his attention to the subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information. However, to the writer the beginning is often the hardest part of an essay, because he has to decide from what point to start, and in what direction to go. There is no single to begin all essays.n Introduction of the thesis after the presentation of specific facts or data.n Introduction of the thesis by gradually narrowing the topic.n Direct statement of the thesis.Read the statement in the book and find out what are the three methods for beginning an essay.Apply the strategy:Apply the strategy:1. Title: Environmental pollution I read a piece of news recently. It says that in Japan many businessmen are selling fresh air to customers, and now it is becoming more and more popular. Why? Fresh air is getting less and less in Japan, and so is it in the USA. In fact, environmental pollution is a very serious problem the whole world is facing. Identify the way of developing Identify the way of developing the beginning in the following the beginning in the following paragraphs.paragraphs.The presentation of specific facts2. Title: Where there is a will there is a way One of the most important things to success is a firm resolution. A great man is always one who has a firm resolution and an inflexible spirit. One will never succeed all his life without a firm will.Direct statement of the thesisApply the strategy:Apply the strategy:3. Title: What students need English for? Today, English is becoming more and more popular. Many countries have made English taught as the second language in schools. But do students need English? If they do need, what do they need it for? A survey made by a teacher at a university answers the two questions.Gradually narrowing the topic4. Title: The improvement of life in a peasants family Great changes took place in a peasants family from 1978 to 1983. The average peasant income in Zhangwu county has increased from 153 yuan in 1978 to 280 yuan in 1983. Since this is sizable increase, the way in which the average peasant spends its income has also changed.The presentation of specific dataWriting assignment: You are supposed to write an essay about “ The advantages of travel”. Try to apply the three methods of developing the beginning in your essay. Besides, it should be no less than 120 words.Reference :Reference :The advantages of travel Whenever a college student is asked, “What are you going to do this summer vacation?” The most probable answer might be “I am going to have a travel.” It sounds that college students are fond of traveling. Why? Because travel has numerous advantages. First of all, travel can widen our knowledge of geography, the knowledge of customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practice a foreign language through traveling. Finally, travel is the best way of pastime. In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. It is worth spending the time.Methods: The presentation of certain factsTranslating knowledge: Multiplication 英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，很容易译错的句型多种多样，很容易译错- -其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：句型及其正确译法归纳如下：一、倍数增加一、倍数增加译法：译法：1.1.是是的的N倍。倍。( (照原文倍数照原文倍数) ) 2. 2.增加到原来的增加到原来的N倍。倍。( (照原文倍数照原文倍数) ) 3.( 3.(比比)增加了增加了N1 1倍。倍。( (按原文倍数减按原文倍数减1)1)句型：句型：1.1.A is N times as great（long, much, ）as B. A is N times greater （longer, more, ）than B. A is N times the size （length, amount, ）of B.译成：译成：A的大小（长度，数量，的大小（长度，数量，）是）是B的的N N倍。倍。 或：或：A比比B大（长，多，大（长，多，）N-1N-1倍。倍。2.2. increase to N times increase N timesN-fold increase by N times increase by a factor of N译成：增加到译成：增加到N N倍（或：增加倍（或：增加N-1N-1倍）。倍）。 注：在这类句型中注：在这类句型中increase常被常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。等词所替代。3.There is a N-fold increase/growth 译成：增加译成：增加N-1N-1倍（或增至倍（或增至N N倍）。倍）。 4.double(4.double(增加增加1 1倍），倍），trebletreble（增加（增加2 2倍），倍），quadruplequadruple（增加（增加3 3倍）。倍）。 5.5.此外，英语中还有一种用此外，英语中还有一种用againagain而不用倍数词来而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：比较倍数的方法，如： A is as much （large，long，）again as B. =A is twice as much （large，long，）as B. 译成：译成：A比比B多（大，长，多（大，长，）1 1倍。倍。 Apply the knowledge:Apply the knowledge:1. My desktop computer is three times as heavy as my laptop computer.2. The students in this university are three times more than those in that university.3. The intensity of the impact is 11 times the momentum changes.我那台台式电脑的重量我那台台式电脑的重量是是手提电脑手提电脑重量的重量的3倍倍. /我的桌式电脑要我的桌式电脑要比比手提电脑手提电脑重两倍重两倍.这所大学的学生人数这所大学的学生人数是是那所大学的那所大学的3倍倍. /这所大学的学生人数这所大学的学生人数比比那所大学的人数那所大学的人数多多2倍倍.撞击强度撞击强度是是动量变化的动量变化的11倍倍. /撞击强度撞击强度比比动量变化动量变化强强10倍倍.Apply the knowledge:Apply the knowledge:1.这个公司生产数码相机的产量这个公司生产数码相机的产量比比2001年年提提高了高了4倍倍。2.水银重量水银重量是是相同体积水的相同体积水的13.5倍倍。The output of digital cameras of this company is fivefold over that of 2001.Mercury weighs 13.5 times as much as an equal volume of water.二、倍数减少：二、倍数减少：倍数减少的翻译原则是不用倍数减少的翻译原则是不用“减少多少倍减少多少倍”这这样的说法，而译成汉语一般说样的说法，而译成汉语一般说“减少几分之几减少几分之几”。基本公式：基本公式：“减少了减少了 ” 或或“减少减少到到 ”N-1N1N句型：句型：1. A is N times as small （light, slow, ）as B. A is N times smaller （lighter, slower, ）than B.译成：译成：A A的大小（重量，速度，的大小（重量，速度，）是是B B的的1/N1/N。 或：或：A A比比B B小小（轻，慢，（轻，慢，)(N-1)/N(N-1)/N。 2. decrease N timesN-fold decrease by N times decrease by a factor of N 注：注：decreasedecrease常被常被reducereduce， shortenshorten， gogoslow slow downdown等词替代。等词替代。 译为：减少到译为：减少到1N 或：减少或：减少（N-1）N3. There is a N-fold decreasereduction 译为：减至译为：减至1N 或：减少或：减少(N-1)NApply the knowledge:Apply the knowledge:1. The power output of the machine is two times less than its input.2. The hydrogen atom is nearly 16 times as light as the oxygen atom.3. The Chinese movie is only half as long as the American movie.该机器的输出功率该机器的输出功率比比输入功率输入功率小小1/2.氢原子的重量约氢原子的重量约为氧原子的为氧原子的1/16.(即即比比氧原子约氧原子约轻轻15/16)这部中国电影只有那部美国电影的一半那么长这部中国电影只有那部美国电影的一半那么长.Apply the knowledge:Apply the knowledge:1. 它要它要比比铜线轻铜线轻2/3。2.光的亮度光的亮度增加一倍增加一倍，燃烧的时间就，燃烧的时间就减少减少1/2。It is three times as light as copper wire.The light that burns twice as bright burns half as long.Thanks for your Thanks for your listening!listening!Chapter 4 Food for ThoughtXu GuihuaFaculty of College English TeachingNew Era Interactive EnglishNew Era Interactive EnglishLevel 4Level 4 Teaching Objectivesn1.Be aware of the obesity problemn2.Understand the main ideas of both readingsn3.Master the skills in reading and writingn4.Learn to translate long sentencesNow, lets beginBrainstorming nHave you ever heard of Have you ever heard of “BMIBMI”? ?nWhat is BMI?What is BMI?qBMI is short for Body mass index.BMI is short for Body mass index.qIt is a measure of body fat based on height and It is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to both adult men and women. weight that applies to both adult men and women. qBMI =weight/(height)BMI =weight/(height)2 2qFor example, a person weighs 80 kg, For example, a person weighs 80 kg, and is 1.7 m tall.and is 1.7 m tall.qSo his BMI =80/(1.7)So his BMI =80/(1.7)2 2=28=28weightweighth he ei ig gh ht tBrainstorming nWhat are the BMI categories?nCompute your BMI, and find out:nDo you have a healthy weight?BMIBMIWeight StatusWeight StatusBelow 18.5 Below 18.5 Underweight Underweight 18.5 24.9 18.5 24.9 Normal Normal 25.0 29.9 25.0 29.9 Overweight Overweight 30.0 and Above30.0 and AboveObese Obese Look & Think!nObserve the pictures carefully, and find out:nWhat are they about?nWhat happened to the Americans?nWhat seemed to be the reasons?Year:1985 (BMI30)State-State-amountamount3010800How many states How many states are there where the are there where the obese people take up obese people take up less than 10%? less than 10%? Year:1990 (BMI30)State-State-amountamount6113300How many states How many states are there where are there where the obese people the obese people take up 10-14%?take up 10-14%? Year:1995 (BMI30)State-State-amountamount0023270How many states How many states are there where are there where the obese people the obese people take up 15-19%?take up 15-19%? Year:2000 (BMI30)State-State-amountamount0012524How many states are How many states are there where the obese there where the obese people take up no people take up no less than 20%?less than 20%? Brainstorming Q 1Q 1What are these pictures about?What are these pictures about?They are about how the number of the They are about how the number of the obese Americans increased in the recent obese Americans increased in the recent 16 years. 16 years. Q 2Q 2Can you draw a graph to show Can you draw a graph to show how the obese Americans how the obese Americans increased in the recent 16 increased in the recent 16 years?years?Brainstorming Q 3Q 3What happened to the Americans?What happened to the Americans?More and more Americans are More and more Americans are disturbed by obesity!disturbed by obesity!Q 4Q 4How about the situation in the year 2010?How about the situation in the year 2010?Maybe the percentage of obese Maybe the percentage of obese American will shoot up into the American will shoot up into the sky.sky.Brainstorming Q 5Q 5What seemed to be the reasons?What seemed to be the reasons?MedicationsMedicationsCultural Cultural valuesvaluesGeneticsGeneticsAbundant Abundant tasty,tasty,high fat foodhigh fat foodUnderlyingUnderlyingdiseasediseaseLack of Lack of physical physical activityactivity obesityobesityComprehension nSince obesity is becoming an epidemic:Q 1Q 1What is likely to benefit from this trend?What is likely to benefit from this trend?Large-sized Large-sized clothingclothingWeight loss Weight loss products and products and serviceserviceHealth careHealth careComprehension nSince obesity is becoming an epidemic:Q 2Q 2What disease are obese people at What disease are obese people at risk at?risk at?obesityAcute and chronic conditionIncreasing mortalityDiabetes ArthritisCancer StrokeHyperlipidemia GoutHypertension GallstonesIncreased surgical risks Sleep apneaComprehension nBMI is used to determine if a person is overweight by NCHS.Q 3Q 3Do you know other ways to measure the Do you know other ways to measure the prevalence of obesity besides BMI?prevalence of obesity besides BMI?Waist circumference also Waist circumference also provides useful estimates of provides useful estimates of overweight, obesity, and body overweight, obesity, and body fat distribution.fat distribution. Comprehension nBMI is used to determine if a person is overweight.Q 4Q 4Why BMI is believed the best way to Why BMI is believed the best way to determine overweight precisely?determine overweight precisely?Because it captures the population most at risk of Because it captures the population most at risk of overweight-related health problems.overweight-related health problems.Comprehension Q 5Q 5Why the number of elderly Why the number of elderly overweight groups overweight groups decreased?decreased?Because drops in the share who are Because drops in the share who are overweight probably relate to overweight probably relate to natural aging-related decreases in natural aging-related decreases in lean body mass and older overweight lean body mass and older overweight adults may be dyingadults may be dying prematurely.prematurely.Comprehension Q 6Q 6What is the immutable law of nature on What is the immutable law of nature on getting fat?getting fat?We have to We have to consume more food consume more food calories than we calories than we expend in activity.expend in activity.Comprehension Q 7Q 7What will be the trend of obesity in What will be the trend of obesity in future? future? A A expanding expanding problemproblemBrainstorming Q 8Q 8How to prevent or treat obesity?How to prevent or treat obesity?Develop your own food pyramid.Exercise moreTry to find your balance between food and physical activityReading & Writing SkillsComparisons & ContrastA comparison points out the similarities between two or more persons or things of the same class.While a contrast, the differences between them. PracticenComparisons and contrasts have been applied in Reading 1.nWork in a group of three to try to find them out.nOne focuses on Plump, Overweight, or Obese; one on Living to Eat; and one on Obesity Tomorrow.PracticeObserve the two food pyramids, and try to make comparisons and contrasts between them.ComparisonsContrastsPart 1Part 2Part 3Practice PracticeAmerican Food PyramidMediterranean Food PyramidComparisonsBoth represent cultural eating patterns. Both represent cultural eating patterns. Both illustrate eating patterns consistent with current Both illustrate eating patterns consistent with current nutritional recommendations, and each can be used to nutritional recommendations, and each can be used to plan diets consisting of different food items. Common plan diets consisting of different food items. Common emphases of both Pyramids include eating plenty of emphases of both Pyramids include eating plenty of grain products and vegetables and fruits.grain products and vegetables and fruits.PracticeAmerican Food PyramidMediterranean Food PyramidContrasts Detailed information on serving sizes and numbers of Detailed information on serving sizes and numbers of servings of foods are not provided in MFP. In addition, servings of foods are not provided in MFP. In addition, levels of total fat are not specified, either.levels of total fat are not specified, either.MFP mainly composed of plant-based proteins, while MFP mainly composed of plant-based proteins, while AFP composed of animal proteins.AFP composed of animal proteins.Fat in MFP comes largely from vegetable oils.Fat in MFP comes largely from vegetable oils.More PracticenMake comparisons and contrasts of the pictures in groups.nThen share your findings.nGroup 1: Asian Vs. ArabicnGroup 2: Veggie Vs. Native AmericannGroup 3: English Vs. AmericannGroup 4: Tradition Vs. New PatternnGroup 5: Tradition Vs. Harvard PatternAsian Vs. ArabicVeggie Vs. Native AmericanEnglish Vs. AmericanTradition Vs. New PatternTradition Vs. Harvard PatternComprehension nScan Reading 2 quickly, and find out:Q 1Q 1What is the core of traditional Mediterranean What is the core of traditional Mediterranean cuisine?cuisine?An abundance of fruits and vegetables as well An abundance of fruits and vegetables as well as large quantities of bread, pasta, legumes, as large quantities of bread, pasta, legumes, nuts, couscous, rice, and other grains.nuts, couscous, rice, and other grains.Very little meat and only moderate amounts Very little meat and only moderate amounts of fish, poultry and dairy products.of fish, poultry and dairy products.Comprehension nScan Reading 2 quickly, and find out:Q 2Q 2What are the features of the Mediterranean What are the features of the Mediterranean diet?diet?A.A.Olive oil accounted for as much as 40% of all Olive oil accounted for as much as 40% of all of the fat consumed by most of the people of the fat consumed by most of the people there.there.B.B.The local people consumed wine with nearly The local people consumed wine with nearly every meal.every meal.Reading & Writing SkillsFacts & OpinionsDivide yourselves into two groups: one scans Part ; one scans Part .Find out the opinions on Mediterranean Diet, as well as the facts that support them.PracticeOpinionsFacts AmericanIsraeli Check your listeningListen to the video clipWhat do orange, green, red, yellow, blue, and purple stand for respectively?What shall we do besides keeping our diets? Healthy LivingnOn the right is a Chinese Food Pyramid. nPlan your meals and exercising time so as to live healthily.VocabularynBeing a Vocabulary Detective Yourself !nWork out the crossword puzzle. nAll the words are from Chapter 5.nSee who is the first to find out the solution.Be a Vocabulary DetectivenSolution of Being a Vocabulary Detective Yourself!nACROSS: 1 shed, 8 prevalence, 9 advocate, 11 abundance, 13 neutralize, 15 miracle, 16 genuine, 17 ingredientnDOWN: 2 expectancy, 3mortality, 4 fundamental, 5 temperament, 6 capture, 7 temptation, 10 obese, 11 applicable, 12 epidemic, 14 evaluateVocabularynLook at the words listed below, try to figure out the meaning of the affix.nRack your brains to list more examples.affixexamplesundercurrent, underground, underline, underseaunderdevelop, underestimate, underreport, understateundergraduate, understudy, undersecretary, underproofmeaninglocated beneathlocated beneathnot enoughnot enoughlower in rank, lower in rank, importanceimportanceUNDER-UNDER-Writing Section 2Writing PracticeWriting Practicehow to write an how to write an outlineoutlinenAn outline can help you organize the information, make clear of the theme and the structure both in reading and writing.nHow to write an outline? What items must be included in an outline?nRead the outlines for a paper on foreign trade, and think of the above-mentioned questions.Thesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.Thesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.I. I.Introduction: the foundation of foreign tradeIntroduction: the foundation of foreign tradeII.II.The necessity of visible tradeThe necessity of visible tradeA.A.Lack of certain commoditiesLack of certain commoditiesB.B.Comparative advantage in certain itemsComparative advantage in certain itemsC. C.Latest innovations and different styles of commoditiesLatest innovations and different styles of commoditiesD.D.The importance of a favorable balance of tradeThe importance of a favorable balance of tradeIII.III.The necessity of invisible tradeexchange of services between The necessity of invisible tradeexchange of services between nationsnationsA.A.TransportationTransportationB.B.TourismTourismC. C.TechnologyTechnologyIV.IV.Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade and the importance of the Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade and the importance of the balance of paymentsbalance of paymentsA Topic OutlineThesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.I.Introduction: the utilization of different economic resources and the development of different skills form the foundation of foreign trade.II.Trade in commodities is necessary between nations.A.No nation has all the commodities it needsB.A nation may not have enough of certain commodities.C.A nation may sell certain commodities at a profit.D.All nations strive to maintain a favorable balance of trade so as to be assured of the means to buy necessary goods.III.Exchange of services between nations is part of foreign trade.A.Nations vie in providing transportation for foreign trade.B.Tourism brings a nation huge profits.C.Technology is also exported and imported.IV.Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade is to earn money for necessary imports and it is important to keep the balance of payments.AA S Se en nt te en nc ce e O Ou ut tl li in ne eWriting Practicehow to write an outlinenCan you sum up the format of an outline?Thesis (controlling idea)Thesis (controlling idea)I. I.IntroductionIntroductionII.II.Main ideaMain ideaA.A. Sub-idea Sub-ideaB.B. Sub-idea Sub-idea1. 1.Supporting detailSupporting detail2. 2.Supporting detailSupporting detaila. a.Fact 1Fact 1b. b.Fact 2Fact 2III.III.Main ideaMain ideaA.A.Sub-ideaSub-ideaB.B.Sub-ideaSub-ideaIV.IV.Conclusion Conclusion Writing Practicehow to write an outlinenThe following are a few rules for writing outlines:Avoid single subdivisions.-if there is a major point marked , there must be at least another marked .Avoid mixing types.Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank.Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.America Weighs InI. I.Introduction: Introduction: II.II. Plum, Overweight, and Obese Plum, Overweight, and ObeseA.A. B.B. C. C. III.III. Living to Eat Living to EatA.A. B.B. C. C. IV.IV. Obesity Tomorrow Obesity TomorrowPractice nTry to write an outline for Reading 1.Practice nHere is a curve graph showing the percent of obesity from 1960 to 2000 in 20-to-74-year-old-group and 6-to-19-year-old-group.nWrite a short essay to talk about your opinion on this change.nBefore writing, prepare an outline first.nHand in your essays with your outlines. Translation Section 3Translation of Long SentencesnHow to translate long sentences either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English?nLook at the following sentences. Can you find out the rules?Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.许多专家认为许多专家认为: :如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大里长大, ,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反应能力而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反应能力, ,那那么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展. .我们希望富有创我们希望富有创造性地生活在我造性地生活在我们继承的这个世们继承的这个世界中界中, ,这种希望存这种希望存在于我们重新建在于我们重新建立道德标准的能立道德标准的能力之中力之中. .Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.Basic PrinciplesnAnalyzing sentences structures: identify parts of speech, distinguish main clause from subordinate clauses & recognize logical relations.nDividing: divide a long sentence into smaller parts and develop and translate them into individual sentences.Example nMany experts suggest that the child raised in an Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. greater intellectual development. 主句主句Many experts suggest that 宾语从句的主干宾语从句的主干the child will experience greater intellectual development.n the child raised in an environment where there are many the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. will experience greater intellectual development. the childthe child will experience greater intellectual development. will experience greater intellectual development.where there are many where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses which develop his capacity for appropriate responses raised in an raised in an environment 小孩将会得到更好的智力发展小孩将会得到更好的智力发展. .在这种环境里长大在这种环境里长大有很多刺激物的环境有很多刺激物的环境这些刺激物能够开发小孩的相应的反映能力这些刺激物能够开发小孩的相应的反映能力nMany experts suggest that the child raised in an Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. greater intellectual development. 许多专家认为许多专家认为: :如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大的环境里长大, ,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力映能力, ,那么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展那么这个儿童将会得到更好的智力发展. .Example n我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中承的这个世界中, ,这种希望存在于我这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中们重新建立道德标准的能力之中. .主句主句希望存在能力之中。希望存在能力之中。for creative living in for creative living in this world housethis world houseOur hopeOur hope主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语lies inlies inour abilityour abilityto re-establish the moral to re-establish the moral ends of our livesends of our livesthat we have inheritedthat we have inheritedn我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中世界中, ,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中的能力之中. .Our hope for creative living in this world house Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.establish the moral ends of our lives.PracticenLets analyze the sentence structures together!PracticenThe NCHS says that overweight and obese adults are at increased risk for numerous acute and chronic conditions, ranging from high blood pressure to diabetes to arthritis.国家健康统计中心称国家健康统计中心称超重和肥胖的人容易患急性和慢性病。超重和肥胖的人容易患急性和慢性病。从高血压到糖尿从高血压到糖尿病到关节炎等病到关节炎等 Practice seen their overweight rates increase steadily for women seen their overweight rates increase steadily for women seen their overweight rates remain stable for men. seen their overweight rates remain stable for men.nYoung adults aged 20 to 29, who presumably are among the most educated and physically active Americans, have seen their overweight rates increase steadily for women between 19601962 and 19881991, and remain stable for men.PracticenYoung adults aged 20 to 29, who presumably are among the most educated and physically active Americans, have seen their overweight rates increase steadily for women between 19601962 and 19881991, and remain stable for men.年轻人发现年轻人发现体重超重的女子比例稳步上升体重超重的女子比例稳步上升20292029岁岁是受教育程度最高、体是受教育程度最高、体力最好的美国人力最好的美国人体重超重的男子比例保持稳定体重超重的男子比例保持稳定在在1960196219601962年和年和1988198819911991年期间年期间20-2920-29岁的年轻人是美国受教育岁的年轻人是美国受教育程度最高、体力最好的群体。程度最高、体力最好的群体。在在1960-19621960-1962年和年和1988-19911988-1991年期年期间，这个群体中体重超重的女间，这个群体中体重超重的女子的比例稳步上升，而男子的子的比例稳步上升，而男子的体重保持稳定。体重保持稳定。Practice nThe Western system has been adopted also by Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Japan, India, and a few other nations; but in each of these countries it has been combined with specific elements that have modified its structure in varying degrees.The Western system The Western system has been adopted has been adopted ; ; 句子主干句子主干but it has been combined with but it has been combined with specific specific elementselements .by Israel, Turkey, by Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Japan, India, Lebanon, Japan, India, and a few other nationsand a few other nationsthe Western the Western systemsystemthat have modified its that have modified its structure in varying degrees.structure in varying degrees.Practice nOne day he met and befriended some Chinese students, in particular a young woman from Nanking named Lu Gwei-djen, whose father had passed on to her his unusually profound knowledge of the history of Chinese science.One day he met and befriended some One day he met and befriended some Chinese students.Chinese students.in particular a young in particular a young womanwomanfrom from NankingNankingnamed Lu named Lu Gwei-djenGwei-djenher her father father had passed on to her knowledgehad passed on to her knowledgehas unusually has unusually profound knowledgeprofound knowledgehistory of Chinese history of Chinese sciencesciencePractice n他们都是生活在台湾的老人，有人生活在敬老院，有人儿他们都是生活在台湾的老人，有人生活在敬老院，有人儿女承欢膝下，也有人独居；有人老当益壮、精力充沛，也女承欢膝下，也有人独居；有人老当益壮、精力充沛，也有人贫病缠身、晚景凄凉。有人贫病缠身、晚景凄凉。他们都是生活在台湾的他们都是生活在台湾的老人老人有人有人有人有人也有人也有人也有人也有人More PracticenTechnological innovations from automobiles to TV remote controls allow us to burn fewer and fewer calories when carrying on the activities necessary for everyday life.nWhat researchers are now trying to determine is how differences in the types of foods we eat may be contributing to being overweight.nExcellent health, increased longevity, and an abundance of the simple pleasures of life are all readily available if youre prepared to follow “the Mediterranean Diet”, which is not so much a “diet” as a way of living.More PracticenInterest in the Mediterranean diet was first raised in the 1950s, when researchers from Harvard Universitys school of Nutrition became curious about why men and women on the islands of Crete and Sicily, many of whom lived well into their 80s, had one of the lowest rates of heart disease and cancer in the world.nIncidences of other diseases, such as breast and colon cancer, were also lower in the Mediterranean region, and in Greece and southern Italy, life expectancy was about four years longer than in the U. S. or Northern Europe.nAs to the consumption of wine, the other major factor singled out for special attention at the conferences, the pyramid suggests that a moderate level of alcohol consumption, especially of red wine, also raises the HDL level and lowers the risk of heart disease and reduces overall mortality.Thank YouThank YouChapter 5 Not Childs PlayYang lijunFaculty of College English TeachingNew Era Interactive EnglishNew Era Interactive EnglishLevel 4Level 4Teaching ArrangementsnReading nWarm-up ActivitiesnStudy of the Textn nInterpretation of important and difficult language pointsInterpretation of important and difficult language pointsn nSummarySummaryn nWritingn nTranslationn nAssignment Warm-up Activities Songs QuestionsRelated InformationWhat is the ideal life of a child?How should they spend their time?Why do you think so?heal the worldA ideal childhoodlovegiftdreamstudyBut, life is different for some kids .nThere are almost as many child laborers around the globe today as there are citizens of the United States: around 250 million. nDespite breathtaking economic and social advancements in recent history, children continue to be forced to bear some of the heaviest burdens. Related InformationRelated InformationnThere are kids who work as bonded laborers, gold miners, farm workers, soldiers, and even entertainers. Often, these kids are in abusive situations; almost always, they are doing work under circumstances adults would find intolerable. Bonded Labor In IndianHuman Rights Watch estimates there are nearly 15 million children who have been sold into bonded labor - a kind of indentured servitude in India. But Indias government officially denies the problem exists - staving off possible trade sanctions and international scorn. Do you know ReadingnSkill: Distinguish between facts and opinionsqWriters often use both facts and opinions when they are presenting their ideas. qTwo questions to determine the difference:nCould I find this information in the newspaper, or in a similar publication?nAre there words such as “should”, “would”, and “could”?qExercise (P88)Study of Language PointsZero in on sth.: to direct all your attention towards a particular person or thing (= home in on); to aim a gunor other weapon towards sth or sb.She immediately zeroed in on the weak point in his argument.Study of Language PointsSustain: to make sth. Continue to exist or happen for a period of timeTo sustain economic growthRetain: to keep sth. or continue to have sth. (formal)You have the right to retain possession of the goods.Attain: to succeed in achieving sth. After trying for a long time (formal)More women are attaining positions of power in public life.Study of Language PointsArmed with: 1. carrying weapons, esp. a gun 2. having the knowledge, skills, or equipment you need to do sth.The suspect is armed with a shotgun.She came to the meeting armed with al the facts and figures to prove us wrong.Study of Language PointsRelieve: 1.To reduce someones pain or unpleasant feelings2. To make a problem less difficult or serious3. To help someone by taking sth. from them, esp. a job they do not want to do or sth. Heavy that they are carrying (Relieve somebody of something)1.Relieve the pain, relieve tension/pressure/stress, relieve ones anxiety2.Programs aimed at relieving unemployment3.A secretary was hired to relieve her of some of the administrative work.Study of Language PointsSign: n.Sign sb. to enterSign a letterSign a streetSign awaySign offSign inSign: v.Mathematical signsDeaf-and-dumb signTalk in signsTraffic signsA sign of rainStudy of Language PointsConcern: vt. 1. To have to do with or relate to 2. To be of interest or importance to 3.To engage the attention of; involve 4.To cause anxiety or uneasiness in1.An article that concerns the plight of homeless people;2.This problem concerns all of us.3. We concerned ourselves with accomplishing the task at hand.4. The firms weak financial posture is starting to concern its stockholders.As/so far as. be concernedBe concerned aboutBe concerned over sth.Be concerned in sth.Be concerned withGive oneself no concern aboutHave no concern forIt is no concern of mineOf much/no concernStudy of Language PointsPledge: n. a serious promise or agreement, exp. one made publicly or officially u Make/take/give a pledgeu Keep/fulfill/honor a pledgeu v. Pledge to so somethingParents make a pledge to take their children to rehearsals.Eisenhower fulfilled his election pledge to end the war in Korea.summaryfillingFill in the blanks to complete a summary of Reading 1 A considerable number of Indian children work for a living, because their families cannot make a d_ live without them. the young workers lead a m_ life, dwelling in poor settlements, suffering from extremely bad p_ conditions and exposed to p_ dangers every day. Though some parents do a_ for their youngsters to be schooled, child labor has been going on for a long time. The Indian governments efforts and the International Labor Organizations a_ will not pay off until there are some fundamental changes in the Indian e_.Video Watching nWatch the CNN video about child labor. Discuss these questions with your class:qWhat problems exist with child labor?qWho is Elizabeth Dole? What was her professional position at the time of the story?qWhy does she want to raise fines on companies who hire workers illegally?qWhy do some businesses hire workers illegally?qWhich businesses hire a lot of illegal labor?WritingnStrategy 1: Use comparisons and contrasts to help you evaluate ideas in writingnStrategy 2: Use quotations in your writing to help you communicate your ideas more strongly Techniques of Making Comparisons and Contrast:All in one, and all in the other First, one item is described fully, without connection to the second item. Then the second item is described, often referring back to the first item.Mixing together Two items are compared by going back and forth between the two.Similarities and differences Separate the similarities from the differences. How to use Quotations There are in general two instances when you may wish to use quotations from other writers work: Evidence - when quoting from other sources to support your own argument (s). Reference - when a text is itself the subject of your essay and you need to refer to it in your discussion. Translationn广告语言的特色：1.语言简洁2.玩弄词藻，尤其是使用双关语，套用成语等n翻译广告的原则1.将实质的信息准确地翻译2.尽量将语言特色在目的语中复现3.根据两种语言的不同特征，灵活对等Keys to exercisesnInto Chinese:1.尽情大吃，不惜体重。2.纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。3.别具风味的加拿大酒，独特的加拿大精神4.摩尔香烟，我更满意5.挡不住的诱惑！6.好酒不在进口，进口必是好酒。7.洁齿清气8.心旷神怡，万事如意。9.百事可乐，冷饮之王10.君饮七喜，提神醒脑。11.一册在手，纵览全球。12.只溶你口，不溶你手。1.Lilai gives you a sense of our time, a true yourself and a pretty girl.2.Peony stands out for taste.3.Tasting is Believing.4.Essence of Living Beings / Energy for Life.5.Up in the sky there is unforeseen storm But If you buy insurance Then.Keys to exercisesYour TasknReview Unit 5 and preview Unit 6 nFinish the exercises nGroup Discussion: Why does child labor become a world-wide problem? List as many reasons as far as you know and exchange your ideas with your group members.