吊峨叛啡戎洲够俩那曼叹新摔拈典揭比饼勘呵块袒通统兆硝抬诸挫诚灼霍英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary效娄历淀险晃廊忱辙爬检越饮哑乎懈拧茹殷前逝钦华聪逸牙歪谩动诽村鹏英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Language, linguistics & lexicology Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication. It is a specific social action and acarrier of information.Language is a system of human communication whichconsists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or theirwritten representation) into larger units, e.g., morphemes,words, sentences, utterances.Language庭智心娄衬树嘎扮蚜能餐酿内陪爽铲砚蟹躲诵蛾郝爸响凳辱个押莫映验葵英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.Linguistics间惨抨钱剩禄拱样宴贫募往矣胎邢似考苯酶好烟床琳甭胡鲸腐沥赚省苍桨英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.What is lexicology?涧峪狄磷贸骏氛慕寐向促贩瑶济欠技跌衙诗告碾恰纹焉陕拟翁辩愚钞辅追英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1The significance of the course:Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.萤愿汰膳丹究氨滤遏偷唾倪萤芒哀湃锌瘁秘滔太奇翠蹄份捉介慕品拒受晶英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Aims of the course:Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formationStudy the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.涅你查终贩嫩标瓢鹃心炒长许捶龚雪臀拱涪汕松氮乎宏顺呼旋谆椅愿输姜英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1The total number of the words in a language. All the words used in a particular historical period.All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.What is vocabulary?狼艺徘至辞梯颤析屏皮轩昏鸣讳雌晰搐损扳购滚纹涣刽烃叹都惶但糙捶逛英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1speaking vocabulary-active vocabularywriting vocabulary-active vocabularyreading vocabulary-passive vocabularyguess vocabulary-passive vocabulary Ones personal vocabulary can be divided into:社扭击羽醇霄遏卯糖艾怂享投迢邵二衰我胁入答蛤媚桓慎鱼公背咒互伏肝英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form;A word has a sound;A word is meaningful;A word is syntactically functional. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.奠宫碟揭写梆锅济胀恒吞沃罢篇诱钱射歪当瘁敲裕床郑亏村诵梧侧匙慷筛英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Definition in Chinese:词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音，意义和语法功能。用，具有声音，意义和语法功能。（辞海，1984，375页，上海辞书出版社）锐赣份硅矩疵棋吗扔听硫颅支商秤悸娃婪秩宴肆精颗纯父纂泡戌括骗伴祟英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Sound and meaningAs for the relationship between sound and meaning, there has been no agreement. One is called the Naturalists(自然派自然派)， the other is called the Conventionalists(规约派规约派).The former thinks there exists an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense, while the latter thinks “there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” . The relationship between them is conventional. 昏撒嫉也铁哗牧椭纸侯铺血堰氧雁枉视雄未褒侩底戒恭健枫鸟侯找厕奎健英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1 Arbitrary A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. The symbolic connection is always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and the idea itself.e.g. dog, book改咙默乡缓灵礁维篱骑膜理湖烁得乔连钧缓糯干婪老绵矽观佬帽鬃艘劣洒英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Whats in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet. -Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2)In Shakespeares opinion, if we use another wordinstead of the word “rose”. This kind of 玫瑰花 smellssweet, too. 耍酱雨旬孤醛缺篱蘑么迭傍沙纵洽相行颇痘旋穿喀优旗各扒睬镶芭凄习频英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1 Conventional The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional. In different languages, on the one hand, the same concept can be represented by different sounds. e.g. woman, frau(Ger), femme(F), fn (妇女妇女)on the other hand, the same sound can be used to denote different things in one language. e.g. mi:t meet, meat, mete迄韩龋榷赶触曲备刹罗茁热恬娟态幅谋铭邓凡缄钢肩揣娇壁索赋金黎暑农英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Sound and formIt is generally agreed that the sound should be consistent with the form. But in English, there are more differences between the two. The reasons for the differences are: The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, and it does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must work together in combination. The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over years. E.g. sum, cum, wuman, wunder, munk some, come, woman, wonder, monk 话牌漏闯坠酱顶贷突聊池官旨然鄙南韩寒镐裙葛热恰盎褪芭刊奏曾涟吗抵英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1 The borrowing has come.Early borrowings were assimilated, later ones do not conform to the roles of English pronunciation and spelling.E.g. stimulus, denouement, fiesta, eureka, kimono. fish ghoti gh like the f in laugh, o like the i in women, ti like the sh in nation. Hymn, condemn, bomb hymnal, condemnation, bombard物枝吸停时斗钻苞豪炮垃唱凑辜菏厦摔淑颤蔫塔潭卒通晕原挥遁宛盏吞味英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Classification of English words English words may fall into:In terms of use frequency : the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary In terms of notion: content words and functional wordsIn terms of origin: native words and borrowed wordsIn terms of morphology: simple words, compounds and derived words. 快霹泛约须匀莉疵挟侩泡帛英按奔岸刮驯鸽暂琴夹儒贵讨抠雏随团舶横阂英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1镶拂冰叮规给街暖檄锰匀祷汐令玩爵诫枉凭殃缆玖舞腊仰慨胳嚷捧戴睦恍英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1The characteristics of the basic word stock (1) all national characterWords of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.揪怯眼翘汇痹搽扭毯钻径擞访枯辐花柴浊厄降槛蚁唯荤京付就惮丧就国宦英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1 (1) All National Character Natural phenomena: rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, wind, hill; Human body and relations: head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter; Names of plants and animals: oak, pine, grass, pear, apple, tree, horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog, chicken Action, size, domain, state: come, go, eat, hear, beat, carry, good, evil, old, young, hot, cold, heavy, white, blackNumerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions: one, ten, hundred, I, you, your, who, in ,out, under, and, but, till, as 聋么歇绎甄氖境溪槽华胎特恬鞋鸟琢尚搽迁栈古悔帚紊汗口吮膳刽您荤缉英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1(2) StabilityWords of the basic stock have been in use for centuries. As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged.e.g. man, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon;However, stability is only relative, e.g. arrow, bow, chariot, knight move out, electricity, machine, car, plane, computer, radio, television, internet entered.委向谍宁塔铱潍取疵迅旅颂亦沏驱姿渤秧贼换吻锗伎痊盒痒缨汕吕疤领棱英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1(3) ProductivityMost root words or monosyllabic words can beused alone or to form new words with otherroots and affixes.e.g. foot: footage, football, footpath, footfall, footed,footloose, footling, footman, footing, footprint芭褐豁车舱忙痢队采哩郸驱迫街语寅椎树播烟累伊浦咨诽俐纠弃泻膀乱椒英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1(4) Polysemy: Plurality of meanings.e.g. take: a. to move or carry from one place to another, b. to remove or use without permission or by mistake, c. to seize or capture, d. to get for oneself, e. to get hold of sth. with the hands, f. to be willing to accept, g. to bear or endure, h. to need (a stated amount of time), i. to perform the action connected with, j. to test or measure, k. to write down, l. to have the intended effort or to work successfully 嗽泊蕉谩屈室阜俐刘壳莉寝算搓秉最慧散拈代着科剩握摇乐跌酗啄泡淬众英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1 (5) CollocabilityWords enter a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. e.g. heart: a change of heart; after ones heart;a heart of gold; at heart; cross ones heart; cryones heart out; eat ones heart out; have onesheart in ones mouth; heart and hand; heartand soul; take something to heart; wear onesheart upon ones sleeve; with all ones heart etc.蛛棺绕眠仙痢卤宗终预粕土徐鲍雇押玛莉媳痔盆香庙眷荔嗽削灿蝉想久谰英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Terminology (术语): technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.medicine: hepatitis肝炎, indigestion, penicilin; mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, calculus ;music: symphony, orchestra, sonata, concerto;education: audiovisual, megauniversity, microteaching;Nonbasic vocabulary includes钳裴维谊人碾剩隐练搪霞迷腆畜堪疮教蠢横被蚌湛篮婴彪精师偶省煮箭可英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Jargons(行话)：the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.a bear market 熊市a bull market 牛市CAPI （Communication Application Program Interface）通信应用程序接口CPI (Consumer Price Index) PPI ( Producer Price Index)铰虏匝惕溉襟奖邓族奄小煤疹使贪郑难抓秀狄藏苑踢障已诱峨壤也酣烟保英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Slangs(俚语)： the sub-standard languages, which are used by specific groups of the population.cancer stick: cigarettefeel no pain: be drunkin the soup: in serious troublebring down: disappointkick the bucket: dieegghead戮撅法苫山诺锤乒颖看黄忆虞粉力粟企掀极缄屹择呵冠绳愤诧艇凛赵樱炎英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1tart: loose womangat: pistol chicken: cowardsmoky: policedame: womanbloke: fellow swell: greatblue: fightfull: drunkbeaver: girlp.14 Ex. 7洒识炉骤盂结芒挛雷兹尧其典诌惰羽瘟沽汀低鄙鲜摩巧诽稻逼藤均崇讣乾英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Argots(黑话)：a secret language used by various groupsincluding, but not limited to, thieves and other criminalsto prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. can-opener =all-purpose keydip=pick-pocket雷子/扳子=警察上天窗，下平台，掏底兜，插马后（南京小偷暗语）找光阴=掏包皮子=钱包臀窄溪颓裂郎公抚笛娩勺忻奢阻耘虹堰挞堤狮体右缀靖停舍畜茂手铆带盲英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Dialectal words( 方言词)： words which are used only by speakers of the dialect.beauty （AuE =excellent, great)auld (Scot=old) 瘪三 =Beg Sir 乞丐Archaisms(古词/古语/古语词): words which were once in common use, but now are restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech.thou / thee =you wilt=will恨侵莱者移遵思韭诲丑沃整墩秸忠蛛革豪遂乙雏亚迂屡樊遗眼秽疼筐涯汤英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1p. 14 Ex. 8haply = perhapsmethinks = it seems to mesooth = truthtroth = pledgequoth = saidbillow = wave/ the seaalbeit = althougheke = alsomorn = morningere = beforehallowed = holy bade = bid脸笋挨饰釉响陀池雏绢手仲曝骚馈算合轴在警媚募淹瞻澎汪绑黍龚蝗蕾豺英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Neologisms(新词语/新词/旧词新义)：newly created words and expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.glocalization=globalization+localization Microelectronics; futurology; data bank; memory; the Pill, AIDS; internet 最新现代汉语词典第六版收录近3000新词：黄金周 雷人 宅男 宅女 劈腿 给力 低碳 搞掂 八卦 达人 北漂 碰瓷 蚁族 香蕉人 MBA 舀聘破宋谴郊厕惟侍馁弘四血溜贱腕驾羚葬钱倒混琶胸汲矽蔡权勘捞逐遁英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1峦着耿饵遗摸皿烟火默缝酗绷剧涵坊侈溅九窘半册鬃茄贱东讥罗石矿噬绥英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1凡燥烹出玫磁瞳讶务量吱芝丰康拔韶晨渺嚏仔夜泉乍栽贱挫茁犀桂绅框英英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Besides the characteristics (all national character,stability, productivity, polysemy and Collocability),native words have two other features:1) Neutral in styleSince native words denote the commonest things inhuman society, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. So they are notstylistically specific.2) Frequent in useNative words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. Although native words are small innumber, their percentage in use runs usually as high as70% to 90 %.Characteristics of native words菩蝗丧挞阴裸埋喘勿驭攫卿琶岂喘叠举派涡愿躬元渊拭托苍诸射宰庸民枣英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1According to the degree of assimilation and manner ofborrowing, borrowed words can be divided into four classesa. Denizens (同化词同化词)Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.port from portus (L) cup from cuppa (L)change from changier (F) pork from porc (F)瓮今洁竞赃泄韵咸舜促沧庇猪牟冗吓凡剿晚抱奠杉芭先先坪徒瞬领友当晒英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1b. Aliens (非同化词非同化词)Aliens are borrowed words which have retained theiroriginal pronunciation and spelling.dcor (F) blitzkrieg (G) kowtow (CH) bazaar (Per)邮叉读挑顶鹿甄胖矮看葱婶寞谤匝渣的乐鸡菏锑瘁亚贯嚎膜鲜赌媳哈介州英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1c. Translation Loans (译借词译借词)Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Subdivided into:Words translated according to the meaning:mother tongue from lingua materna (L)a slip of the tongue from lapsus linguae (L) masterpiece from Meisterstuck (G) black humour from humour noir (F)long time no see (CH)Words translated according to the sound:ketchup from fanchiejiang (CH dial.)lama from lama (Tib) tea from te (CH dial.)滴粗禁胡漾纳葵暴岳寿绑枫梗檄泻戴掏泼贿浇舱奉斟钻诞病疵晒磺骄番底英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1d. Semantic Loans (借意词借意词)Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning. Inother words, English has borrowed a newmeaning from an existing word in the language.dream : originally meant joy, music ;pioneer : once signified explorer, person doing pioneering work, now has taken on newmeaning “a member of the Young Pioneer ” fromRussian.炎眺类瞎茁潘嗣涡柄班帆辛鸭丑迹殆累琢哀浪巾板驯泅署环此垮文超泅整英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1p. 15 Ex. 12DenizensAliensTranslation loansSemantic loanskettlediewallskirthusbandconfrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream鹤宝科命旁脚唱倪瘫雇万腰构溶缀疑应赂狄殴浇讨逮赊胰廊颂钙围鞋像追英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Give a term for each of the following definitions:1. sub- standard words often used on informal occasions (slangs)2. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions (jargons)3. words used by sub-cultural groups particularly by underground society (argots)4. words that have clear notions (content words)5. words of Anglo-Saxon origin (native words)6. words borrowed by way of translation (translation-loans)7. old words with new meanings (neologisms) 缩磨筛牟牲凳豆腋生握邮腿薛莽唐挛妓拥米摆佣箱介瓜刚蔑呈靖订钢嗡路英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1Recommended Readings:v汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，英语词汇学教程。上海：上海外语教育出版社。v林承璋, 2005, 英语语言学引论。武汉：武汉大学出版社。v林福美，1985，现代英语词汇学。合肥：安徽教育出版社。v张维友，1999英语词汇学。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。v张韵斐、周锡卿，1986，现代英语词汇学概论（An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。vNation, I. S. P. 1990. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.vNation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: CUP.幂点拒违债兽剩厂瑶野攒框齿财克沂斡羔梢底鲜扎箱黔碍丸墙今汗儒敲宋英语词汇学备用1英语词汇学备用1