A Guide to English-Speaking CountriesA Guide to English-Speaking Countries英语国家概况英语国家概况The United States of AmericaChapter 8 History英英语语国国家家概概况况America Between 1600-1900vI. America in the Colonial EravII. The American War of IndependencevIII. The American Civil WarI. America in the Colonial EraA.Pre-Columbian period(前哥前哥伦比亚时期伦比亚时期) B.Colonial Period(殖民地时期殖民地时期，late 15th to 18th century)Pre-colonial periodIndians: The “first Americans”IndiansvIn ancient times ,the Bering Strait was tied together ,it was possible for the Indians to walk from Asia to Alaska about 12,000 years ago. America IndianThe Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus reached America in 1492.The new continentvIn 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.vColumbus believed that he had reached India and called the native people Indians.vAmerigo Vespucci discovered the continent of South America, the continent was named after him.colonial period vIn 1607 the English established their first colony in America, at Jamestown, Virginia. Virginia is named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Jamestown was named for the ruler, King James. The Founding of the 13 ColoniesvAfter the British founded the first colony in America in 1607vThe Pilgrims ,in 1620, sailed on a ship called Mayflower and arrived at Plymouth Massachusetts. vBetween 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. MayflowerThe 13 coloniesvDelaware 特拉特拉华vPennsylvania 宾夕法夕法尼尼亚New Jersey 新新泽西州西州Georgia 乔治治亚Connecticut康涅狄格康涅狄格Massachusetts 麻麻萨诸塞塞 Maryland 马里里兰 vSouth Carolina 南卡南卡罗来来纳 New Hampshire 新新罕布什罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼弗吉尼亚New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡北卡罗来来纳Rhode Island 罗德德岛The conflict between England and its coloniesvThe Englandv Imposed new taxes to defray the cost of the Seven Years War.v Expected Americans to lodge British soldiers in their homes .vThe colonistsv Resented the taxes and resisted the quartering of soldiers.colonists sloganv“No taxation without representation” PS：Colonists are resistant to pay taxes which become an important cause of independence war. Form a state （ 1776年年7月月4日）日）The Declaration of Independence (July4,1776)Announcing the birth of the United StatesForm a state （ 1776年年7月月4日）日）The contents of the Declaration of IndependenceFive chapters1 Foreword2 Preface3 Accused King George III4 Denounce British5 ConclusionThe Declaration of IndependencevWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.vThat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.The Declaration of IndependencevWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.v我我们认为下面下面这些真理是不言而些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物的：人人生而平等，造物者者赋予他予他们若干不可剥若干不可剥夺的的权利，其中包括生命利，其中包括生命权、自由、自由权和追求幸福的和追求幸福的权利。利。vThat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.v为了保障了保障这些些权利，人利，人类才在他才在他们之之间建立政府，而政府之建立政府，而政府之正当正当权力，是力，是经被治理者的同意而被治理者的同意而产生的。生的。The Declaration of Independencevand accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. The Declaration of Independencevand accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. v过去的一切去的一切经验也都也都说明，任何苦明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，只要是尚能忍受，人人类都宁愿容忍，而无意都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的了本身的权益便益便废除他除他们久已久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一的一连串串滥用用职权和和强取豪取豪夺发生，生，证明政府企明政府企图把人民置于把人民置于专制制统治之下治之下时，那么人民就有，那么人民就有权利，也有利，也有义务推翻推翻这个政府，并个政府，并为他他们未来的安全建立新的保障未来的安全建立新的保障 Whats the significance of The Declaration of Independence?You can think it from the following aspects.Philosophy influencePractical influenceHistoric influenceTreaty of Paris巴黎条巴黎条约 （1783年）年）vThe treaty was signed in Paris in 1783.vBritish recognized American independence. vThe peace treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom, and sovereignty(主主权) of the 13 states.The Civil War (18611865)Do you know the origin of American slavery system?vSouth- slavery economy 1. American slavery existed after the first immigrants from Europe founded their settlements. 2. In the South, the land was abundant and suitable for farming,and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves, who were regarded as the property of the planters. 3. They could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly. vNorth- capitalist economy 1.There is a growing demand for labor to work in factories. 2.Northerners supported the abolition of slavery, because they wanted to get slaves from the South. 3.They asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.vSouth- Agricultural economy (plantations) 1.The abundant land was suitable for farming 1.The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves.plantations using black African slaves. 2.Black slaves could be bought, sold and were 2.Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.often treated cruelly. 3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that 3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.foreign countries.The causes of the Civil War1) The different economic systems in the north and the south2) The slavery problem in the south 3) The political conflicts between north and southThe direct cause of the warLincoln was elected as the president of America.Abraham Lincoln18091865 The process of the Civil WarvIn 1861, the Civil War was began.vIn 1863, Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation , which granted freedom to all slaves.vIn July 1863, the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg.vIn April 1865，the Civil War was ended . The war resolved two fundamental issues. What are the two issues? Gettysburg Address The war resolved two fundamental issues. 1) Slavery was abolished . 2) America became a single ,indivisible nation.World WarWorld War1. At the start of WW, the proclamation of neutrality;2. The USA entered the war in 1917 for several reasons:(1). Germany injured American trade;(2). Germany promised the Mexicans to regain its lost territory;(3). a good chance for the USA to successful influence the result of the war3.President Wilson: Four Points After WW1. the Great Depression2. President Roosevelts “New Deal”WW1. In the early days of WW, the USA adopted a sit-on-the -fence policy. 2. the direct cause for Americas entrance into the war: the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor3. D-Day: Normandy Landing in June 19444. Germany surrendered in May 19455. American airplanes dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki6. Japan surrendered and WWended.WWWW the high-ranking U.S. military officialsWW WW After WW 1. a conference in1945; the United Nations was established;2. The USA became the strongest power;3. the Cold War in the early post-war period the “Truman Doctrine”4. two Germanys5. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization6. the Korean War7. the Vietnam War Presidents of the USA1. Nixons achievements and the Watergate scandal(1). end the Vietnam War(2). two breakthroughs: reestablishing US relations with China; negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union Presidents of the USA2. Reagan: the advantages and disadvantages of the tight money policy; his achievements;(1). inflation under control(2). an increasing gap between rich and poor(3). social welfare curtailed(4). the longest recorded period of peacetime property without a recession or depressionthe Presidents of the USA2. Reagan: the Presidents of the USA3. Bush Senior: the Kuwait Warthe Presidents of the USA4. Clinton: (1) . one of the youngest Presidents(2). the North American Free Trade Agreement(3). an affair with a young internthe Presidents of the USA5.Bush Junior: son of the former President Bush(1). On September 11, 2001, the United States suffered the most devastating foreign attack ever against its mainland.(2). Osama bin Laden and the al-Queda(3). the Talinban regime in October 2001(4). an invasion of Iraq in March 2003 (5). On May 2, 2011, the American army killed Laden.the Presidents of the USA5.Bush Junior: son of the former President Bush(1). exercises.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).1.American was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Phiadelphia,and the Continental Army and Navy was established under the command of Thomas Jerfferson.3.The Amemrican Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also make American a single,indivisible nation.4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.5.In1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took joint military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on Septemble11,2001.7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil”.8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nationstroops, supposed by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The first successful English conoly in North America was founded atin.A.Jamestown,Louisiana B.Boston, MassachusettsC.Jamestown,Virginia D.Plymouth,Gergia 2. The Seven YearsWar occurred between.A.the French and the American Indians B.the French and the Spanish C.the French and the British D. the British and the American Indians3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of.A.the settlers of Virginia B.the people of Pennsylvania C.the colonists in New England D.the people of the 13 colonies 4. In May 1775, was held in Phiadelphia and began to assume the functions of a provisional government.A.the First Continental Congress B.the Second Continental CongressC.the Boston Tea Party D.the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued the to grant freedom to all slaves.A.Declaration of Independence B.Constitution C.Emancipation Proclamation D.Bill of Rights 6. The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two World Wars.A.nuetrality B.full involvement C.partial involvement D.appeasement7. President introduced the New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A.Wilson B.Truman C.Roosevelt D.Kennedy 8. The Vietanam War was a long time suffering for Americans,and its continued throughout the terms of president.A.Johnson,Nixon and Ford B.Truman,Eisenhower and Kennedy C.Kennedy,Johnson and Nixon D.Eisenhower,kennedy and Johnson.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why did American change its policy and enter World War ?2.What were Nixons well known contributions during his presidency?3.What were the measures of Reagans economic program?.State your understanding of the following questions. 1.What was the course of the American Civil War?2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War ?英英语语国国家家概概况况