第一章、内燃机的工作原理和总体构造第一章、内燃机的工作原理和总体构造 一一般般构构造造（见见图图和和模模型。型。）Engine (发动机发动机)内燃机的基本名词定义及分类内燃机的基本名词定义及分类一、基本名词术语；一、基本名词术语；（见图）1、活塞止点与冲程2、气缸容积3、气缸工作容积： Vh=/4 d2 S x 10 64、燃烧室容积：Vc5、气缸总容积：Va = Vh+Vc6、内燃机排量；VH=/4 i d2 S x 10 6 （i-气缸数）7、压缩比：= Va / Vc = 1 + VH/ Vc汽油机为：79，柴油机为1822二、分类二、分类（往复活塞式内燃机）1.按所用燃料分：柴油机、汽油机、煤气机2.按工作循环的冲程数分：（四、二冲程）3.按气缸数及排列方式分：单缸、多缸；直列立式；直列卧式；V型；对置式。4.按冷却方式分：水冷、风冷5.按进气方式分：自然吸入式、增压式6.按点火方式分：压燃、火花点燃Engine (发动机发动机)四冲程内燃机工作原理四冲程内燃机工作原理一、四冲程内燃机工作原理：（一、四冲程内燃机工作原理：（吸、压、爆、排。吸、压、爆、排。）第第一一冲冲程程进进气气冲冲程程：活活塞塞由由上上止止点点下下止止点点，进气门开、排气门关。进气门开、排气门关。第第二二冲冲程程压压缩缩冲冲程程：活活塞塞由由下下止止点点上上止止点点，进气门关、排气门关。进气门关、排气门关。第第三三冲冲程程作作功功冲冲程程（燃燃烧烧膨膨胀胀冲冲程程）：活活塞塞由由上上止点止点下止点，进气门关、排气门关。下止点，进气门关、排气门关。第第四四冲冲程程排排气气冲冲程程：活活塞塞由由下下止止点点上上止止点点，进气门关、排气门开。进气门关、排气门开。二、四冲程柴油机工作原理（结合示功图、四冲程柴油机工作原理（结合示功图、工作过程示意图）工作过程示意图） 第一冲程进气冲程：在起点r压力Pr=1.051.15巴略大于大气压Po，终点a压力Pa=0.80.9巴略小于大气压Po，温度Ta=300340K第二冲程压缩冲程：在终点c压力Pc=3050巴，温度Tc=750950K（自燃温度约600K）。在C点为燃油喷入开始。第三冲程作功冲程（燃烧膨胀冲程）：在起点z气缸内压力Pz=6090巴，温度Tz=18002200K，在终点b气缸内压力下降Pb=3巴，温度Tb=10001200K。第四冲程排气冲程：由br压力几乎不变，Tr=700900Kpr=1.051.2巴。三、四冲程汽油机工作原理三、四冲程汽油机工作原理（结合示功图、工作过程示意图）第一冲程进气冲程：在起点r压力Pr=1.051.2巴略大于大气压Po，终点a压力Pa=0.750.9巴略小于大气压Po，温度Ta=370400K第二冲程压缩冲程：在终点c压力Pc=814巴，温度Tc=600700K在C点为火花塞开始点火。第三冲程作功冲程（燃烧膨胀冲程）：在起点z气缸内压力Pz=3050巴，温度Tz=22002700K，在终点b气缸内压力下降Pb=4巴，温度Tb=12001500K。第 四 冲 程 排 气 冲 程 ： 由 br压 力 几 乎 不 变 ，Tr=8001100KPr=1.051.2巴。四、柴油机与汽油机比较：四、柴油机与汽油机比较：1、压缩比大，膨胀充分，热利用程度较好节省燃料。柴油价低，经济性好。2、柴油机坚固，耐用。3、无点火系统，故障少。4、柴油机气缸内压力高，机件刚度和强度要求高，结构尺寸大。5、柴油机的喷油泵和喷油器精度高，制造成本高。6、柴油机运转时噪声较大。7、柴油机为压燃，较难启动。因此柴油机多用于农业林业工程、机车、船舶等，汽油机结构轻巧、制造方便、容易启动常用于轿车、轻型载重汽车及小型动力等。五、增压式内燃机工作原理五、增压式内燃机工作原理：带增压器1、目的：增加每循环空气量2、效果：功率增大30%以上3、工作原理六、示功图比较六、示功图比较四冲程内燃机工作循环特征参数比较四冲程内燃机工作循环特征参数比较 特征点 参数形式 进气终了a压力/温度（巴）/K压缩终了c压力/温度（巴）/K燃烧终了z压力/温度（巴）/K膨胀终了b压力/温度（巴）/K排气终了r压力/温度（巴）/K汽油机0.750.9/370400814/6007003050/22002700 4/1200 15001.051.2/ 8001000柴油机0.80.95/3003403050/7509506090/180022003/100012001.051.2/700900增 压 柴油机1.32.5/320 4505090/1200140090160/2300260058/1300 15001.21.3/10001100 二冲程内燃机工作原理二冲程内燃机工作原理一、二冲程柴油机工作原理一、二冲程柴油机工作原理二、二冲程汽油机工作原理二冲程汽油机工作原理二冲程内燃机示功图二冲程内燃机示功图 多缸内燃机的工作顺序多缸内燃机的工作顺序由由平平稳稳性性和和结结构构决决定定，对对三三缸缸以以上上直直列列四四冲冲程程内内燃燃机机用用下下式式计计算算： =720/i i 为气缸数为气缸数四四缸缸 排排列列： 1342或或1243六六缸缸排排列列：153624及及142635 内燃机总体构造内燃机总体构造见模型及课件内燃机车总体内燃机车构成The Inline EngineWe all know the engine is the heart of the automobile. What is the core of the engine? Yes, its the cylinder. Most cars have more than one cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are common). In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat. In an inline engine, the cylinders are arranged in a line in a single bank. The inline arrangement is the simplest and most common one and has many advantages. First, the engine has a good stability and more power. Second, the structures of the cylinder block and the crankshaft are very simple and they share only one cylinder head. The cost to manufacture and install is less. Because of these advantages, BMW and also many American car manufactures like to use the inline cylinder engine. This kind of engine is widely used in the cars made in home. 1-2 Basic Terms of Engine 发动机基本术语 TDC = top dead center, top center, outer dead center 上止点 BDC = bottom dead center, bottom center, inner dead center 下止点 S = piston stroke, piston travel 活塞行程 Sk = piston clearance from TDC 活塞离上止点距离 r = crank radius 曲柄半径 = crank angle, crankshaft angle 曲柄角 Vh = swept volume of a cylinder或piston displacement或cylinder swept volume 气缸工作体积，每缸排量 VC = combustion volume或 combustion chamber (space) volume 或cylinder compression volume 燃烧室容积 VC + Vh = cylinder total volume 气缸总容积（VC + Vh）/ VC = compression ratio 压缩比 Main TermsThere are many terms in describing the operations of an automobile engine. Lets see some basic terms. Stroke refers to piston movement. A stroke occurs when the piston moves from one extreme position to the other extreme position inside the engine cylinder. The highest position that the piston reaches inside the cylinder is called TDC (top dead center). Similarly, the lowest position that the piston reaches inside the cylinder is called BDC (bottom dead center). So we can also say a stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or vice versa. During the induction stroke, the volume of air/fuel mixture to fill a single cylinder is swept by the piston; this volume is called the swept volume. During the compression stoke, the swept volume is compressed into a small space above the piston. And at this time, the piston reaches the top of the cylinder. The space is called as the clearance volume. The clearance volume and the swept volume determine the compression ratio. Generally，a high compression ratio is good for performance and efficiency.1-3 Four-Stroke Engine 四冲程发动机A- intake stroke或suction stroke 进气行程 The intake valve is open while the exhaust valve is close. 进气门开启而排气门关闭。IV = intake valve 进气门EV = exhaust valve 排气门B- compression stroke, compression travel 压缩行程 Both the intake and exhaust valves are close. 进气门和排气门均关闭。C- power stroke, combustion, working stroke, firing stroke, expansion stroke 膨胀（作功）行程 Both the intake and exhaust valves are close. 进气门和排气门均关闭。 D- exhaust stroke 排气行程 The intake valve is close while the exhaust valve is open. 进气门开启而排气门关闭。内燃机性能指标一、内燃机指示指标1、指示功Wi 2、平均指示压力Pi 3、指示功率Ni 4、指示耗油率gi 二、内燃机有效指标1、有效功率Ne 2、机械效率e 3、输出转矩Me 4、耗油率 、转速n