English Literature of 18th century Enlightenment Movement1. progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe (England, Germany and France) in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century (Lenin: bourgeois movement)2. the enlighteners: had hostility to serfdom;strongly advocated the education and self-government and freedom for the masses of people; asserted the right and interests of the people, esp. peasants.English Enlightenment appearafterbourgeoisrevolution,urgethecarrying-onofrevolutionthe English enlighteners considered the chief way to better the society was “enlightenment” (education). They believe the power of reason. So the 18th C in England is also called “the age of reason” Enlighteners in English Literature: 2 groups1. moderate group: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and Richardson Theysupportedtherulesoftheexistingsocialorderandconsideredpartialreformswouldbesufficient. 2. Radical group: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and SheridanTheyinsistedonmoreresolutedemocratizationinthemanagementofthegovernment.Theyevenpartlydefendedtheinterestsofworkingpeople,peasantsandlaboringclass neo-classicism periodical literature sentimental movement novel drama18th century literatureNeo-classicism Alexander Pope Samuel JohnsonInliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters(Homer,Virgil,andsoon)andthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity. neo-classicism:modeledonGreekandLatinauthors,triedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandLatinworks:1.drama:rhymedcoupletinsteadofblankverse,thethreeunities,regularityinconstruction,presentationoftypesratherthanindividuals2.poetry:followingtheancientdivisions:lyric,epic,didactic,satiricordramatic3.prose:precise,directandflexible4.ThebasicdifferencebetweenDrydenandthe18thcenturyenlightenersDryden:wrotetopleasethedecliningaristocracyduringtheRestorationperiodEnlighteners:wroteforthebourgeoisietotidyupthecapitalistsocialorders Alexander Pope(1688-1744)1. life storymerchantsfamily,Catholic,feeble,severebodilypain,introducedtoliteraryworldbyWycherley,1713:formedScriblerusClub(涂鸦社),sidenotdefinitelyeitherwithWhigorToryWroteNewtonsepitaph:“Nature,andNaturesLawslayhidinNight.Godsaid,LetNewtonbe!andAllwasLight.2. works1). pastoral poems“Pastorals” 田园组诗田园组诗“Winsor Forest” 温莎林温莎林“Ode on Solitude” 隐居颂隐居颂2). satirical poems“The Rape of the Lock”夺发记夺发记“The Dunciad” 群愚史诗群愚史诗3). philosophical works“An Essay on Criticism”批评论批评论“An Essay on Man”人论人论“Moral Essays” 道德论道德论4). translation and edition“Iliad”“Odessey”“The Works of Shakespeare” “An Essay on Criticism”1). a manifesto of English neo-classicism aesthetic theories of poetry comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism2).criticism on poetry written in blank verse (heroic couplet): how to write and appreciate poetry3). content:respecttoancientGreekandRomanpoetsandcritics notshowingpreferenceeitherfortheAncientsorfortheModernsjudgeeachindividualworkaccordingto itsownmeritordemeritrespecttoShakespeare(violateclassicalrules)4). a didactic poem in heroic couplet, in a plain style, easy reading.Tis hard to say, if greater Want of SkillAppear in Writing or in Judging ill,But, of the two, less dangrous is th Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense:Some few in that, but Numbers err in this,Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;Famous sayings:For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险. To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人皆有错，难能宽恕人皆有错，难能宽恕 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人浅学误人 “The Rape of the Lock” 1). poem in mock-heroic (typeofsatiricalversewhichdealswithtrivialmattersinthestyleofepicorheroicverse仿英雄体) aquarrelbetweentwoaristocraticfamilies:LordPetrescuttingofalockofMissArabellaFermorshairwithoutherpermission. 2). analysis social satire of the idle, meaningless life of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 18th c EnglandInferior position of women: toysandslavestomenspassioninfluenced Byrons “Don Juan”“The Dunciad” 1). satirical poem of personal attackin 4 books, 15 years 2).background:provokedbyTheobaldscriticismofhiseditionofShakespeare,firstchoosingTheobaldas“thepoetlaureate”ofthekingdomofDullness.ButbyandbyalltheauthorswhohadcriticizedPopewereridiculed,andthesatirewasdirectedtoalltheliteraryvicesofthetime. 3). bitter satire on Popes rival writers and whole literary life in 18th c England4).expose and satirizedullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion “An Essay on Man”1). philosophical poem in heroic couplet, 4 epistles: OftheNatureandStateofMan withrespecttotheuniverse withrespecttoHimselfasanindividual withrespecttosociety withrespecttohappiness2). Ps political and philosophical stand of an enlightener, influence of Deism 3). selectionAll Nature is but Art unknown to thee; All chance direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And spite of Pride, in erring Reasons spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right. 4. Comments on Pope (1). Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. (2). His lines are smooth, balanced and concise, a master of the heroic couplet. (3). influenced other writers of his age, early 18th c England-the age of PopeSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1. life story1728-29Oxford1731fatherdied,makehisownliving:usher,translating1735marriedawidow,20yearssenior,800,setupaschool,failure1755Oxford:M.A.1756arrestedfordebt,loanfromRichardson1762governmentalpension:3001763metBoswellbiographer1764“TheClub”,“TheLiteraryClub”,Goldsmith,Sheridan1765TrinityCollege,Dublin:Dr.ofLaws1767conversationwithGeorge,loyaltoking1770politicaltractsasTory1775Oxford:DoctorofLaws1782paralysis,recovered,“EssexHeadClub”1784Afterhisdeath,Johnsonreceivedmanyhonors.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,nearthememorialtoShakespearepoet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.2. His works: poems: “London” “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (heroic couplet) romance: “The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia”drama: “Irene” (blank-verse tragedy) periodicals: “The Rambler” “The Idler”critical works: “Lives of the Poets”dictionary: “The Dictionary of the English Language”Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield “The Vanity of Human Wishes”1). sharp satire on the social evils in aristocratic-bourgeois world all-powerfulinfluenceofgoldsomanyengagedinstruggleforpoliticalpowercorruptionandstruggleforpowerbetweentwoparties2). general picture of his society, not a particular person“The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia”1). most popular of Js writings, didactic romance: 6editions(besidesoneinIreland&American):aprincewhohasledashelteredlife,andwhogoesouttoexploretheworldandlearnsthemeaningoflifeandthesecretofhappiness. 2. analysis: lack the revolutionary spirit, advocate golden mean (中庸之道中庸之道)between Deism: reconcile to everything in the existing social orderrevolutionary thought: expose and criticize the ugly reality“Lives of the poets”1. Preface: praise Shakespeare “the poet of nature” and defend Shakespeare fromthechargesofmixingofcomicwiththetragic(violatingtheclassicalrules)2). 52 poets: unfair to Milton and Gray, cares for rhymed verse than blank verse3). contents: biographicalfactsanalysisofpersonaltraitsandcharactercommentsontheirpoetryThe Dictionary of the English Language the first English dictionary by an Englishman;first brought fame to Johnson remained for a century the unrivalled authority for English language and all English dictionary.Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield 1. Background:SamuelJohnsonwrotetheletterin1755,whenhewas45yearsold.JohnsonhadjustcompletedhisgreatdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage,whichhehadbeentoilingawayatforeightyears.sevenLondonbooksellershadcommissionedtheprojecteightyearspreviously.AtthattimeJohnsonhadissuedaplanforthework,inthehopeofgettingmorefundsfrompatrons.HehaddedicatedtheplantoPhilipDormer,theEarlofChesterfield.JohnsonpaidacallontheEarlatsomepoint,andbeendisappointedwiththeresults.HedidapparentlygetafewguineasoutofthenobleLord,butitwasmuchlessthanhehadhopedfor.Chesterfieldseemedtohavetakennofurtherinterestintheproject.Until,allthoseyearslater,whenthedictionarywasatlastreadyforpublication(itwasactuallyfiveyearslater),LordChesterfieldpublishedanadvancereviewofitinamagazinenamedThe World,presentinghimselfasprincipalpatronofthework.ThisexcitedJohnsonsindignation,andhewrotethefollowinglettertohisLordship.Itisoneofthegreatlettersofalltime.ToTheRightHonourableTheEarlOfChester7thFebruary,1755.Ihavebeenlatelyinformed,bytheproprietorofTheWorld,thattwopapers,inwhichmyDictionaryisrecommendedtothepublic,werewrittenbyyourlordship.Tobesodistinguishedisanhonourwhich,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavoursfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.近日从世界报馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。When,uponsomeslightencouragement,Ifirstvisitedyourlordship,Iwasoverpowered,liketherestofmankind,bytheenchantmentofyouraddress,andcouldnotforbeartowishthatImightboastmyselfLevainqueurduvainqueurdelaterre;thatImightobtainthatregardforwhichIsawtheworldcontending;回想当年，也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。butIfoundmyattendancesolittleencouraged,thatneitherpridenormodestywouldsuffermetocontinueit.WhenIhadonceaddressedyourLordshipinpublic,Ihadexhaustedalltheartofpleasingwhicharetiredanduncourtlyscholarcanpossess.IhaddoneallthatIcould;andnomaniswellpleasedtohavehisallneglected,beiteversolittle.然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽视，他是绝不会感到舒服的。Sevenyears,mylord,havenowpassed,sinceIwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactofassistance,onewordofencouragement,oronesmileoffavour.SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect,forIneverhadapatronbefore.大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚，现在再来倾诉，已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，一抹称许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人。TheshepherdinVirgilgrewatlastacquaintedwithLove,andfoundhimanativeoftherocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。Isnotapatronsmylord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelp?大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么？Thenoticewhichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabours,haditbeenearly,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendelayedtillIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit:tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknown,anddonotwantit.大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩美意，只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受；迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享；迟到我已经名闻海内，再不需阁下附丽张扬。Ihopeitisnoverycynicalasperitynottoconfessobligationswherenobenefithasbeenreceived,ortobeunwillingthatthepublicshouldconsidermeasowingthattoapatron,whichprovidencehasenabledmetodoformyself.我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然勿需怀感恩之心；既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情。Havingcarriedonmyworkthusfarwithsolittleobligationtoanyfavoureroflearning,IshallnotbedisappointedthoughIshouldconcludeit,iflessbepossible,withless;forIhavebeenlongwakenedfromthatdreamofhope,inwhichIonceboastedmyselfwithsomuchexultation,MyLord,Yourlordshipsmosthumble,mostobedientservant,SAM.JOHNSON.我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使自己的工作完成到目前这个地步,那么,尽管我将要在更艰难无助的情况下假如还有可能更艰难无助的话完成全稿,我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒;曾几何时,我还在那梦中得意非凡地自诩是大人您门下最卑微最驯顺的仆人塞缪尔约翰逊1755年2月7日2. AnalysisJs strong indignation at the lords fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. the authors assertion of his independence- the opening of a new era in the development of literature. 3. comments on Johnson: 1). next only to William Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers. 2). The latter part of 18th century is often called the “Age of Johnson”. Novels in the 18th century The Division of the Novels realistic novel sentimental novel Gothic novel historical novelback Realistic Novels Daniel Defoe Jonathan Swift Henry Fielding Tobias Smollettback Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)back1.His Life:isgenerallyconsideredtobeEnglandsfirsttruenovelist.DanielFoe(Defoechangedhisnametoitsmorearistocraticformsometimearoundtheageofforty.)Defoesearlyyearswereeventful:Whenhewasfive,theGreatPlagueravagedLondonandhisfamilyfledtothecountry;thenextyear,theGreatFireofLondonleveledthousandsofhousesandeighty-sevenchurches,includingSt.PaulsCathedral.MortonsAcademyfrom1671to1679DefoebeganwritingattheendoftheseventeenthcenturyThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)Arrestedforsedition,Defoewaspilloried,fined,andjailed.Hishalf-yearsojourninNewgatePrisonlefthimwithhugedebtsandafailedbrickandtilefactory.The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, Written by Himself (1719;commonlyknownasRobinson Crusoe)Fatherofthenovelfirstgreatrealisticwriter2. His works:“Robinson Crusoe”-masterpiece“Captain Singleton”-novel of adventure.“Colonel Jacque”- novel of adventure“Moll Flanders”“Roxana”- picaresque novel“A Journal of the Plague Year”-historical fiction 伦敦大疫记伦敦大疫记contents:(P36):CrusoeisshipwreckedoffSouthAmerica.Hestaysintheisland28years,twomonthsand19days.Aidedwithhisenterprisingbehavior,Crusoeadaptsintohisenvironment.Afterseveralloneyearsheseesastrangefootprintinthesand.Hishorrifieddiscoveryleadstoencounterwithsavages.CrusoemeetslaterthefrightenednativeandnameshimManFriday.FinallytheyarerescuedbyanEnglishshipboundtoEngland.3). Analysis of the novelfirst-person narratorthe human need for society and the equally powerful impulse for solitude. a dream of building a private kingdom, a self-made Utopia, and being completely self-sufficient. Crusoe: empire-builder (laborer); pioneer colonizer (exploiter); foreign trader: Brazil,China,Madagascar,Germany - the typical image of an enterprising English bourgeoisie of 18th century: a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in struggling against the hostile natural environment. 4). theme: the bourgeois man has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature-glorification of bourgeois man 3. features of Defoes language:simple, concise, smooth, easy, almost colloquial “PurityandProprietyofStile”short, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.4. significance of his novels: 1). “Robinson Crusoe” is one of the forerunners of the English realistic novels2). His novels express that “man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil environment”.3). His novels glorify human labor which is considered as the source of happiness.4). His novels never condemn colonial expansion and Negro-slavery and bear some colonialism.DefoesfictionisnotableforitsverisimilitudeVerisimilitudeiscreatedthroughthenamingofactualplacesandpeople,theinclusionofhistoricaleventsasbackground,theinclusionofprefatorystatementsinwhichthenarratorwritesofmaterialomittedbecauseoflackofspaceormentionscorroboratingtestimonytotheeventsinthenarrative,andthecreationofcompletelybelievablecharacters.Defoesfictionhasoftenbeencriticizedforitslackofdiscerniblestructureherarelyuseschapterdivisions,leavingnocluestothedramaticmomentsandinternalclimaxesinthenarratives.The LIFE and Strange Surprizing ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE, of YORK. Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver by PIRATES. Written by Himself.aplotsummarytheordinarinessofthenarratorDefoesinsistenceonrealismanautobiographicalnarrativeCrusoesconcernisnotonlyforhisphysicalwell-being;hebeginsajournalinwhichheplanstorecordhisspiritualprogressasitisreflectedinthedailyactivitiesthatmarkhissojournontheislandandthroughoutthenarrativeheinsiststhathislifeisproofoftheworkingsofdivineProvidence.Robinson Crusoe isoftendescribedasoneofthemajorforerunnersofthenovel.Althoughwrittenasatravelnarrative,itdisplaysmanyofthemodernnovelsmajorcharacteristics:realism(throughverisimilitude,thefirst-personnarrator,imageryfromthenaturalworld,andcopiousdetail),interestingandbelievablecharactersengagedinplausibleadventuresandactivities,andanengagingstory.Moll Flanders 1722Born into poverty, a resourceful andindustrious woman works her way through moral lapses and misfortunes to repentance and middleclass respectability and comfort.Borntoandabandonedbyaconvictedfelon,MollFlandersisrearedfirstbyGypsiesandthenasawardoftheparishofColchester.Atfourteen,sheishiredasaservanttoakindfamilywhoeducatesheralongwiththeirdaughters.Moll,believingsheisloved,loseshervirtuetotheoldestson,wholaterpayshertomarrytheyoungestson,Robin.Widowedafterfiveyears,Mollismarriedfourmoretimes,toadraperwhospendsallofhermoney,toaseacaptainwhoturnsouttobeherhalfbrother,toaroguishIrishman(fromwhomsheseparateswhenhedecidestocontinuehighwayrobbery),andtoabankclerk(withwhomshefindshappinessuntilhisdeath).Betweenthebrotherandthehighwayman,shespendssixyearsasthemistressofagentlemanwhosewifeisinsane.Mollalsobearsseveralchildrentohusbandsandlover,butsheseemsill-suitedtomotherhood.Intheend,sheisreunitedwiththegreatloveofherlifeJemmyE.,thecharmingIrishmanwithwhomsheresolvestoliverespectably.Molllearnstosaylittleaboutherself,topretendtowealthinordertoattractmen,andtobehavelikealadyinordertoappearworthyofgentlemen.ThestoryofMollFlandersslifeandmisadventuresdisplaysthestylistictraitsforwhichDefoeispraised.MollsworldeighteenthcenturyLondon,withitscrowdedstreetsandthrongsofhumanity,withitsgulfbetweenrichandpoorisvividlyrealizedinDefoesattentiontodetailandinhisfrequentallusionstoactualplacesandrealpeople.ThehorrorsofNewgatePrisonaredetailedinvigorouslanguagethatconveysstrongimagesofconfinementandinescapablepoverty.Finallycaughtintheact,MollisincarceratedinNewgateandcondemnedtodeath.Sheisvisitedbyaclergyman,whoprayswithherandentreatshertorepentherwickedpast.Movedbytheministerswords,Mollrealizesthatshemustbeconcernedwithherspiritualimpoverishment.ThereismoreagreementonDefoescontributiontothedevelopmentofthenewgenre.FromDefoeswork,thenovelacquiredrealism,moralcomplexity,plainlanguage,andafocusoneverydayhumanlife.HemaynotbethefatheroftheEnglishnovel,butthatgenreowesmuchofitscharactertothefictionheproduced.DefoesfascinationwithpreciselocationandtheintricaciesofprocessallowsMolltoelaborateonherplansforsnaringrichhusbandsandonhertechniquesforstealingjewelryorothergoods.SographicallylocatedareMollsexploitsthatattimesthebookreadslikeacriminalatlasofeighteenthcenturyLondonstreetsorevenlikeamanualforawouldbethief.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Straddling the gap between ancient and modern ways of thinking, Swift gave to young and old alike new ways of viewing human life from satirical perspectives.1689,heestablishedresidenceatMoorParkassecretarytoSirWilliamTempleSwiftreturnedbrieflytoIrelandin1690,havingcontractedadiseaseoftheinnerearthatplaguedhimuntildeathwithfitsofgiddiness,nausea,anddeafness.hewasordainedanAnglicanpriestin1695andtookaparishnearBelfastOnApril29,1696,hisproposalofmarriagewasdeclinedbyJaneWaring,whosecounterproposalhewouldrejectfouryearslater.2. His works:essay: “The Battle of Books” 书战书战 “A Tale of A Tub” 一只木桶的故事一只木桶的故事novel: “Gullivers Travels” 格列佛游记格列佛游记pamphlets on Ireland: “The Drapiers Letters” 布商的信布商的信 “A Modest Proposal”一个小小的建议一个小小的建议poem: “Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift” “The Battle of Books” quarrelbetweentheAncientsandtheModerns,favour the Ancients neo-classicism the Spider and the Bee: great writers should draw from nature “A Tale of A Tub” prose satire on: religion, modernlearning,government,philosophiesofpresentandpast Swift defended ordinary Irish people against Englands economic oppression.1. “The Drapiers Letters”: againstthemonopolygrantedbytheEnglishgovernmenttoWilliamWoodtoprovidetheIrishwithcoppercoinage 2. “A Modest Proposal”: Irishpovertycanbesolvedbythebreedinguptheirinfantsasfoodfortherich.(reform)English tyranny and social injustice the miseries of the Irish people loss of freedom of the whole Irish nationTheenormousbodyofSwiftswritingsdisplaysfourdistinctyetoverlappingpersonalities.Firstisthestraightforward,plain-talkingvoiceofcommonsense.SecondisthecomicwitofroaringlaughtertobefoundinThe Battle of the Books andtheBickerstaffmaterials.SwiftsPredictions for the Year 1708,whichhewroteundertheBickerstaffpseudonym,pokedfunataquackastrologerandpredictedthathewoulddieonMarch29.ThirdisthediabolicalmodeoftheironicalsatiristwhopensGullivers Travels, A Modest Proposal,andA Tale of a Tub. Savageindignationlashesoutateverycorruptionofmoralsorreasoningthathumankindiscapableofundertaking.FourthistheleastfamiliarofSwiftspersonalities,thechildlikepersonalfriend.ThepassionlessSwiftshowshimselfinpoemssuchasCadenus and Vanessa andinhisprivateletterstoStellatobecapableofgenuinetendernessandwarmth.SwiftwasthefirstEnglishwritertogaugethefullforceofthedisplacementthatmodernismwouldworkupontraditionalvaluesandwaysofthinking.Hisofficialselflongedforinstitutionalorder,buthisdemonicimaginationlethimknowthathumannaturecouldnotbetamedorimprovedbysoweakariderasreason.Assuch,hisdisgustwasenormous,andhedaredtoshowhumannatureasitis.LittlewonderthatSwiftisunderstoodbychildrenandoftenmisunderstoodbyscholarsandclerics.1). background: JonathanSwiftwroteGulliversTravelsinthe1720swhenmuchoftheworldwasnotyetdiscovered.Thenoveltakesplacefrom1699to1715.Gulliver,asurgeon,narrateshisvoyagestoforeignlandsandcallsthemTravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorldInFourPartsbyLemuelGulliver.The novel is known as a classic childrens story.Itwasoriginallyreceivedbyaudienceasmerelyanexcitingadventure.Peopleofthiseraenjoyedreadingliteratureabouttravelintounknownlands.GulliversTravelswasoriginallypublishedwithoutSwiftsnameoninfearofgovernmentpersecution.CriticshavesuggestedthatwhileSwiftcriticizedhumansandtheirvanityandfolly,hebelievedthatpeoplewerecapableofbehavingbetterthantheydidandhopedhisworkswouldconvincepeopletoreconsidertheirbehavior. 2). content: (P53) masterpiece, four parts a. adventure to Liliput: 小人国小人国 b. adventure to Brobdingnag 大人国大人国 c. adventure to Laputa 飞岛国飞岛国 d. adventure to Houyhnhnms 智马国智马国 first adventure6inches,1/10ofcorrespondingthingsinhumanworld,theGreatMan-Mountainparty struggle ( the Whigs and the Tories): high and low heels on their shoesWarsduetoquarrelsontwowaysofbreakingeggs (religious controversies between Catholics and Protestants)second adventure 6ofeetgiant,superiortohumandescriptionofHouseofPeersandHouseofCommonstheKingisstruckwithhorrorsofGulliverssociety:corruption,bribery,injustice,wars,allthevices third adventure: Laputa:absent-mindedphilosophersandastronomerswhocarefornothingbutmathsandmusicSeveralotherplacesandallkindsofpeople:Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdrib(famousdeadofancientandmodernhistory:Alexander,Caesar,HomerandAristotle) fourth adventurebest part: satire is sharpest and bitterestintelligent horses: noble,allgoodandadmirablequalities Yahoos: low,vile,nobetterthanbeasts human beings3). Analysis of the novel a biting work of political and social satire: satire on the whole English society and social evils of the early 18th century3. Comments on Swift 1). master of English prose, master satirist, known for his lively imagination2). had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors and a deep sympathy for all the poor and oppressed.3). His understanding of human nature is profound: human nature is seriously flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed. He intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature. Henry Fielding(1707-1754)back1. His life: novelist,playwrightandjournalist,founderoftheEnglishRealisticschoolinliterature.Fieldingscareerasadramatisthasbeenshadowedbyhiscareerasanovelist.Hisaimasanovelistwastowritecomicepicpoemsinprose-heoncedescribedhimselfasgreat,tatteredbard. bybirthagentleman,closealliedtothearistocracy,motherdiedwhenFieldingwaseleven,hisfatherremarried,wassenttoEton(1719-1724),learnedancientGreekandRomanliterature,UniversityofLeidenintheNetherlands,returningtoEngland,writingforthestage,amanageroftheLittleTheatre,“TomThumb”,mostfamousandpopulardrama,itissaiditmadeSwiftlaughforthesecondtimeinhislife.1736tookoverthemanagementoftheNewTheatre,forseveralyearslifewashappyandprosperoussharpsatirizingthegovernmentgainedtheattentionofSirRobertWalpole,careerintheaterwasendedbyTheatricalLicensingAct-directedprimarilyathimeditorofamagazineChampion,anoppositionjournal,studiesoflaw,calledin1740tothebar,illness-goutandasthma-unabletopursuehislegalcareer.marriedin1734CharlotteCradock,modelforSophiain“TomJones”andfortheheroineof“Amelia”,enjoyedtenyearsofhappinessuntilherdeathin1744,longperiodsofconsiderablepoverty,greatlyassistedbyhisfriendR.Allen,modelforAllworthyin“TomJones”.1747,scandalbymarryinghiswifesmaidMaryDaniel,condemned,actuallyshewasabouttobearhischild,andFieldingwishedtosaveherfromdisgrace,healthwasfailingandwasforcedtousecrutches,wentwithhiswifetoPortugal,diedonOctober8,1754inLisbon.2. His works: dramas: “Tom Thumb” “The Coffee-House Politician” “Don Quixote in England” “The Tragedy of Tragedies” Inhisplays,heattackedallkindsofcontemporaryvoices:corruptionsinpolitics,theinjusticeofthelaw,thedepravity,degenerationofhighsocietyandthemischiefofreligioussuperstition. Novels “Jonathan Wild” “Joseph Andrews” “Tom Jones” “Amelia” “Jonathan Wild”1). historical fact2). satire on the whole political system of his age: noessentialdifferencebetweenthetwoparties3). exposure of the English bourgeois society: self-profitmotive,hypocrisy,treacheryJonathan Wild(1682-1725),Englishcriminal.Afterbeingapprenticedtoalocalbuckle-maker,hewenttoLondontolearnhistrade,gettingintodebt,andwasimprisonedforseveralyears.Hemadeacquaintanceofmanycriminalsinprison.Heturnedtoareceiverofstolengoodsafterhisrelease.Aspecialactofparliamentwaspassedbywhichreceiversofstolenpropertyweremadeaccessoriestothetheft,butWildslostpropertyofficehadlittledifficultyinevadingthenewlaw,andbecamesoprosperousthattwobranchofficeswereopened.Wildnaturallycametoarrangerobberieshimself,andhedevisedandcontrolledahugeorganization,whichplunderedLondon.InreturnforWildsservicesintrackingdownsuchthievesashedidnothimselfcontrol,theauthoritiesforsometimetoleratedhisoffences.Suchstolenpropertyascouldnotbereturnedtotheownerswithprofitwastakenabroad.AtlasteithertheauthoritiesbecamemorestrictorWildlesscautious.Hewasarrested,tried.HewashangedatTyburnonthe24thofMay1725.back“Joseph Andrews”1). parody and satire of Richardsons “Pamela” Joseph, Fanny, Parson Adams(P88)Richardsonsnovel“Pamela”,subtitled“VirtueRewarded”,wasimmenselypopularwhenitappearedin1740.Richardsontellsthestory,throughletters,oftherepeatedattemptsofPamelasemployer,Mr.Btoseduceherandthentorapeher.Wonoverbyhervirtue,hemarrieshereventhoughsheisamereservant.FieldingsatirizedPamelawith“Shamela”.Theninthenextyear,hewrote“JosephAndrews”,whichisasecondsatireof“Pamela”.WhyFieldingwrotetwoparodiesofonenovelispuzzling.Whatisclearisthat,though“JosephAndrews”mayhavestartedasasatireofPamela,itquicklyoutgrewthatnarrowpurposeandhasamusedgenerationsofreaders.2). Significance:ruling class oppress common people while poor folks help those in miseryexposes the vices and follies of upper classes, institutions, and societys values. “Amelia”1). Content:anarmyofficer(Booth)isimprisoned.Hisvirtuouswife(Amelia)resistsalltemptationsandstaysfaithfultohim.2). satire on moral degeneracy of the noble and rich: shamelessdeedstosatisfytheirpersonallust“Tom Jones”1). masterpiece18 books, in the picaresque tradition.Coleridgedeclaredthattheplotof“Tom Jones”wasoneofthethreeperfectplotsinallliterature,theotherswereBenJonsons“Alchemist”andSophocless“Oedipus”.2). List of charactersSquireAllworthy:abenevolentgentlemanofSomersetshire.BridgetAllworthy:hissisterTomJones:foundlingSophiaWestern:daughterofSquireWesternBlifil:sonofBridgetandTomshalf-brotherLadyBellaston:anaristocraticlady3). Content: three part: Toms adventure in the country, on the road, in London (P91)4). characterization Tomillegitimate,upright,frank,kindhearted,open-mindedandhandsome,readytohelpothersfilled with what Fielding called “the glorious lust of doing good” but with a tendency toward dissolution Tom Jones is one of the first characters in English fiction whose human virtues and vices are realistically depicted. Blifil: lying, cheating, greedy, selfish, social evils of the a-b world Sophia: brave, independent, defy the tradition5). Summary of the StoryA. Fieldingsgreatestworkinwhichtheauthoralmostportrays40characters.In the story the author purposely depicts an illegitimate orphan as his hero-who at that time was looked down upon in society .InEngland,untilthemiddleofthe19thcentury,itwasenactedbylawthatanillegitimatechildhadnorighttothelegacyofitsparentsaswellastotheuseofthefamilynameofitsfather.Theillegitimatewouldsuffergreatlyfromthisdiscriminationallthroughhislife,whichcouldnotbechangedeventheparentsmarriedlateron.B. Intention: strong dislike and opposition to the unfair of the society sympathy to the poor and the oppressed3. Comment on fielding 1). Fielding was the founder of the English Realistic Novel who set up the theory of realism in literary creation. Thecharactersinhisnovelsareoftenthecommonpeople,whoarenatural,thatmeanstheyarenotperfect;theyhavetheirownweakness;theyalsodowrongs.2). A truthful artists duty was to reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it. FieldingreallyinfluencedEnglishliteraturealot.TheVictoriannovelisprimarilyinthetraditionofFielding.3). Fielding is close to life, credible. MaybethatswhyByroncalledhim“theproseHomerofHumanNature.4). He chooses common people as the hero, not upper class.In Tom Jones, he even chooses a foundling as his hero: advocate of equality. Sentimentalist movementSentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeeling over thinking, passion over reason,andpersonalinstinctsofpity,tenderness,andbenevolenceoversocialduties. Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-strickenpeasants,wrotethesimpleannalsofthepoor”.Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticized thecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.Thesentimentalistwriterscontinuedstruggleagainstfeudalism,buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateit.Sentimentalismembracedapessimistic outlookand blames reason and the Industrial Revolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyandindulgesinsentiment,hencedecadenceiscommonintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.Poetry:Thomson,Young,Gray,Cowper.Drama:thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichard SteelewhosecomediesThe Lying LoverandThe Conscious Loverscontainedelementsofsentimentalism.inprosefiction:1.GoldsmithsTheVicarofWakefield”maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.2.SternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury.Thomas Gray 1.Lifestory:educatedatEton,Cambridge.In1739hebeganagrandtouroftheContinent.GrayreturnedtoEnglandin1741.HecontinuedhisstudiesatCambridge,andheremainedthereformostofhislife,livinginseclusion,studyingGreek,andwriting.In1768hewasmadeprofessorofhistoryandmodernlanguages,buthedidnorealteaching.Hewasofferedthelaureateshipin1757butrefusedit.2. works: first important poems: “To Spring” “On a Distant Prospect of Eton College” masterpiece “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”Odes: “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard” “The Fatal Sisters” “The Descent of Odin”Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardElegy: comesfromaGreekwordmeaning“lament.”Originally,inclassicalGreekandRomanpoetry,elegiesarewrittenincouplets(inhexameterandpentametercouplets).Theycanbeofanysubjects,fromlove,lamentationtowarandpolitics.Theyaredistinguishedfromothertypesofpoetrybytheirmetricalform,ratherthanbytheirsubjectmatters.Since16thcentury,elegieshavecometobeassociatedmainlywithlamentationanddeath,andcomposednosetmetricalform.Subjectmattersbegintoplayacrucialroleindefininganelegy.Elegieswrittenthereafterareinvariablymelancholy.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”masterpiece, meditation of deathone of the most popular and most frequently quoted poems in the English languagerecognizedimmediatelyforitsbeautyandskill,andtheChurchyard PoetsaresonamedbecausetheywroteintheshadowofGraysgreatpoem.Thespeakerseesacountrychurchyardatsunset,whichimpelshimtomeditateonthenatureofhumanmortality.Thepoeminvokestheclassicalideaofmemento mori,aLatinphrasemeansRememberthatyoumustdie.Thespeakerconsidersthatindeath,thereisnodifferencebetweengreatandcommonpeople.Hegoesontowonderifamongthelowlypeopleburiedinthechurchyardtherehadbeenanypoetsorpoliticianswhosetalenthadsimplyneverbeendiscovered.Grayspoetryillustratestheevolution of 18th century English poetry from Classicism to early Romanticism.Ontheonehand,ithastheordered,balancedphrasingandrationalsentimentsofneoclassicalpoetry.Ontheotherhand,ittendstowardtheemotionalismandindividualismoftheRomanticpoets;mostimportantly,itidealizesandelevatesthecommonman. Sentimental Novelsw Samuel Richardsonw Laurence Sternew Oliver GoldsmithbackSamuel Richardson (1689-1761)backHis lifeHis worksComment backthesonofaLondonjoiner,littleformaleducation,apriest,apprenticedtoaprinterinLondon,setupshopasastationerandprinter,oneoftheleadingfiguresintheLondontrade.Asaprinter,hisoutput:politicalwriting,Toryperiodical“TheTrueBritain”,thenewspapers“DailyJournal”,26volumesofthe“Journals”oftheHouseofCommons,generallawprinting.marriedhisemployersdaughter,MarthaWilde,sixchildren.Sadly,sheandalltheirchildrendied,marriedagain,sixchildrenwithElizabethLeake,twoalsodiedofchildhoodillness.novelswereenormouslypopular,sentimentalstoryteller,emphasisondetail,psychologicalinsightsintowomenearnedhimaprominentplace.Richardsonreceivedgreatfameforhiswritingandhadmanyadmirers.backhis works “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded” “Clarissa Harlowe” “Sir Charles Grandison”back “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”“Pamela”describesvirtueinan18th-centurywaythatisstrangetoourtimes.PamelaAndrewsisayoungmaidservantinawealthyhousehold.Thesonofthehousehold,Mr.B.,conceivesapassionforherandrepeatedlyschemeswithhisservantstoseduceher.SheprotectshervirtuesuccessfullyandB.,movedinherfavorwhenhereadsthejournalshehasbeenkeepinginsecret,isforcedtoproposetoherifheistohaveher. 1). first epistolary novel Pamela Mr. B2). chief contribution: first novel of psychological analysis of character (first psycho-analytical novel)3). analysissatire on the bourgeois moral standards: fixesapriceforeverything,thepriceforvirtueofwomanschastityishonorablemarriageandwealthandhighsocialpositionfromthemarriage.Thepopularityof“Pamela”wasduetothemoralisticnatureofthestory,whichmadeitacceptableforthecenturysrapidlygrowingmiddleclass.TheepistolaryformwasaninnovationthatwasasourceofgreatprideforRichardson.Butcontemporaryreaderswereshockedbysomequestionablebehaviorsofthecharacters;itwaseasytoregardPamela,forexample,asaschemingyoungwomantryingtogainhighersocialstatusbymakinganoblemanmarryher. “Clarissa Harlowe”1). masterpiece, a tragic story, epistolary form Clarissa Robert Lovelace Solmes Colonel Morden2). the first important novel that pays close attention to womens position in the bourgeois society. Background:“ClarissaHarlowe”,in7volumes.Themassivework,whichrunstomorethanamillionwordsandstandsasoneofthelongestnovelsintheEnglishlanguage.Exceptnovelsequences,itmaywellbethelongestnovelintheEnglishlanguage.Itcontains547letters,mostwrittenbytheheroine,ClarissaHarlowe,herfriend,AnnaHowe,Lovelace,andhisfriend,JohnBelford.3). analysisClarissadarestorunawayfromherfamilytoavoidmarryingthemanshedislikes-her revolt against family tyrannySherefusedtomarryLovelaceafterbeingseducedbyhim- fight for thorough emancipation of womenBut she, representative of the virtue, is too weak to fight against the wicked social environment, so her struggle is a doomed failure.4). reception of “Clarissa” afinancialandcriticalsuccess.ContemporaryreaderstraveledtotheUpperFlask,thetavernClarissaandLovelacestoppedatinHampstead.SamuelJohnsonpraisedClarissaasthefirstbookintheworldfortheknowledgeitdisplaysofthehumanheart.FieldingadmiredRichardsonsportrayalofcharacterandwasmovedtocompassion,terror,griefandastonishmentbyClarissa.3. Comment on Richardson1). a great story-teller, letter-writer and moralizer, a new way of writing novels - epistolary form2). first important novelist to pay much attention to the womans position in the day: sympathy3). His novels give satire on the moral hypocrisy and social evils, but there is too much sentimentality in the novels. 4). write both for entertainment and for social and moral instruction, great influence to literature of his time and after him. back Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) backw His life w His workw CommentbackIreland,sonofanEnglisharmyofficer,CambridgeUniversity,apriestintheChurchofEngland,spentthenext21yearsasavicarinYorkshire,preachingeccentricsermons,readingthe16th-centuryFrenchsatiristFranoisRabelaisandoldromances,andspendinghistimeandattentionsonwomenotherthanhiswife.In1760settledinLondon,despitesufferingfromtuberculosis,livedasocial,dissolutelife,publishedJournaltoEliza(1767),writtentoMrs.ElizaDraper,oneofhismanywomenfriends,healthreasons,from1762-64livedinToulouse,France,withhiswife,whowasmentallyill,andtheirdaughter.In1765atourofFranceandItaly.“ASentimentalJourneyThroughFranceandItaly”recordshisappreciationofthesocialcustomsheencounteredinFrance,from this novel originated the name of “sentimentalism”.diedinLondononMarch18,1768.backHis works: “A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy”“Tristram Shandy” 项狄传项狄传back“A Sentimental Journey”1). personal experiences of travel in France and Italy:allkindsofpeople:flowergirlsoftheshops,servantsofhishotel,coachmanwhodrovehimfromtowntotown,peasantmaidensdancinginthefields.2).“mydesigninitwastoteachustolovetheworldandourfellowcreaturesbetterthanwedo” “The Life and Opinions ofTristram Shandy” masterpiecestrange, plotless novel: givesthereaderverylittleofthelife,andnothingoftheopinionsofthehero,whoappearsinVol4,6andthendisappearsfromthestory.Tristramissettingouttotellushislifeandopinions,inhismonologuehespeaksonethingremindshimofanotherwithwhichithasnologicalconnection;heisforcedtodigressbecauseamemorycomesintohismind;orherememberastory,afactoranexamplefromsomebook.ItseemsthatSternetriedtocatchtheactualflowofhumanmindandsentimentinordinarylife-a forerunner to the modern novel and stream of consciousness. Comment on Sternethe most prominent and the most typical of the sentimental tradition among all English writers of the 18th century backOliver Goldsmith1728-1774poet playwright novelistessayistback His life His work CommentbackIreland,Protestant,eight,severeattackofsmallpoxwhichdisfiguredhimforlife,B.A.degreeinTrinityCollegeDublin,leftIrelandtostudymedicineinEdinburghandLeiden,buthiscareerasaphysicianwasquiteunsuccessful,subsequentlywanderedthroughEurope,supportinghimselfbybeggingandbyplayingtheflute,beforesettlinginLondon.extravagantintasteandgenerous,diedleavingdebtsof2000,nevermarried,buthadacloserelationshipwithMaryHorneck,withwhomhefellinlovein1769.diedafterashortillnessinthespringof1774,andburiedinthechurchyardoftheChurchofSaintMary.Works: novel: “The Vicar of Wakefield” poem: “The Deserted Village” “The Traveller” comedy: “The Good-Natured Man” “She Stoops to Conquer” essay: “The Citizen of the World” (Chinese philosopher)“The Deserted Village” heroic “The Traveller” couplet1).“The Traveller”: personalobservationsduringhisEuropeanwanderings- “the best poem which had appeared since Pope” (Johnson)2). “The Deserted Village”: best poem, descriptionofvillagelife,lamentsasociety“wealthaccumulatesandmendecay” Background:NooneknowswhenorwhyGoldsmithwrote“TheVicarofWakefield”.Certainlyitwascomposedbefore1762whenthemanuscriptsavedhim.SamuelJohnsonfoundhimabouttobearrestedbyhislandladyfordebt.NaturallyheaskedhimifhehadanymarketablemanuscriptandGoldsmithdugout“TheVicarofWakefield”.Afterahastyglance,JohnsonwentofftoNewbery,thebookseller,andsolditforsixtyguineas.Itremainedunpublishedforfouryears;however,itspopularityspread.DuringtheVictorianageitwastranslatedintoadozenlanguages.“The Vicar of Wakefield” 1). masterpiece, major characters: Dr. Primrose Olivia Squire Thornhill Sophia Mr. Burchell (Sir William Thornhill)2). CharacterizationDr. Primrose: good, silly, easy to cheat, charitable, and a victim of the tyrannical and evil. Primroseisdeprivedofeverythinghome,daughters,son,reputationonlythroughtrustinghumanbeings.Yet he never loses hope, never tires of life with unbreakable spirit.3). Theme: a social and political satire: rural honesty, kindness, and patience triumph over urban values;belief in the goodness of human beings. 4). influence:ItisbrieflymentionedinJaneAustensEmma,CharlesDickensATaleofTwoCities,MaryShelleysFrankenstein,CharlotteBrontsTheProfessor,LouisaMayAlcottsLittleWomenandinGoethesTheSorrowsofYoungWerther Comments onGoldsmith1). Representative of sentimentalism: Goldsmith shows his compassion for the poor and the afflicted. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 2). shows passive resistance to social evil and had a false idealization of the patriarchal society. backGothic novel (Gothic romance)1. Background Inlate18thc.withthefulldevelopmentoftheIndustrialrevolution,inliteratureagroupofwriterswerenotsatisfiedwithrationalismandrealism,becauseneitherofthemcouldsolvethesocialcontradictionsoftheage,thusappearedagenrenamedGothicnovelsorromance.TheGothicnovelisaliterarygenre,inwhichtheprominentfeaturesaremystery,doom,decay,oldbuildingswithghost-hauntedrooms,undergroundpassages,andsecretstairwaysinthem,madness,hereditarycursesandsoon,withsettinginaruinedGothiccastleorabbey.TheGothicnoveltakesitsrootsfromformerterrorizingwritingthatdatesbacktotheMiddleAges,andcanstillbefoundwrittentodaybywriterssuchasStephenKing(TheShawshankRedemption).It became the forerunner of the modern mystery or terror novel.2. Features1). full of extraordinary situations of mystery and terror and supernaturalism.2). The settings are often in the medieval background with gloomy sentiment in a “Gothic architecture”3). The stories are unrealistic3. RepresentativesHorace Walpole: forerunner The Castle of Otranto - the first Gothic novelWilliam Beckford Vathek, and Arabian Tale - (oriental background) Matthew Gregory Lewis: The Monk Mrs. Anne Ward Radcliffe The Mysteries of Udolpho -Gothic novel in standard form Clara Reeve: The Old English BaronMary Shelley (19th century): Frankenstein 弗兰肯斯坦弗兰肯斯坦 Historical Novels - Edward GibbonbackEdward Gibbon1737-1794supreme historian of Enlightenmentarichfamily,oldestson,lostmotheratatenderage,witnessedthesuccessivedeathsofhissiblings(commonforchildrennottosurvivetheirinfancy),weakandsickduringhischildhood,oftenhadtointerrupthisschooling.athome,mademuchuseofthewellstoredlibrary,eagerlyreadinganythingwhichhecouldlayhandson,15,college,withastockoferuditionthatmighthavepuzzledadoctorIn1753sentbyhisfathertoLausanne,Switzerland,fellinlovewithSuzanneCurchod,whoeventuallymarriedabanker,theirrelationshipendedbyhisfather,andGibbonremainedunmarriedfortherestofhislife.SuzannebecamethemotherofthefamousFrenchwriterandearlychampionofwomensrights,MadamedeStael.In1764visitedRome,inspiredtowritethehistoryofthecitybetween1774and1783satintheHouseofCommons,from1783spentmuchofhistimeinLausanneandinEngland.sodissocialthatonecouldnotstandclosetohim.BenjaminFranklinwasvisitingEnglandandhewantedtoseeGibbon,refused,notdiminishFranklinsadmirationofthehistorian. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 罗马帝国衰亡史罗马帝国衰亡史 1). introduction:sixvolumes, and coveringabout13 centuriesfrom200A.D.tothefallofConstantinople(Istanbul)in1453 2). Contents: theestablishmentandspreadofChristianity,thereorganizationofEuropeannations,theriseofMohammedanismthecrusades. Drama in the 18th CenturyRichard Brinsley SheridanRichard Brinsley Sheridan1751-1816 Dublin,Ireland,parentsmovedtoLondon,HarrowSchoolforsixyears,1772elopedtoFrancewithayoungwomancalledElizabethLinley,amarriageceremonywascarriedoutatCalais,butcaughtbythegirlsfather,asaresultofthisbehaviour,challengedtoaduelon2ndJuly1772,seriouslywounded,recovered,qualifyingasalawyer,Mr.Linleygavepermissionforthecoupletomarry.beganwritingplays,1775theCoventGardenTheatreproducedhiscomedy,“TheRivals”.1776Sheridanjoinedwithhisfather-in-lawtopurchasetheDruryLaneTheatrefor35,000.Thefollowingyearheproducedhismostpopularcomedy,“TheSchoolforScandal”.In1776,politicalcareer,1780,MPofStafford,afrequentspeakerintheHouseofCommonsandsupportedtheresistanceofthecolonists,AmericanCongresswassogratefulforSheridanssupport,offeredarewardof20,000.Underattackfordisloyaltytohiscountry,notacceptedthegift. 1812attemptedtowinhisoldseatofStafford,unabletoraisethemoneytopaythenormalfeeoffiveguineaspervoter,defeated,seriousfinancialproblems1813arrestedfordebt.releasedwhenhiswealthyfriend,SamuelWhitbreadhandedoverthesumrequired,diedingreatpovertyon7thJuly1816.His works: two comedies“The Rivals” 情敌情敌“The School for Scandal” 造谣学校造谣学校The Rivals (P161)CaptainAbsoluteLydiaSirAnthonyAbsoluteMrs.MalapropLydia: typical girl of romantic dreams and sentimentalism Malapropism: consistent misapplication of words and phrases The School for Scandal 造谣学校造谣学校Content (P163)SirOliverSurface JosephSurfaceLadySneerwellCharlesSurfaceMariaJoseph: scoundrel and hypocritical Charles: dissipated, extravagant; a good heart and sympathy for the poor and the miserableComments on Sheridan and his playsBoth plays satirize fashionable society with its materialism, gossip, and hypocrisy. each ridicules sentimentalism, neither is itself entirely free of that attribute.