Chapter 2Chapter 2 HistoryHistoryThe United Kingdom of Great The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritain and Northern Ireland The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationI Transition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain Since World war IIIVVCONTENTCONTENTThe Shaping of the NationEnglish and British Monarchs55B.C.4104491066Romans Occupation Anglo-Saxons & Danes English and British Monarchs 10661154 11541399 House of Norman House of Plantagenet English and British Monarchs13991461 14611485 House of Lancaster House of York English and British Monarchs14851603 16031714 House of Tudor House of Stewart English and British Monarchs17141917 1917 House of Hannover House of Windsor The Founding of the Nation (5000BC-1066) Early SettlersRoman BritainThe Anglo-SaxonsViking and Danish invasionsThe Norman ConquestEarly EnglishHistory IThebestevidencethattheprimitivepeoplehadshowntheirowncivilizationistheStonehenge 3,000BCIberians(Stonehenge)Celts750B.C.FranceGermanyS , I,W race & cultureEarly Settlers & 4 InvasionsRomans55BC-410AD Roman EmpireLatin language Christianity Anglo-Saxons446-871GermanyEnglish race & language Danes 8th-11 CDenmarkdialectNorman1066NormandyFeudalismConquestConquestTimeTimeConquerorConquerorInfluenceInfluencevFirst invasion In 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain vSecond Caesars second raid in 54 BCvThird and final In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of BritainvLeft Germanic attack in Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.vCapable administrators v& good builders (towns and cities & roads)Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century)Anglo-Saxons (446-871) Germanic Tribes: Angles, Saxons, JutesEnglish: The language of the Angles England: The land of the AnglesChristianity 6th CenturySt. Augustine (1st Archbishop of Canterbury)church (cathedral)church leader: Bishop Archbishop of CanterburyKing ArthurThe sword in the stoneKing Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableThe search for the Holy Grail (cup)Arthur drawing the sword from the stone Viking and Danish invasions (8th Century1066)Heptarchy( (七王国）七王国）Alfred the Great, king of Wessex the father of the British navyA peace treaty:King Alfred of England From1016to1042,undertheruleofDanishkings.In1042,theEnglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo-Saxons 871-899 871-899 Viking InvasionThe name Viking comes from my language which is called Old Norse. It means a pirate raid. Viking InvasionIn the end the Vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern England, and seized much of the land for their own farms. This area was called The Danelaw.King Edward, “the Confessor”Poets Corner Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)Viking and Danish invasions (8th Century1066)Queen Elizabeth IIs coronationThe coronation ceremony of Elizabeth II was held on June 2, 1953, in Westminster Abbey. Traditionally, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest official of the Church of England, presides over the coronation ceremony. The Norman Conquest (1066) Why did William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror invade England after Edwards death? King Edward had promised the English throne to William, When Edward was on his deathbed, several men laid claim to the English throne, but the Witan chose Harold as king. The Norman ConquestThe Battle of Hastings A. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. B. On October 14, the two armies met near Hastings. After a days battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated C. On Christmas Day, William was crowned King of England in Westminster AbbeyConsequences of the Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history and all subsequent developments in the English monarchy, government, society, language and outlook are coloured by it.The feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with RomanA Brief review Early Settlers (the Celts) Roman invasion (Christianity) Jutes, Saxons, Angles (the real beginning of English nationality) The Viking and Danish invasion (King Alfred the Great) The Norman Conquest (1066) (feudal system completely established in England)Research QuestionsWhy to say “British history has been a history of invasion”? Illustrate this point with examples. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) Norman Rule The Great Charter The origins of Parliament The Hundred Years War The Wars of the RosesIIThe Shaping of the Nation Norman Rule (1066-1381)1. Williams Rule (1066-1087)2. Henry IIs Reforms The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1. The Great Charter (1215)2. The Beginning of Parliament The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453)1. The Hundred Years War2. Joan of Arc The Black Death (1348-1349) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)Tower of London ： Norman Rule 伦伦敦敦塔塔是是一一座座蹲蹲伏伏式式的的石石头头建建筑筑，由由高高低低起起伏伏、功功能能不不同同的的若若干干建建筑筑组组成成。伦伦敦敦塔塔位位于于泰泰晤晤士士河河北北岸岸，伦伦敦敦塔塔桥桥附附近近，是是伦伦敦敦著著名名古古迹迹之之一一。威威廉廉一一世世于于1 11 1世世纪纪为为保保卫卫和和控控制制整整个个伦伦敦敦桥桥而而建建造造了了该该塔塔，占占地地1 18 8英英亩亩。1 10 0个个世世纪纪以以来来，曾曾作作过过堡堡垒垒，王王宫宫，监监狱狱，皇皇家家铸铸币币厂厂和和伦伦敦敦档档案案馆馆。现现在在是是王王冠冠、王王袍袍、兵兵器器和和盔盔甲甲陈陈列列馆馆。In 1067, William started building the Tower of LondonTower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.WilliamIRobertHenryWilliamIIMatildaStephenHenryIIRichardIKingJohnHenryIIIEdwardIEdwardIIKing Henry II and his reforms Henry House of Plantagenet Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introducedthejurysystem(陪陪审团审团制度制度)institutionalizedcommonlaw Great CouncilThe conflict between Thomas Becket and King Henry II Archbishop of Canterbury Religious wranglingMurder in the cathedralThomas Becket in stained glass at Canterbury Cathedral King Richard I1157-1199Richard the Lion heart Crusader King John and the Great Charter ( (大宪章大宪章) )King John in 1199feudal taxes and army servicesign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215 a limitation of the Kings powerRights of feudal barons and the ChurchTownspeople freedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmen for the first time as a new political forcefoundation of liberty and constitutionalism King John and the Great Charter ( (大宪章大宪章) )SignificanceSignificanceBirth of ParliamentHenry IIIs defy of the Great CouncilSimon de Montfort (The defender of the Great Charter) raised an army Change in the Great Council All Estates Parliament Lords , churchman , knights, citizensThe earliest parliament The nobles Knights and citizens The Lords The Commons (Make decisions) (offer advice)Official formation of the two houses of parliament:HouseofLordsHouseofCommonsBirth of ParliamentEnglish Conquest of Wales English prince of Wales The Decline of FeudalismThe Hundred YearsWarThe Black DeathThe Wars of the RosesThe Hundred YearsWar1337-1453 England Vs. France Causes : trade ,territory, throneWinner: FranceInfluence: a blessing for both countriespromoted the concept of English nationalism. promoted the development of the textile industryraised the social position of the bourgeois class.Saint Joan of Arc 贞德。贞德。 JeameJeame D. arc. D. arc.生於一四一二年卒於一四三一年生於一四一二年卒於一四三一年 法法兰西爱国者也。幼时。英法方事战争。贞德即怀爱国之志。托神兰西爱国者也。幼时。英法方事战争。贞德即怀爱国之志。托神意。谓见空中明光。有神人告之曰。意。谓见空中明光。有神人告之曰。“贞德往救王。恢复其国土。贞德往救王。恢复其国土。”遂自负奉神命。备刀马。偕数人见王。以解奥良城围自任。久遂自负奉神命。备刀马。偕数人见王。以解奥良城围自任。久困之法军得此惊。乘英兵骄懈。一击溃之。连下数城。后坠马被困之法军得此惊。乘英兵骄懈。一击溃之。连下数城。后坠马被擒。英军生焚之。年犹未及笄也。擒。英军生焚之。年犹未及笄也。 陈独秀陈独秀欧洲七女杰欧洲七女杰The Black Death ( 1348-1349)an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas Italy in the 14th centuryHalf populationTHE PEASANTS SONG When Adam delved and Eve span Who was then the gentleman? 当亚当在耕田当亚当在耕田, , 夏娃在织夏娃在织布的时候布的时候, , 贵族老爷在贵族老爷在何处何处? ?London, during the Peasants Revolt in 1381Edward IIIEdmund of Langley John of Gaunt Black Prince Lionel of Antwerp heir to the throne Duke of Clarence Duke of Lancaster Duke of York House of Plantagenet House of Lancaster King Richard II King Henry IV 13991461 14611485 House of Lancaster House of York The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485House of York Vs. Vs. House of Lancaster Causes: Power , wealth, crownNature:Royal Timeline Uniting Rival Houses The Red Rose of Lancaster + The White Rose of York The Red and White Tudor RoseElizabeth Henry TudorTransition to Modern Age (1455-1485) The consequences of the warA.ItwasdestructivetothenoblehousesB.FeudalismreceiveditsdeathblowC.kingspowerbecamesupreme,preparedsoilforcentralizedgovernmentAlongpeaceathomeTransition to the Modern AgeHenry VIII and the ReformationThe Civil War Restoration ad the Glorious RevolutionIndustrial Revolution THE TUDOR MONARCHSTHE TUDOR MONARCHS Henry VII1485-1509Henry VIII1509-1547Edward VI1547-1553Mary I1553-1558Elizabeth I1558-1603Had 6 wivesHenryTudorwthetransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalismHenry VIII and the ReformationWhy did the Reformation happen in England? 3 main causes for the reformation A. Conflict between King and the Church B. Resentment to the church (clergy) privilege and wealth C. Henry needed money 1 direct causes for the reformation divorce with CatherineThe English Reformation 1. nature of the reformation Areforminreligion(1)togetridofRomanCatholicChurch(2)tosetupChurchofEngland(Anglican Church )(3)theclassstrugglebythenewrisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalrulingclassanditsideology 2. What was the effect of the reformation? (1)StrengthenedHenrysposition(2)TheimportanceofParliamentgrew(3)movingawayfromCatholicismtowardsProtestantismKing Edward VI Bloody Mary the Reign of Elizabeth I Religiousreform (compromise)LiteratureAdventure on the sea-SpanishArmada Renaissance in England 14th century Cultural Movement revival of classical literature and artistic styles“Humanists” thinkersUtopia : Thomas More argues against social evilsLiterary times:(1)Drama: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare.(2) Poetry: Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, and John Donne(3) Prose: Francis Bacon Divine Right of Kings James of Scotland (1567-1625) Jamesof England (1603-1625） Purpose: get rid of the Parliament interferenceUK Flag (Union Flag) King Charles & Divine Right Roundheads vs. Cavaliers Parliament vs. the KingThe Civil Wars 1642-1649theeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassVS.thetraditionaleconomicinterestsoftheCrownVictor: ParliamentCromwells “ New Model Army” The Execution of Charles ICommonwealthLord Protector ( (护国公护国公) ) The Civil Wars (the Puritan Revolution)The consequences of the Civil Wars(1)overthrewfeudalsysteminEngland(2)thebeginningofmodernworldhistory.(3)thePuritanRevolutionThe Restoration & the Glorious Revolution of 1688CavaliersCatholicCharles IIJames IIThe Restoration How did the Restoration take place? (1)Cromwellwastyrannical(2)StruggleforpowerbytheStuart(3)CharlesIImountedthethrone;TheCommonwealthcametoanendGreat Fire of London 1666The Glorious Revolution (1668)(1668) A. James IIs revival of Catholicism B. Intolerance of Catholic and dethrone of the King C. Co-monarchs William & Mary as joint sovereigns D. The takeover with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the KingConstitutional Monarchy in EnglandThe Bill of Rights of 1689 Limited the power of the monarch guaranteed the authority of Parliament Two-party systemCavaliersRoundheadsThe ToriesThe WhigsConservative Party Liberal PartyLabor PartyIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Forms of Primitive Accumulation3EnclosureMovement2Foreign Trade1Colonial PlunderEnclosure Movementu1450 to 1640uThe Cloth industry increased the value of wool. uRaising sheep became more profitable. This encouraged the landlords to convert arable land and the “Commons” into pastures. uLarges areas of land were often hedged or fenced without any warning to the peasants.uWhole villages disappeared and thousands of peasants were expelled from the land and became vagabonds and beggars. Prerequisites P20Accumulation of capitalThe development of capitalist farming The appearance of a labor reserveExpansion of domestic and foreign markets It first began in the textile industry Spinning JennyJames Watt & steam engineStephenson & steam locomotive engineWorkshop of the WorldPromoted development of productionNew cities came into being Population increased Factory system is established Working class Vs. capitalists The Rise & Fall of the British Empire The Formation of the Empire Britain in the World WarsThe Fall of the EmpireUK Flag (Union Flag)House of Hannover Speak no EnglishCrown ParliamentKing George I Queen Victoria 1837-1901the longest reign polite society Victorian AgeQueen Victoriathe grandmother of Europe Colonial Expansion1The growth of dominions2The Conquest of India4The Scramble for Africa3Aggression against ChinaA Sun-never-setting Empire1/4 population 1/4 areaBritain in the World WarsWarsBritain & WW (1914-1918)Britain between the World Wars Britain & WW (1939-1945)Fall of the British EmpireBritain and WWu 1914 -1918 u Direct cause: the heir to the Austro-Hungarian u was assassinated in Sarajevo.u “the Central power” Vs.“ the Allies”House of Hannover House of Windsor Edward VII Edward VIII: duke and duchessof Windsor The Great Depression a Great Disaster New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 1929-1933Britain and WWu1939-1945u“the Axis ” Vs. “ the Allies”lost1/4ofhernationalwealthandentereduponaperiodofeconomicandfinancialdifficultiesSir Winston Churchill, Conservative Postwar Britain (1) from Conservative government to Labor government (2) Founding of welfare state (3) End of the Empire “Commonwealth of Nations” or “the British Commonwealth”Postwar Britain Empire CommonwealthThree Majestic Circles1949, NATO1952, Queen Elizabeth II1973, European Economic CommunityThe Welfare StateElizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor Real name: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary WindsorBirth: 21 April 1926 in LondonChildren: 3 sons, 1 daughterMargaret ThatcherThe first woman prime minister in 1979The Iron LadyThatcherism policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher:self-reliance & privatization