Unit 3 The History of UKObjectivesBe familiar with the history before the NormanConquestUnderstand the feudal system after the NormanConquestLearn about the history of the English ReformationandRenaissanceKnowtheEnglishCivilWaranditsconsequencesKnow the major advancements in the IndustrialRevolutionBefamiliarwiththeVictorianAgeBe familiar with the situationof Britain in the twoworldwarsA brief timeline of British historyPrehistoric Britain 55BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking Britain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWWll 434507931066148518371939Questions: 1. TheearliestknownsettlersontheBritishIsleswere_. 2.Themostfamous/biggestrelicleftbytheearliestsettlersonBritishIslesis_.I. Early Britain (Before 1066)Prehistoric times Iberian, Celt, StonehengeThe best evidence that the primitive people had showntheir own civilization is the Stonehenge. (史前巨石柱史前巨石柱) Questions:3.ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoBritainby_.4.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue,theyare_,the_and_,especially_. Roman Britain55BC-410AD,WelshChristianity,romanroads,cities,Hadrianswall,RomanBathsRomanBritainRoman Army, commanded by Julius Caesar,invadeEnglandin55BC.TheinvasionmarkedthebeginningoftheEnglishRecordedhistory.ThesuccessfulinvasionofEnglandbytheRomanArmy,headedbyEmperorClaudiuswasin43AD.Theybuilttwogreatwalls(theHadriansWall&theAntonineWall)topreventthePictsinScotland.TheRomansremainedinBritainfrom55BCto410AD,almostfourhundredyears(fourcenturies).Theyimposedtheirownwayoflifeandculture.AndtheybroughtChristianitytoEngland.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue:WelshChristianity,theRomanroadsandcities,especiallyLondon.Hadrians Wall (哈德良长城)HadriansWall,astonewallbarrierbuilttoseparatetheRomansandthePictstribesinScotland2000yearsago(122A.D.).ItallowedRomansoldierstocontrolthemovementsofpeoplecomingintoorleavingRomanBritain.Itwassowellbuiltthatyoucanstillseepartsofittoday.How long was Hadrians Wall?Itwas117kilometers(73miles)longacrossthenarrowneckofEngland,fromtheNorthSeatotheIrishSea.RomanCivilizationBuiltupbaths,temples,amphitheatres,villasandbuildings,Established network of towns(-ster, -cester, -shire),roadsandorganizedgovernmentsystem;minediron,lead,tinandmanufacturedpottery.Broughtnewreligion-ChristianityTreated the Britons as slaves and there was nointermarriage.RomanBathsQuestions:5.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.Thethreegroupsare_,_and_.Fromthe_conquerorscamethename“England”and“English”. Anglo-Saxon Britain & Danish Invasion450,3Teutonicgroups,Heptarchy,KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTableVikingBritain,793,KingAlfred,theGreatTheAnglo-SaxonConquestFromthemiddleofthefifthcentury,threeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandtheLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.ThethreeTeutonicgroupswereAngles,SaxonsandJutes.FromtheAnglo-Saxonconquerorscamethename“England”,meaningthelandofAnglo-Saxonsand“English”.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy(七国时代)ThesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy,havingoccupiedthelowlandzones.Jutesinvasion:In449,theJutishchiefbecamethekingofKent（肯特）;Anglo-SaxonConquest:Saxon:Essex（埃塞克斯）,Sussex（苏赛克斯）,Wessex（威赛克斯）;Angles:EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）,Northumbria（诺森布里亚）,Mercia（麦西亚）;NopossessionofScotland,WalesandIreland,stillbyCeltsThelegendofKingArthur;KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTablewereromanizedCeltstryingtoholdbacktheadvancesoftheAnglo-Saxons.TheVikingBritain(793)AnotherwaveofGermanicinvasioncameintheeighthcentury.TheseinvaderswereknownasVikings,theNorsemenorDanes,whocamefromScandinavia.IntheninthcenturytheyconqueredandsettledtheextremenorthandwestofScotland,andalsosomecoastalregionsofIreland.TheirconquestofEnglandwashaltedwhentheyweredefeatedbyKingAlfredoftheSaxonkingdomofWessex.Thisresultedinanagreementin878whichdividedEnglandbetweenWessexinthesouthandwest,andthe“Danelaw”inthenorthandeast.Viking InvasionThe name Viking comes from my language which is called Old Norse. It means a pirate raid. AlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreatFatherofBritishNavy;theDanelaw(easternpartofEnglandfortheDanes);establishedschoolsandbroughtchurchmentoteachLatin;hiswritingsandtranslations(beginningofproseliteratureinEngland);However,fewerdifferencesexistedbetweenAnglo-SaxonsandDanes.Bytheendofthe10thcenturyEnglandwasonekingdomwithaGermanicculturethroughout.Mostofmodern-dayScotlandwasalsounitedbythistimeinaCeltickingdom.TheNormanConquestFactsTheBattleofHastingsin1066madeWilliam,theConquerorthefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland.SignificanceItisthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeignerswhileEnglishhistoryregardsitasahiddenblessing.Questions:6.NormanConquest,by_,beginningfromtheyear_,established_inBritain.7.KingWilliammadearecordofeachmansproperty,whichwascalled“_”.8.TheGreatChartersignedin_wasmadeintheinterestofthe_,ithadaprogressivesignificance.9.Thefirstparliamentwascalledin1265undertheleadershipof_. II. Medieval Britain (1066-1485)DoomsdayBookKingJohnandtheGreatCharterin1215andRobinHoodKingHenryIIIandthebeginningofparliamentSirDeMontfortandtheGreatCouncilandAllEstatesParliamentin1265EdwardIandthemodelparliamentin1295andWilliam Wallace-Britain under the Norman kingsWilliamtheConquerorreplacedtheEnglishbishopswithNormansandmadehimselfHeadoftheBishops;completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,Senthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownas DomesdayBookin1085.(Thebook stated the extent, value, populationandownershipoftheLand).FeudalSystemKingLordsKnights/SoldiersCommoners/Farm-workersInfluenceIthasspeededupthedevelopmentofFeudalisminEngland.Feudalaristocracydevelopedandresultedintheappearanceofnobletitles.ThissophisticatedmedievalformofgovernmentwashandedovertotheNormansandgrewstronger.TheDoomsdayBook(末日审判书)exemplifiesthepracticalcodification.TowerofLondon(theWhiteTower)servedastheadministrationofjustice.WitanwasreplacedbytheGreatCouncilledbytheheadofbishops.TheNormanvs.Anglo-Saxonrelationbecamethatofthemastervs.servant.EnglandwascivilizedbyNormanwayofliving,particularlyreflectedbythelanguage.Itisabi-linguisticperiodwithFrenchastheofficiallanguage,LatinasthechurchlanguagewhiletheMiddleEnglish,asthatofthelowerclass.HoweverEnglishregainedthepositionofdominantspeechbytheendof14thcentury.King Henry II and his reforms Henry House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝）（金雀花王朝） Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度陪审团制度)institutionalized common law Great CouncilWilliam IRobertHenryWilliamIIMatildaStephenHenry IIRichardIKingJohnHenryIIIEdwardIEdwardIIRoyal line RichardIRichardIsucceededHenryIIin1189.knownasRichard the Lion- heart （狮狮心心王王）even before his accession, because of hisreputationasagreatmilitaryleaderandwarrior.WhilehespokeverylittleEnglishandspentverylittletimeinEngland(helivedinthesouthwestofFrance).HewasbusywiththeCrusade（十字军东征）inhislifetime.Heremainsoneoftheveryfew Kings of England remembered as anenduring,iconicfigureinEngland.RobinHoodWhileKingRichardIwasfightinginthecrusades,EnglandwasgovernedbyhisbrotherJohn,whoimposedallthetaxes.RobinHoodlivedwithhisbandof“merrymen”inSherwoodForest,stealingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor. Decline of FeudalismThe Greater Charter (1215)Beginning of Parliament（1265）The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) The Black Death ( 1348-1349) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) ) KingJohnwasdemandingmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservice,andthenanarmyofangrylordsmarchedtoLondon.KingJohnwasforcedtosignthecharterthelordshadpreparedin1215.TheGreatCharter(TheMagnaCarta)大宪章Contents:notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncilnofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedexceptbythelawofthelandIfthekingattemptedtofreehimselffromlaw,thevassals(封臣)hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.SignificanceTheGreatCharterwasmadeintheinterestofthefeudallords,greatandsmall.Ithadaprogresssignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmeninEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.BeginningofParliamentHenryIIIheavilytaxedthelordstopaytributestothePopetodefeatthelords.SimondeMontfort,defenderoftheGreatCharter,reformedtheGreatCouncilwithtwoknightseachcountyandtworepresentativeseachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLords（上院）andtheHouseofCommons.（下院）TheEarliestEnglishParliament(AllEstatesParliament)wassummonedin1265inWestminsterafterthecaptureofHenryIII.In1295,KingEdwardIsummonedthe“AllEstatesParliament”morethan400hundredmembersinall.Asthatparliamentwasfollowedasamodel,itbecameknowninhistoryasthe“ModelParliament”.EdwardIwasalsofamousforhisinvasionofScotlandfightingwithWilliamWallaceinthefirstwarofScottishIndependence.TheHundredYearsWar(13371453)Joan of Arc(1412-1431),theleaderoftheFrenchpeasantsagainsttheEnglish.shewaslatertriedforheresy（异端邪说）andsorcery（巫术）andwasburnedatthestakeinRouen.Resultofthewar:Bythetimethewarwasconcluded,theEnglishhadlostalltheterritoriestheyhadgainedduringthewarexcepttheFrenchportofCalais.Consequenceofthewar:Thewaracceleratedthebreakdownoffeudalsocietyandputthemoneyclass,thenewbourgeoisieinamoreimportantpositioninBritain.TheBlackDeath(1348-50):killednearlyhalfoftheEuropeanpopulationConsequenceoftheBlackDeathThelordswasinshortageofthelaborWagelabordemandedhigherwagesandgreaterfreedom.Theparadoxledtothehatredandconflictbetweenthetwoclasses.WarsoftheRosesTheWarsoftheRoses(14551485)wereaseriesofcivilwarsfoughtoverthethroneofEnglandbetweenadherentsoftheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特）（(feudallandowner)andtheHouseofYork（约克）(commercial-minded).BothhouseswerebranchesofthePlantagenetroyalhouse,tracingdescentfromKingEdwardIII.ThenameWarsoftheRoseshasitsoriginsinthebadgesassociatedwiththetworoyalhouses,theRedRoseofLancasterandtheWhiteRoseofYork.Questions:10.The_Monarchywasinatransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.11.In1533,HenryVIIIrepudiatedpapalsupremacyoverEnglishChurchanddeclaredhimself_oftheChurchofEnglandbytheAct of Supremacy.12.DuringtheRenaissanceperiod,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,withhisclassicalwork_.13.Thegreatestdramatist_livedintheageofElisabethI.14.The“GloriousRevolution”wassocalledbecauseitwas_.The Tudor Britain (1485 1603),HenryVIIandtheTudorRose,HenryIIIandtheReformation,ElizabethIandtheRenaissanceandtheMaritimeWarandthefoundationoftheBritishEmpireThe Stuart (1603 )andtheCivilwar(16421646)andtheRestorationin1660andtheGloriousrevolutionin1688III.TransitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688)Renaissance:TheRenaissancebeganinItalyintheearly14thcentury,withLeonardoDaVinciasitsrepresentativefigure.InEngland,theRenaissancebeganwiththeaccession of the House of Tudor to thethronein1485.ThedatewasclosetothatoftheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.SelfportraitOfLeonardodaVinciMonaLisaThelastsupperReformationandrenaissanceEnglandundertheTudors(1485-1603)HenryVIIgainedthethronewhenhewonovertheWaroftheRosesandcreatedtheTudor rose,containingboththeWhiteRoseofYorkandtheRedRoseofLancaster.ItsymbolizedtheendofastrugglebetweenYorkandLancasterEnglandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.Itwasin the transitional stagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.ItreformedchurchinEnglandandtoleratedenclosures.AmericawasdiscoveredandtheRenaissancespreadintoEngland.ItstimulatedEnglishcommercialandmaritimeenterprise.HenryVIII(reigned1509-1547)Heisoneofthemostwell-knownmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Hehadsixwives.ItwasduringhisreignthattheReformationtookplace.Henry had six wives because. Hehadthefirstwifebecausehewasbetrothedtoherbyhisfather.Hehadthesecondwifebecausehefellinloveandalsoneededalegitimatemaleheir.Hehadthethirdwifebecausehestillneededamaleheir.Hehadthefourthwifebecauseofdiplomaticreasons.Hehadthefifthwifebecausehefellinloveagain.Hehadthesixthwifebecausehewasoldandsickandneededacompanionandnursewhowouldntgivehimtoomuchtrouble.HenrysSixWivesfatewasliketheorderofdivorce,beingbeheaded,death,divorce,beingbeheaded,survival.The Global Reasons for the Reformation in EnglandEncouragedbyMartinLuther,manyEnglishpeopledemandedreformofthechurch.Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresentedbymanypeople.Themonarchywouldbenefitfromthereform.ThefuseThePoperefusedtograntHenryVIIIadivorcefromCatherineofAragon,andhesetuptheProtestant Church of England.The Act of Supremacy(1534)confirmedthebreakfromRome,declaringHenrytobetheSupreme HeadoftheChurchofEngland.ElizabethI(1533-1603)DaughterofHenryVIII,wasthefirstofthreelong-reigningqueensinBritishhistory.DuringherlongreignsheestablishedareasonabledegreeofinternalstabilityinafirmlyProtestantEngland.Shenevermarried,butuseditspossibilityasadiplomatictool.Inhertime,Englandestablisheditssupremacyoverthesea.OnMarch23,1603,Elizabethdied,whichmarkedtheendofTudorsreign.WhenshecametopowerEnglandwasaninsignificantcountry.WhenshedieditwasamajorEuropeanpower.TheGoldenAgeUnderElizabethIsrule,Englandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.TheEnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmada.Duringherreign,theageofexplorationbeganwiththeexplorerssuchasFrancisDrakeclaimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterthevirginQueen.TheSpanishArmada（无敌舰队）(InvincibleFleet)inEarly1500sTheMaritimeWarin1588