非谓语动词也叫非限定性动词，即它的形式不受主语人称和数的限制，不能作谓语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。动词不定式动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成动词不定式的句法作用法可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语,状语和补语。1、作主语To master a foreign language is very important.Not to smoke will do you a lot of good.2、作宾语I dont expect to meet you here.I hope to hear from you soon.有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如want, decide, learn, pretend, hope, expect, refuse, manage, long, promise, offer, hate等。等。5. 作状语。不定式作状语可以表示目的,结果,原因等.如目的: He come to see. He went to the supermarket to buy a pen.结果: She woke up to find herself in bed.He returned home to find his wife had died原因: Im glad to meet you.She seems surprised to meet me.有些动词如allow, advise, ask, beg, believe, call, enable, get, have, invite, let, make, order, notice, teach, tell 等后边常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 6 作补语The teacher allowed me to finish my homework on Friday.I invited him to come here.有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟“宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：We found him (to be ) dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。 We all know him to be dead. 我们都以为他死了。动词不定式复合结构的用法1、作主语，常用it作形式主语。Its difficult for you to study English.Its nice of you to help me.2. 在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，由it作形式宾语。3、作表语Her wish is to become a doctor in the future.To the doctor, the most important thing is to save lives.4、作定语， 放在被修饰词的后面。Do you have anything to say?She is a very nice person to work with. 当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用时，需用it作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放作形式宾语代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后。在补足语之后。I find it difficult to believe him.I feel it right to tell her the truth.注意事项：注意事项：1）当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系时（即为逻辑宾语），不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉。 At last we found a room to live in.I havent got a chair to sit on.I have a pen to write with.2）不定式作定语，与靠近的名词或代词有逻辑的动宾关系，但其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般用主动语态。I have much work to do We found the book difficult to understand.如果句子找不出上述逻辑主语，或不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，则一般用被动语态。Her boss got a lot of letters to be typed. (不是老板自己打，而是别人打)“Do you have any clothes to be washed today” 不定式to的省略1) 由 all，what 等引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有是实意动词do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。All I did was empty the bottle. 我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。What I wanted to do was drive all night.我想做的是彻夜开车。 The only thing I could do was do it myself 。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。2) but,except(除之外)后接不定式时，如果它们前面有谓语动词do,便可省略to .反之则不能省略.如He has no alternative but to go to see him.Last night I did nothing but watch TV.There is nothing he could do but play all day long。3)在make（使）, let（让）, have（使，叫）等使役动词后；在see（看）, watch （观看）, look at（看）, observe（观察，看见）, perceive（看见）, feel（感觉）, hear（听）, listen to（听.）, notice（发现，注意）等表示感官的动词等后面省去动词不定式符号“to”。但如果句子变成被动时,则不能省.如:I make him teach me English.He is made to teach me English4)Wouldrather宁愿wouldsoonerWouldyouplease请您hadbetter最好Ratherthan而不是hadrather宁愿cannotbut不得不canthelpbut不得不mayaswell不妨,最好等习惯用法中,省略to如Iwouldratherstayathome.Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindow?Marycouldnotbut/couldnthelpbutlietoherparents.5)由并列连词and，but,than,or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。Idliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.Shetoldustostayathomeandwaittillshecameback.注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。Hehasntdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.他还没有决定是去还是留。Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。6)7以Why或Whynot开头表请求的结构中常跟上动词原形,省略to。Whynotgooutforawalk?语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时tomaketobemade进行时tobemaking完成时tohavemadetohavebeenmade完成进行时tohavebeenmaking 动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。动词不定式的时态和语态1）一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态 与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后 发生。 I saw him climb up the tree.We hope to build up a modern laboratory . 2）进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动 词表示的动作发生时正在进行。 She was found to be teaching the pupils to make model planes.3） 完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词 表示的动作之前发生 I am sorry to have interrupt you just now.4）完成进行式：不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行。 He is said to have been working in this factory for more than twenty years.1.Thiscompanywasthefirst_portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.produced2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,_itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomake3.Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard4.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told5.Theteacheraskedus_somuchnoise.A.dontmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake10.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed_myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinished11.Iamsorry_writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothaving12.Willyoulendhimamagazine_?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.heread13.Hecoulddonothingbut_forthebus_.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came14.Itisaproblemthatdoesntneed_rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolving15.TheresamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade16.Iremember_him_thebikeneeded_.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired17.-Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.-Imeant_,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldntfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingso18.Robertissaidto_abroad,butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying6.Idratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharing7.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbed8.Anumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved_inafire.A.beingdestroyedB.havingbeendestroyedC.tobedestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyed9.Themeeting_nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace19.At_timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy_agoodrest.A.no,totakeB.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking20.Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled21.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch22.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold23.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho_forthespoiledchild.A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamedD.shouldblame24.Muchattentionshouldbepaid_peopleslivingconditions.A.inimprovingB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimproving25.Myfamilyconsiders_acomputer,whichisconsidered_agreathelpinourworkandstudy.A.tobuy;tobeB.buying;beingC.tobuy;beingD.buying;tobe26.-Willyouhaveanybody_theflowers?-Yes,Illhavetheflowers_.A.plant,plantedB.toplant,plantedC.plant;tobeplantedD.toplant,plant27.Theyarelookingforwardwithhope_fromyousoon.A.tohearingB.ofhearingC.hearingD.tohear28.Busytranslatingabook,hecouldnthelpbut_thearticle.A.writeB.writingC.wroteD.written29.Ifeelitanhonour_tospeakhere.A.tobeaskedB.toaskC.havingaskedD.asked30.thereisnothingtodoexpect_tillitstopssnowingA.towaitB.waitingC.waitD.waits动名词 动名词是又一种非谓语动词，由原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。但动名词具有名词的绝大多数特征,主要起名词作用在句中发挥主语,定语,表语和宾语的功能.动名词又保留了一些动词的特征：可以带宾语或表语；可由状语修饰；有时态和语态的变化。动名词的句法作用动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1作主语Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.当动名词短语作主语时，有时可以用形式it代替，it放在句首而把实际主语放在句末，但大多限于以下情况1)Itisnouse/nogooddoingsthItisnousetellingmenottoworry.2)Thereisnouse/nogood/nopoint(in)doingsth.Thereisnopoint(in)arguinganymore.3)Thereisnodoingsth.Thereisno joking about such matters.3.作定语 只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。 There is a swimming pool in the back yard. We can improve our teaching method.4、作宾语2.作表语Your main task is learning (1)在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：admit, advise, advocate, appreciate, avoid, consider, confess, defer, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, grudge, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, quit, resist, risk, resume, stand, stop, suggest, understand 等。例如：In her spare time she enjoys reading novels.I cant finish doing this job today.注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如 We dont allow fishing here.我们不准在这儿钓鱼。We dont allow people to fish here.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。(2)用在动词deserve, need, demand, require, want等后面表示被动意义（不需用动名词的被动形式），或者用不定式的被动式也可表达同样意义。例如：The problem needs discussing carefully.(or: The problem needs to be discussed carefully.)The house wants repairing.(3)在动词remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean, like后可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同。a) remember后跟动名词表示“记得曾做过某 事”；后跟不定式表示“要记住去做某事”。例如 I remembered giving you the book this morning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。You must remember to give her the book tomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。b) forget后跟动名词标号司“做过某事而忘记了”； 后跟不定式表示“忘记了而不曾做某事”。例如：I forgot seeing him once in Shanghai. 我忘记了曾经在上海看见过他一次。I forgot to tell him the good news. 我忘记了（而不曾）告诉他这个好消息。c) regret后跟动名词表示对已做过的事情后 悔；后跟不定式表示对现在正在做或要去做 的事情后悔。例如：I dont regret telling you the truth.我不后悔给你讲实话。（已发生的事）I regret to say that Mr. John will leave us.我很遗憾地说约翰先生将离开我们了。（将要发生）d) stop后跟动名词表示“停止干某事”；后跟不定式表示“停下来去赶某事”。 Stop talking!别说话了。Lets stop to have a meeting.让我们停下来开个会 e) try后跟动名词表示“试着做某事”；后跟不定式表示“尽力做某事”，表示设法去做一件事。例如：The boy tried to read the text better.这个男孩尽量努力读好课文。The boy tried reading the text aloud.这个男孩试着朗读课文。f) mean后跟动名词表示意味着，意思是；后跟不定式表示打算，想要。 It means saying that he is right. 这就是说他是正确的。 We mean to accomplish the task, one way or another.不管怎样我们决意要完成这项任务。 g)动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？h) go on doing 与go on to doShe went on writing the composition in English. (继续做同一件事)She went on to write the composition in English. (放下原来的事情，转而写作文)(4)在后跟介词的短语动词后要求用动名词作宾语，在后跟介词的短语动词后要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有：常见的这类动词有：approve of, be capable of, be objected to, be used to, be fond of, be accustomed to, be proud of, get through, go on, give up, insist on, keep on, succeed in, look forward to, object to, see to, think of, put off 及及cant help等。例如：等。例如：I am used to locking the door before I leave. I am proud of being Chinese.(7)当 “have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名difficulty,trouble,prpblem,fun, a hard time等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如： he has difficulty (in) speaking English? 动名词的时态和语态 动名词保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态变化，但只有一般式与完成式两种形式， 及物与不及物语态时态及物动词不及物动词主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式MakingBeingmadegoing完成式HavingmadeHavingbeenmadeHavinggone(1)一般式：动名词一般式表示的动作与句中动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生，在某些表示时间先后的动词和介词on, upon, after后，则动名词表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：She insisted on my staying there a week longer.We hurried to the stop on seeing the bus come near.(5)在介词后要求用动名词作宾语。例如：He went away without telling me.(6)在形容词busy, worth, like等后面要求用动名词，可视为复合谓语的宾语。like多用于feel like这一词组中。例如：There is nothing worth mentioning.Do you feel like having another cup of tea?(2)完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如 He was praised for having made a great contribution to his society.(3)被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对 象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：After having been interviewed, he was offed a job.1.作主语Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.The girls being educated in that famous university was what her parents expected.The mans speaking loudly affected the people around him.2.作宾语Would you mind my opening the door?3.作介词宾语We are looking forward to mothers coming back.4.作表语Our sole worry is your relying too much on them.动名词复合结构动名词复合结构 由动名词的逻辑主语即物主代词或名词所有格+动名词短语构成动名词复合结构，在句中作主语或宾语等，逻辑主语与动名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 6.Mybrotherkeeps_mewithmywork.A.tohelpB.helpC.helpingD.helped7.Weshouldoftenpractise_Englishwitheachother.A.tospeakB.spokeC.speakD.speaking8.Keepon_andyouwillsucceed.A.atryB.tryC.triingD.trying9.Hisparentsinsiston_tocollege.A.heshouldgoB.hegoC.hisgoingD.himtogo10.Thestorywassofunnythatwe_.A.couldnthelplaughB.cantbutlaughC.couldnthelplaughingD.couldnthelpbuttolaugh1.Ittooktheworkmenonlytwohourstofinish_mycar.ArepairingBrepairCtorepairDrepaired2.Itsnogood_oversplitmilk.A.tocryB.cryingC.criedD.cry3.Haveyouforgotten_$1000frommelastmonth?Willyoupleaseremember_ittomorrow?A.borrowing;tobringB.toborrow;bringC.borrowed;bringingD.borrowing;bringing4.Theclassroomwants_.A.cleanB.cleanedC.tocleanD.cleaning5.Jacksaidthathewouldntmind_forus.A.towaitB.waitC.waitingD.waited16Onlyoneofthesebooksis_.A.worthtoreadB.worthbeingreadC.worthofreadingD.worthreading17Wearebothlookingforwardto_nextweek.A.goingonvacationB.goonvacationC.begoingonvacationD.havegoneonvacation18Hehadnodifficulty_theproblems.A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohaveworkedoutD.toworkout分 词 分词是另一种非谓语动词，有现在分词与过去分词两种。现在分词有原形动词加ing构成；规则动词的过去分词有原形动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词无一定规则，需分别记忆。 分词或分词短语具有形容词或副词的性质，因而在句中可作定语、表语，状语和补足语。 在分词前加上not则构成分词的否定式。 11.Whatabout_totheconcertwithus?A.wegoB.wegoingC.goingD.togo12._cleanisasafeguardagainstdisease.A.TobekeepingB.KeptC.KeepD.Keeping13.Seeingis_.A.tobelieveB.believingC.believedD.beingbelieved14-WhatsmadeRuthsoupset?-_threeticketstothefolkmusicconcert.A.LostB.LosingC.BecauseoflosingD.Sinceshelost15Dontforget_thisbooktoJohnwhenyouseehim.A.toreturnB.returningC.returnD.toreturning分词的句法作用分词的句法作用 1.作定语 单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词前，但有时也可放在名词后；分词短语作定语必须放在被修饰的名词后，但由“副词+分词”构成的短语则放在它所修饰的名词前。如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的发出者，则用现在分词作定语；如果被修饰的中心词是分词表示的动作的承受者，则用过去分词作定语。例如：The question discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.会上所讨论的问题是十分机密的。The question being discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.会上正在讨论的问题是十分机密的。The question to be discussed at the meeting is quite confidential.会上要讨论的问题是十分机密的。 2）注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。例如：flying fish飞鱼 a running dog走狗 a falling tide落潮 a crying boy哭着的孩子 比较：teaching method swimming pool2.作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，宾语是动作发发出者；过去分词做宾语补足语具有被动意义，宾语是动作的承受者。可带宾语补足语的常用动词有see, watch, hear, find, notice, leave, smell, have, get, make等。要特别注意，在由“have, get, see +直接宾语+过去分词”的句型中，表达的动作不是由主语所指的人做的，而是由别人做的。例如：My hair is too long. I am going to have it cut.我头发太长了，我要去（请人）理发。The woman teacher giving us oral lessons is from America.Did you see the man talking (=who was talking ) to the headmaster?the book written by Lu Xun注：1）分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区 别是：现在分词表示主动，进行之意，过 去分词表示被动与完成，而不定式表示在 谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：He was found standing at the corner of that street.4.作状语 分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when, while, as, once, until, if ”等连接词。例如：Walking along the street, we found a purse lying on the ground. Being very tired, he fell asleep immediately.Praised by the teacher of English, he has worked even harder at English than ever.The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students.注意分词及其逻辑主语（即主句主语）的一致性。逻辑主语应为现在分词表示的动作的发出者或为过去分词表示动作的承受者，不能说：Looking out of the window, a car is running.5、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征；过去分词作表语多表示主语的状态，要特别注意区分下述常用现在分词与过去分词。如 amazing (令人惊异的) amazed （感到惊讶）exciting （令人激动） excited （感到激动）interesting （有趣的） interested （感兴趣）surprising （令人惊异的） surprised （感到惊异） boring （令人厌烦的） bored （感到厌烦） inspiring （令人鼓舞的） inspired （受鼓舞） moving （令人感动的） moved （受感动） discouraging （令人沮丧的） discouraged （感到沮丧）He heard the bell ringing. We found the path covered with snow.3.作主语补足语如果把分词作宾语补足语的句中的谓语由主动语态改为被动语态，则宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。例如：The machine must be kept running at full speed.分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态1构成（以study和go为例）及物与不及物动词 语态 时态类别及物动词不及物动词主动语态被动语态主动语态现在分词一般式studyingbeingstudiedgoing完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedhavinggoing过去分词一般式studiedgone2用法(1) 一般式：现在分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动作同时发生或表示分词表示的动作发生后，句中谓语动作立刻发生；过去分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生或者某些持续性动作的分词表示与句中谓语动作并无先后之分。例如：One day a few weeks later I found myself sitting in a village house， facing an old man of about eighty. Compared with her achievements, her shortcomings are, after all, only secondary.(2) 现在分词的完成式：现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生，具有主动意义。例如：Having finished reading the book, she put it aside. Not having received an answer, I wrote again.(3) 现在分词的被动式：一般式现在分词的被动式表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；完成式现在分词被动语态表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：The building being built is for the professors of our institute.Not having been tested, this new-type oil pump cant be put into production. 分词复合结构分词复合结构 分词短语在句中作状语，一般没有自己的主语，句中的主语通常就是分词短语的逻辑主语，但有时分词短语可有自己的主语，有名词或代词表示，放在分词短语之前，他们之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系，这种结构即为分词复合结构，也称为分词独立主格结构。分词复合结构通常在句中作状语，表示时间，原因，条件或伴随情况，附加说明等，也可放在句首或句末，用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词复合结构主要有以下形式：1.分词逻辑主语（名词或代词主格）+分词Everything having been prepared, they began to make a new experiment.The meeting being over, we held a discussion.I having no money, I have to go out to find a job2.由with（或without）+分词逻辑主语+分词这种结构多表示伴随情况或作补充说明，有时也可表示时间，条件，原因等。例如 With night coming on, bats came out.夜幕降临，蝙蝠出来了。 He left the room angrily, without a word more spoken.他愤怒地离开房间，一句话也不再说。3.由There being +主语构成这种结构多表示原因。例如：There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。4.分词复合结构的逻辑谓语部分如果是“系表”结构，分词being常常不出现，而仅有表语，常为形容词，副词，名词，介词短语或不定式。例如：The question (being) easy, I got full marks.