Contextualism(Contextualism(语境理境理论) )Context（语境）Thecontextualistviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumption（推测）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontext（情景语境）andthelinguisticcontext（语言语境）.Situationalcontext（情景语境）Thesituationalcontext:asituationinwhichanutteranceoccurs.Itsmaincomponentsinculdethetime&place,thespeaker&hearer,theactionstheyareperforming&thevariousobjectsandeventsexistedinthesituationandalsosettings,etc.Linguisticcontext(语言语境)Thelinguisticcontext：Theprobabilityofawordsco-occurrence(共现)orcollcation（搭配）withanotherword.e.g.blackwhiteblackhair黑头发blackcoffee清咖啡blacktea红茶whitesnow白雪whitecoffee加牛奶的咖啡whitelie善意的谎言whiteelephant昂贵而无用的东西Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thesealcouldnotbefoundintheoffice.(stamp)Thesealcouldnotbefoundinthezoo.(marineanimal)Behaviorism（Bloomfield）Behaviorism(行为主义理论)：Behavioriststhinksthatthemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakerutters（表达）itandtheresponseitcallsforth（唤起）inthehearer.StimulusResponse(刺激-反应理论)(proposedbyBloomfield)JillJackSrsR结束结束