西方古典文化西方古典文化Classical Western CultureLecture 2 Ancient Greece Foundation of Western CivilizationI. GeographyGreeceGeographical MapGreece1.LocationGreeceislocatedatthesouthernmosttipofEuropeandNortheastEndoftheMediterranean.ItConsistsofsmallpeninsulas.Greecehasmanyports,inlets,andislands.Includingtheislands,ithasanareaof50,959squaremilesandanestimated(200l)populationof11millions.2.PhysicalGeographyGreeceisverymountainous.75%ofGreeceiscoveredbymountains.Mostareshortmountainrangescuttingthroughmainland.Mountainscausedsmallcommunitiestodevelopdifferentwaysoflife.Thereisnoclearriversystem.InAncientGreece,farmersgrewolives,figs,grain,fruitandgrapesinthefertilevalleys.Theyalsoraisedsheepandgoatsinmountains.OlivegroveSurroundedbyseasNopartofGreeceismorethanaboutfortymilesfromthecoastGreeksbecameseafarers.SailedintoAegean,Black,andMediterraneanSeas.GreeksmadecontactwithoutsideworldandspreadcoloniesandtradethroughoutMed.Sea.GetwhattheycouldnotgrowAlsobroughtideasbackwiththem3. The Importance of GeographyCutoffbymountainsandtheseasIsolatedLedtotheformationofcity-statesLimitedinteractionandunityofAncientGreeceCreatedfiercerivalriesSeabecameavitallinkHundredsofbaystoprovidesafeharborforshipsSkilledsailorsTradedoliveoil,wine,andmarbleReturnedwithgrains,metals,andideasAdaptedthePhoenicianalphabetBecamebasisforallWesternalphabets4. ClimateGreecehasaMediterraneanclimateGreekSummeriswarmanddry.Theaveragetemperatureis33.Theaveragerainfallis6mm.Itleadstodrought.TheGreekwinterismildandwet.Itcanberainyoncostalregionsandsnowyinthemountains.Theaveragetemperatureis15.Theaveragerainfallis65mm.II. Ancient Greek HistoryAncientGreece:ItisconsideredbymosthistorianstobethefoundationalcultureofWesternCivilization.BronzeAgeofGreece:2600BC-1100BCBronze Age of Greece1. Crete: Minoan (米诺斯的米诺斯的) Civilization(Palace at Knossos)ThefirstcivilizationDevelopedinCreteLasted1500years,from2600-1100BC.KnownastheMinoancivilization,namedafteralegendarykingMinos,sonofZeusFlourishedwithgreattradingpowerPeopleoriginatedinAsiaMinor.Minoan CivilizationThe island of CreteMinoanArtCivilizationonCretesufferedamajorcatastrophearound1450BCTwotheories:(1)Tidalwavecausedbyavolcanothatwipedthemout.(2)InvasionbyMyceneanswhodestroyedthem.2. Mycenean (迈錫尼迈錫尼) CivilizationDevelopedaround2000BCPeoplefromAsiasettleddowninsouthandcentralGreece.ThecityofMycenaewasbuiltasafortressanditwassurroundedbyfarmingvillageswhosepeoplecouldalwaysrunforprotectiontothecityifitwasbeinginvaded.TheMyceneancivilizationwasbuiltonMinoanachievements.Around1250BCtheMyceneansattackedTroy,arivalpower.TroycontrolledtradingroutesbetweentheAegeanandBlackseas.ThiswaristoldinHomersIliadandtheOdyssey.ThepalaceinMycenaewassurroundedbymassivewallswithahugegatewaycalledtheLion GateThe Mask of AgamemnonTheMycenaeanswerewarlikepeoplewhomeasuredtheirwealthbythenumberofweaponstheyowned.TheMycenaeanslearnedmanyMinoancustomsthroughtrade.TheyadaptedMinoanartstylesandpotterydesignstomakethemlookmorewarlike.3. Dark AgesTheDoriansfromthenorthmarchedsouthandburnedpalacesandvillagesintheirpath.About1200BC,theDorianstookoverGreece.Afterthat,Greecefellintoadarkage.AftertheGreekdarkages,excitingthingsbegantohappen.Villagesbandedtogethertoformstrongtradingcenterscalledcity-states.4. City States“Hellenistic”(classical)Greece:700BC-324BCAsGreekculturemixedwithculturalelementsoftheMiddleEast,anewculturecalledHellenisticemerged.SmallkingdomsestablishedinGreeceCalledcity-statesbecausetheirsmallsizeAtfirst,thecity-stateswereruledbykings,butasthesocietyprogressed,anewformofgovernmentbegan,calleddemocracy.Thecitystateshaddifferentwaysofbehavingandruling.ThetwomostfamouscitystatesareAthensandSparta.5. Ancient AthensAthenshadfertilelandMajorcrops:olives,grapesandwheatAthensastheculturalcenterofGreeceHaditsgoldenageundertherulerPericlesAtheniansweretoughpeopleEngagedinactivitieslikeart,philosophy,scienceandmusicAthenianGovernmentInearlytimesruledbykingsLater,thearistocracy,selectedrepresentativesMerchantslaterreplacedsomeofthenobilityThemenofAthensmetweekly,discussedcityproblems,workedonsolutions,andstartedaformofgovernmentknownasdemocracy.ThethingthatsetAthensapartfromtheothercity-stateswasitsgovernment.Athenswasademocracy.AthenianValuesIndividualityBeautyFreedomGolden “Age of Pericles”:460 BC 429 BCPericlescametopoweraround500BC.ConsideredthegreateststatesmaninancientGreekhistory.Periclesbelievedinfourthings:RulebythemajorityEveryoneisequalbeforethelawPersonalfreedomTherighttogetaheadthroughapersonsabilityinsteadofsocialclassContributions of Golden AgeDrama(Tragedy悲):Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯,Sophocles索福克勒斯,Euripides欧里庇得斯Poetry(Homer):IliadandThe OdysseyHistory(Herodotus希罗多德,Thucydides修西得底斯):Persian波斯 Wars,The History of the Peloponnesian WarsPhilosophy:Socrates苏格拉底,Plato柏拉图andAristotle亚里士多德Art,Sculpture雕塑andArchitecture建筑,Science(Archimedes阿基米德,MedicineandMathematics)Sparta斯巴达斯巴达ThecitystateofSpartaDevelopedintoastronggovernmentRuledlikeamilitarycampSpartansbelievedsufferingwasanintegral完整partofthepathtoadulthood“Briefsufferingleadstothejoyoflastingfame.”“Comebackwithyourshield盾orcomebackonit.”PartingsayingofSpartanwivesashusbandsleftforwarBoysraisedtofightSenttomilitaryschoolat7fortrainingRaisedanddisciplinedwithhungerandpainunderfiercecompetitionLivedinbarracks兵营assoldiersandservedforSpartaAllowedtohaveafamilyafter30GirlsraisedathomeEducatedTrainedingymnasticsinordertobegoodbreedersofsoldiersMovedaboutfreelyWars against PersiansGreekvictoriesin490(Marathon马拉松)andagainin480(Plataea普拉蒂亚)and479(Salamis萨拉米斯)DeclineofGreekcity-states(404-349BC)PhilipofMacedon马其顿王国Conquerallcity-statesexceptSparta(349-338BC)PersianWarsunitedAthensandSpartaagainstthePersianEmpireAthenianvictoriesoverthePersiansatMarathonandSalamislefttheGreeksincontroloftheAegeanSeaAthenspreserveditsindependenceAlexander the GreatKingPhilipIIisassassinated被暗杀athisdaughtersweddingSonAlexanderproclaimshimselfKingatage20FormerstudentofAristotleAlexanderinherited继承fromhisfatherthemostperfectlyorganized,trained,andequippedarmyofancienttimes.”Alexander the GreatAlexanderfollowedhisfathersplanandinvaded入侵Persia.Hewonscoresofvictories.ConqueredEgyptin332B.C.(Persianterritory)CrownedPharaoh法老,welcomedasliberatorFoundscityofAlexandriaAlexanderthenmarchedtotheheartofPersiaandconqueredcitiesofBabylon327B.C.AlexandermarchedtoIndiaAfterreturningtoBabylon,AlexanderannouncedplanstoinvadeArabia阿拉伯半岛Veryillwithfever,AlexanderdiedinBabylonattheageof33Alexanderestablishes60AlexandriasMixofGreekandeasternculture-intermarriageAmazingartandsculpture雕塑雕刻ScienceadvancedTheworldhasneverbeenthesame!III. Greek PeopleGreekpeopleTheyareopen-minded,warm-hearted,adventurous,war-like,andpleasureseeking.TheancientGreekstookenjoymentastheendofhumanlife.Theypraisedgodjustbecausegodembodied表达呈现mansdesire.1. Land CivilizationBabylon,Egypt,China,IndiaRivervalley,fertileland,farmingpeople,worshipthevegetariangod(植物神)Tigris-EuphratesRiverValleyAncientBabylonEgypt-the Nile River valleyIndia-the Ganges River valley2. Ocean Civilization Greece, Norway, Spain, Portugal葡 萄 牙 ,EnglandCoastalareas,Barrenland,荒地Makealifeoverthesea,eitherasfishermenortraders,Adventurous,courageous,tricky,barbarous,Relyingnotonproducingbutonconquering;Theywerefree,bold,uninhibited,impatient,withpensivethoughtsandfantasticdreams.3. Contrasting qualities(1)static静/dynamic动quietness,harmony,stability;strength,courage,adventurous(2)collectivism/individualism:duty,devotionresponsibility,patience,peace-loving,defensive,likemountains,seekmoralprinciples;honor, dignity, power, self-interest, pleasure,war-like,offensive,likeoceans,seekknowledgeandwisdom,(3)Wayofthinking:synthetic/analytical(4)Attitudetowardnature:relyonnatureandbecomepartofnature;conquer nature, change it for mans ownbenefit(5)Altruism利他/egoism利己:seektheinterestsoftheentirenation;seekthesatisfactionofonesowninterest,suchaslove,crown,fortune,power,orrevenge报复4.TheancientGreekpeopleStillontheearlystageofmankind,i.e.manschildhood,astageofinnocence;Theywouldlaugh,cry,eatandsleepaccordingtotheirownlike,ordislike.Thank you for yourAttention!