Unit 09 Who Killed Benny Paret?BackgroundinformationBoxing in the United StatesBoxing in the United StatesUntilUntil latelate inin thethe 19th19th cent.,cent., AmericanAmericanfightersfighters establishedestablished theirtheir ownown rules,rules,whichwhichwerewerefew.few. EarlyEarlymatches,matches,somesomeofof themthem free-for-alls,free-for-alls, featuredfeatured bitingbitingandandgouging(gouging(欺欺 诈诈 ) )asaswellwellasaspunching.punching.InInmostmostinstancesinstancestheytheywerewerealsoalsoillegal.illegal.InIn1888,1888,JohnJohnL.L.Sullivan,Sullivan,aabare-knucklebare-knuckle championchampion andand AmericasAmericasfirstfirstsportssportscelebrity,celebrity,wonwonaaclandestineclandestine( (秘密的秘密的)75-roundmatch.)75-roundmatch.BackgroundinformationNewNew YorkYork legalizedlegalized boxingboxing inin 1896,1896,andand otherother statesstates soonsoon followedfollowed suit.suit.AlthoughAlthough thethe reignreign (191015)(191015) ofof thethefirstfirstAfrican-AmericanAfrican-Americanheavyweightheavyweightchampion,champion,JackJackJohnson,Johnson,disturbeddisturbedthethesegregatedsegregated societysociety ofof thethe time,time, andandalthoughalthough manymany continuedcontinued toto questionquestionboxingsboxingssocialsocialpurpose,purpose,itsitsinclusioninclusionininthetheOlympicOlympicgamesgamesinin1904,1904,itsitsuseuseforformilitarymilitary trainingtraining inin WorldWorld WarWar I,I, itsitsemergenceemergenceasasaasourcesourceofofdisciplinedisciplineforforyouth,youth,itsitsregulationregulationbybystatestatecommissions,commissions, andand itsits suggestionsuggestion ofofnationalvitalitynationalvitalityBackgroundinformationstrengthenedstrengtheneditsitsclaimsclaimstotolegitimacylegitimacylili5 5d dV Vitimitim sisi( (合合法法性性) )andandbolsteredbolstered 5 5b b ulstulst( (支支 持持 ) )itsitspopularitypopularitythroughthroughthethe1920s1920sandand30s.30s.HeavyweightHeavyweight (over(over 190190 lb/86.3lb/86.3 kg)kg)championschampionsJackJackDempseyDempsey(191926)(191926)andandJoeJoeLouisLouis (193749)(193749) werewerenationalnationalheroes,heroes,LouisLouisbecomingbecomingoneoneofof thethe firstfirst blackblack athletesathletes toto gaingainwidepopularity.widepopularity.Backgroundinformation SinceSinceWorldWorldWarWarII,II,boxingboxinghashasproceededproceededamidamidcorruptioncorruptionand,and,atattimes,times,chaos.chaos.RisingRisingadmissionadmissionprices,prices, restrictionrestriction ofof titletitle fightsfights toto closed-circuitclosed-circuittelevision,television, thethe proliferationproliferation prpr u u9 9liflif55reireiFFnn ofoforganizationsorganizations claimingclaiming toto sanctionsanction fightsfights andandproclaimproclaim champions,champions, financialfinancial scandals,scandals, ringringinjuriesinjuries andand deaths,deaths, monopolisticmonopolistic practicespractices bybypromoters,promoters, andand claimsclaims ofof exploitationexploitation ofof lower-lower-classclassfightersfightershavehavethreatenedthreateneditsitsappeal,appeal,yetyetthethesportsport continuescontinues toto attractattract hugehuge audiencesaudiences andandinvestment.investment. GreatGreat fightersfighters likelike MuhammadMuhammad AliAlielicitelicitadmirationadmirationandandfascination,fascination,whilewhilecontroversycontroversysurroundssurroundsothersotherslikelikethetherepeatedlyrepeatedlyimprisonedimprisonedMikeMikeTyson.Tyson.LennoxLennoxLewisLewisisisgenerallygenerallyregardedregarded asas thethe currentcurrent worldworld heavyweightheavyweightchampion.champion.Backgroundinformation Amateur BoxingAmateur Boxing AmateurAmateur boxing,boxing, whilewhile notnot freefree fromfromdebate,debate,hashasininrecentrecentdecadesdecadestakentakenstepsstepstotoensureensuresafetysafetyandandobjectiveobjectivejudging.judging.TheTheGoldenGolden GlovesGloves nationalnational tournamenttournament hashaslonglong beenbeen aa steppingstepping stonestone forfor youngyoungfighters,fighters, butbut thethe OlympicsOlympics areare thethe mostmostvisiblevisibleforumforumforforamateurs.amateurs.OlympicOlympicboxersboxerswearweareight-ounceeight-ounceglovesglovesandandpaddedpaddedheadheadgeargear andand fightfight justjust threethree roundsrounds ofof threethreemin.min. JudgesJudges useuse electronicelectronic devicesdevices totorecordrecordthethescoringscoringpunchespunchesthatthatdeterminedeterminethewinner.thewinner.Backgroundinformation Therulesofaboxingmatch(FromTextIII)Therulesofaboxingmatch(FromTextIII) TheThe rulesrules whichwhich nownow governgovern professionalprofessional boxingboxing werewereissuedissued byby thethe BritishBritish BoardBoard ofof ControlControl inin 1929.1929. ForForchampionshipschampionshipsthetheringringisisfromfrom1414toto2020feetfeetsquaresquareandandthetheglovesglovesweighweigh66ounces.ounces.FifteenFifteenroundsroundsofof33minutesminutesdurationduration areare fought,fought, withwith aa minuteminute intervalinterval betweenbetweeneach.each.TheTheboutboutisiswonwonbybyaablowblowtotothethechin,chin,heart,heart,ororsolarsolarplexusplexuswhichwhichknocksknocksoutoutthetheopponentopponentforfornotnotlesslessthanthan 1010 secondsseconds oror aa boxerboxer maymay winwin onon “points”,“points”,whichwhich areare scoredscored forfor thethe numbernumber ofof blowsblows oror stylestyle ofoffighting.fighting.TheThewinnerwinnerofofeacheachroundroundisisgivengiven55points,points,thetheloserloser whateverwhatever proportionproportion toto thisthis totaltotal hehe hashas earned.earned.PointsPointsarearescoredscoredforforcleancleanhitshitswithwiththetheclosedclosedglovegloveofofeithereitherhand,hand,andandforforskilfulskilfuldefensivedefensivework.work.WhereWheretwotwomenmen areare otherwiseotherwise equal,equal, thethe attackerattacker benefits.benefits. EachEachboxerboxerhashasaa secondsecond( (拳拳击击员员助助手手) ) whosewhosedutyduty itit isis totolooklook afterafter himhim betweenbetween rounds,rounds, coolingcooling himhim withwith aatowel,towel,spongingsponginghishisface,face,andandgivinggivinghimhimadviceadviceititisisananoldboxingsayingthatagoodsecondishalfthebattle.oldboxingsayingthatagoodsecondishalfthebattle.Backgroundinformation The The writer: writer: NormanNorman CousinsCousins (1912-*),(1912-*), editoreditor ofofThe The Saturday Saturday ReviewReview (1940-(1940- ),), inin whichwhich heheexpressesexpresseshishishumanitarianhumanitarianconcernconcernwithwithdemocraticdemocraticideals,ideals,internationalinternationalunderstandingunderstandingandandworldworld unity.unity. HisHis booksbooks includeinclude The The Democratic Democratic Chance Chance (1942),(1942), Who Who Speaks Speaks for for Man? Man? (1952),(1952),andandThe Last Defense in a Nuclear Age The Last Defense in a Nuclear Age (1960).(1960). 2.2.The Saturday Review:The Saturday Review:(1924-)(1924-) AnAnAmericanAmericanweeklyweeklyjournal,journal,untiluntil19521952subtitledsubtitledofofliterature,literature, stillstill emphasizesemphasizes bookbook reviewsreviews andandliteraryliterary comment,comment, butbut alsoalso dealsdeals withwith drama,drama,recordedrecorded music,music, motionmotion pictures,pictures, photography,photography,travel,travel, educationeducation andand science.science. EditorsEditors havehave beenbeenCanbyCanby (1924-36),(1924-36), DeDe VotoVoto (1936-8,(1936-8, GeorgeGeorgeStevens(1938-40),andNormanCousins(1940-).Stevens(1938-40),andNormanCousins(1940-). TheThepresentpresentarticlearticlefirstfirstappearedappearedininthethemagazinemagazineon5on5ththMay,1962.May,1962.Backgroundinformation4 4.The Death of Benny Paret.The Death of Benny Paret The The following following account account is is entitled entitled The The Death Death of of Benny Benny Paret Paret by by Norman Norman Mailer Mailer who who watched watched the the welterweight welterweight ( (次次 中中 量量 级级 拳拳 击击 手手 ) ) championship championship fight fight between between Benny Benny Paret Paret and and Emile Emile Griffith Griffith as as he he sat sat at at ringside ringside the the fateful fateful night night of of March March 25, 25, 1962, 1962, the the night night of of Parets Parets last fight.last fight. ParetParetwaswasaaCuban,Cuban,aaproudproudclubclubfighterfighterwhowhohadhad becomebecome welterweightwelterweight championchampion becausebecauseofofhishisunusualunusualabilityabilitytototaketakeaapunch.punch.HisHisstylestyleofof fightingfighting waswas toto taketake threethree punchespunches toto thetheheadheadininorderordertotogivegivebackbacktwo.two.AtAtthetheendendofoftenten rounds,rounds, hehe wouldwould stillstill bebe bouncing,bouncing, hishisopponentopponent wouldwould havehave aa headache.headache.ButBut inin thethelastlasttwotwoyears,years,overoverthethefifteen-roundfifteen-roundfights,fights,hehehadstartedtotakesomebadhadstartedtotakesomebadmaulingsmaulings. .Backgroundinformation ThisThisfightfighthadhaditsitsturns.turns.GriffithGriffithwonwonmostmostofofthetheearlyearlyrounds,rounds,butbutParetParetknockedknockedGriffithGriffith downdownininthethesixth.sixth.GriffithGriffithhadhadtroubletroublegettinggettingup,up,butbutmademadeit,it,camecamealivealiveandandwaswasdominatingdominatingParetParetagainagainbeforebeforethetheroundroundwaswasover.over. ThenThenParetParet beganbegantoto wilt.wilt. InIn thethe middlemiddle ofof thetheeightheighth round,round, afterafter aa clubbingclubbing punchpunch hadhad turnedturned hishisbackback toto Griffith,Griffith, ParetParet walkedwalked threethree disgusteddisgusted stepsstepsaway,away, showingshowing hishis hindquarters.hindquarters. ForFor aa champion,champion, hehetooktook muchmuchtootoo longlong toto turnturn backback around.around.ItIt waswas thethefirstfirst hinthint ofof weaknessweakness ParetParet hadhad everever shown,shown, andand ititmustmust havehave inspiredinspired aa particularparticular shame,shame, becausebecause hehefoughtfoughtthetherestrest ofofthethefightfight asasifif hehewerewereseekingseekingtotodemonstratedemonstratethatthathehecouldcouldtaketakemoremorepunishmentpunishmentthanthananyany manman alive.alive. InIn thethe twelfth,twelfth, GriffithGriffith caughtcaught him.him.ParetParetgotgottrappedtrappedininaacorner.corner. TryingTryingtotoduckduckaway,away,hishisleftleft armarmandandhishisheadheadbecamebecametangledtangledononthethewrongwrongsidesideofofthethetoptoprope.rope.GriffithGriffithwaswasininlikelikeaacatcatreadyreadytotoriprip thethe lifelife outout ofof aa hugehuge boxedboxed rat.rat. HeHe hithit himhimeighteeneighteen rightright handshands inin aa row,row, anan actact whichwhich tooktookperhapsperhapsthreethreeororfourfourseconds,seconds,GriffithGriffithmakingmakingaapent-pent-upwhimpering.upwhimpering.Backgroundinformation soundsound allall thethe whilewhile hehe attacked,attacked, thethe rightright handhandwhippingwhipping likelike aa pistonpiston rodrod whichwhich hashas brokenbroken throughthroughthethe crankcase,crankcase, oror likelike aa baseballbaseball batbat demolishingdemolishing aapumpkin.pumpkin. I I waswas sittingsitting inin thethe secondsecond rowrow ofof thatthatcornertheycornertheywerewerenotnottentenfeetfeetawayawayfromfromme,me,andandlikelikeeverybodyeverybody else,else, I I waswas hypnotized.hypnotized. I I hadhad nevernever seenseenoneonemanmanhithitanotheranothersosohardhardandandsosomanymanytimes.times.OverOverthetherefereesrefereesfacefacecamecameaalooklookofofwoewoeasasififsomesomespasmspasmhadhadpassedpasseditsits waywaythroughthroughhim,him,andandthenthenheheleapedleapedononGriffithGriffithtotopullpullhimhimaway.away. ItItwaswasthetheactactofofaabravebraveman.man.GriffithGriffithwaswasuncontrollable.uncontrollable.HisHistrainertrainerleapedleapedintointothethering,ring,hishismanager,manager,hishiscutcutmanman( (现现场场及及时时处处理理拳拳手手伤伤 口口 的的 工工 作作 人人 员员 ),), therethere werewere fourfour peoplepeople holdingholdingGriffith,Griffith, butbut hehe waswas offoff onon anan orgy,orgy, hehe hadhad leftleft thetheGarden,Garden,hehewaswasbackbackononaahoodlumshoodlumsstreet.street.IfIfhehehadhadbeenbeenableabletotobreakbreaklooseloosefromfromhishishandlershandlers( (经经理理人人) )andand thethe referee,referee, hehe wouldwould havehave jumpedjumped ParetParet toto thethefloorandwhaled(floorandwhaled(猛击猛击)onhimthere.)onhimthere.BackgroundinformationBackgroundinformationBackgroundinformation AndAndParet?Paret?ParetParetdieddiedononhishisfeet.feet.AsAshehetooktookthosethoseeighteeneighteen punchespunches somethingsomething happenedhappened totoeveryoneeveryonewhowhowaswasininpsychicpsychicrangerangeofofthetheevent.event.SomeSomepartpartofofhishisdeathdeathreachedreachedoutouttotous.us.OneOnefeltfeltitithoverhoverininthetheair.air.HeHewaswasstillstillstandingstandingininthetheropes,ropes,trappedtrappedasashehehadhad beenbeen before,before, hehe gavegave somesome littlelittle half-smilehalf-smile ofofregret,regret,asasififhehewereweresaying,saying,“I“IdidntdidntknowknowI Iwaswasgoinggoingtotodiediejustjustyet,”yet,”andandthen,then,hishisheadheadleaningleaningbackbackbutbutstillstillerect,erect,hishisdeathdeathcamecametotobreathebreatheaboutabouthim.him.HeHebeganbegan toto passpass away.away. AsAs hehe passed,passed, soso hishis limbslimbsdescendeddescended beneathbeneath him,him, andand hehe sanksank slowlyslowly toto thethefloor.floor.HeHewentwentdowndownmoremoreslowlyslowlythanthananyanyfighterfighterhadhadeverever gonegone down,down, hehe wentwent downdown likelike aa largelarge shipshipwhichwhichturnsturnsononendendandandslidesslidessecondsecondbybysecondsecondintointoitsits grave.grave. AsAs hehe wentwent down,down, thethe soundsound ofof GriffithsGriffithspunchespunches echoedechoed inin thethe mindmind likelike aa heavyheavy axax inin thethedistancechoppingintoawetlog.distancechoppingintoawetlog.I. Pre- reading questionsn n1.Whatroledosportsplayinourlife?1.Whatroledosportsplayinourlife?n n2.Doyoutakepartinsportsactivities2.Doyoutakepartinsportsactivitiesmoreorwatchmore?moreorwatchmore?n n3.Whatdoyougetfromparticipating3.Whatdoyougetfromparticipatinginsportsactivitiesorwatchingsportsinsportsactivitiesorwatchingsportsgames?games?n n4.Cansportsbecomeathreatto4.Cansportsbecomeathreattopeopleshealthorevenlife?Whyorpeopleshealthorevenlife?Whyorwhynot?whynot?Prizefight and terms related1.1.prizefight:prizefight: n.n.alsospeltwithahyphen,prize-fight(inalsospeltwithahyphen,prize-fight(informertimes)apublicboxingmatchforamoneyformertimes)apublicboxingmatchforamoneyprize,inwhichthetwomenfoughtwithbarehands.prize,inwhichthetwomenfoughtwithbarehands.AmEAmEaprofessionalboxingmatchaprofessionalboxingmatch2.prizefighter:2.prizefighter: n. n. boxerboxerprizefighting:prizefighting: n.n.3.arena:3.arena: n.n.anenclosedareausedforsports,publicanenclosedareausedforsports,publicentertainmententertainment4.bout:4.bout: n. n. aboxingmatchaboxingmatch5.canvas:5.canvas: n.n.Canvasisstrong,heavyclothusuallyCanvasisstrong,heavyclothusuallymadeofcottonorlinen.Itisusedformakingmadeofcottonorlinen.Itisusedformakingthingssuchastents,sails,andbags.Hereitisthethingssuchastents,sails,andbags.Hereitisthecanvas-coveredmat,whichformsthefloorofthecanvas-coveredmat,whichformsthefloorofthering.ring.6.clean hit:6.clean hit:anattackwhichisgivenfairlyandanattackwhichisgivenfairlyandaccordingtotherulesaccordingtotherulesPrizefight and terms related7. count out:7. count out:WhenarefereecountsoutaboxerWhenarefereecountsoutaboxerwhohasbeenknockeddown,hecountstowhohasbeenknockeddown,hecountstotenbeforetheboxercangetup,sothatthetenbeforetheboxercangetup,sothattheboxerlosesthematch.boxerlosesthematch.8. dance:8. dance: v. v.movewithonesfeetorbodytomovewithonesfeetorbodytododgetheblowsoftheopponentbutseldomdodgetheblowsoftheopponentbutseldomattackattack9. dodge:9. dodge: v. v.movesuddenlyoutofthewayormovesuddenlyoutofthewayoroutofreachinordertoavoidbeinghitoutofreachinordertoavoidbeinghit10. feint:10. feint: n.n.amisleadingactionormovementamisleadingactionormovementespeciallyinboxingintendedtoconfuseorespeciallyinboxingintendedtoconfuseordeceiveyouropponent.Feintisalsousedasadeceiveyouropponent.Feintisalsousedasaverbverbe.g.Thetwobulls,afteragreatdealofskillfule.g.Thetwobulls,afteragreatdealofskillfulfeintingfeinting,withdrewtoopposite,withdrewtoopposite endsofthefield.endsofthefield.Prizefight and terms related11. fight:11. fight: n.n.aboxingmatchaboxingmatch12. 12. fight fight manager:manager: n.n. managermanagerininchargechargeofofprizefightersprizefighters andand takingtaking carecare ofof thethe prizefightersprizefighterstrainingandotheractivities.trainingandotheractivities.13. jab:13. jab: v. v.strikequicklyfromashortdistancestrikequicklyfromashortdistance n.n.asuddenforcefulpushwithsomethingpointedasuddenforcefulpushwithsomethingpointed14. 14. knockout:knockout: n.n. ininboxing,boxing,wrestling,wrestling,etc.etc.AAknockoutknockoutisisaablowblow thatthatmakesmakesyouryouropponentopponentfallfalltotothethegroundgroundandand unableunable toto standstand upup beforebefore thethe refereereferee hashascountedtoten.countedtoten.15. 15. mauler:mauler: n.n. aa prizefighterprizefighter whowho savagelysavagely attacksattacks hishisopponenttoinjurehimbadlyopponenttoinjurehimbadly16. 16. mouthpiece:mouthpiece: n.n. TheThemouthpiecemouthpieceofofaaprizefighterprizefighterisisaarubberrubberguardguardheldheldininthethemouthmouthbybyaaboxerboxertotopreventpreventchippedchippedteethteethororcutcutlipslipsresultingresultingfromfromhardhardblows,blows,ororaaplateplateororstripstripofofsoftsoftwaxywaxysubstancesubstanceusedusedbybyboxersboxerstoprotecttheteethandgums.toprotecttheteethandgums.Prizefight and terms related17. 17. parry:parry: v. v. ToToparryparryaablowblowfromfromyouryouropponentopponentwhowhoisisattackingattackingyou,you,youyoupushpushasideasidethetheopponentsopponentsarmarmwithyourownarmsothatyouarenothurt.withyourownarmsothatyouarenothurt.18. 18. prizefight prizefight promoter:promoter: n.n. alsoalsoaaboxingboxingpromoter,promoter,oneonewhowhohelpshelpstotoorganizeorganizeandandfinancefinancethetheboxingboxingmatchmatch19. 19. referee:referee: n.n. aa judgejudge inin chargecharge ofof somesome games.games.( (USAGE)RefereeUSAGE)Referee isis usedused inin connectionconnection withwithbasketballbasketball, , boxingboxing, , footballfootball, , hockeyhockey, , lacrosselacrosse, ,rugbyrugby, , snookersnooker, , squashsquash, ,andandwrestlingwrestling. . UmpireUmpire isis usedused inin connectionconnection withwith badmintonbadminton, , baseballbaseball, , cricketcricket, , swimmingswimming, , tennistennis, , andandvolleyballvolleyball. .Prizefight and terms related20. 20. ring:ring: n.n. boxingboxing ring,ring, thethe smallsmall squaresquarecentralcentralspacespaceclosedclosedininwithwithropesropesininwhichwhichpeopleboxorwrestlepeopleboxorwrestle21. 21. round:round: n.n. ininboxing,boxing,wrestling,wrestling,anyanyofofthetheperiodsperiodsofoffightingfightingininaamatch,match,separatedseparatedbybyshortshort rests.rests. (boxers) (boxers) second:second: n.n. aapersonpersonwhowhohelpshelpssomeonesomeonewhowhoisisfightingfightinginaboxingmatchinaboxingmatch22. slugger:22. slugger: n.n.apersonwhohitsveryhardapersonwhohitsveryhard23. 23. weave:weave: v. v. toto movemove alongalong oror makemake onesoneswayway byby turningturning andand changingchanging directiondirectionfrequentlyfrequentlyThis is the faade of the arena (1)This is the faade of the arena (2)The faade of the arena ( 3）Whatsthis?TheringThe dancing of the boxing artistsWhataretheydoing?Feinting and weaving.III. Skimming for the main idea of the textn nReadthefollowingincompletesentencesasclues,thenskimthetextasquicklyaspossibletofindoutthemissinginformationineachsentence.III. Skimming for the main idea of the textn nPara1-2ThewriterhadaninterviewwithMikePara1-2ThewriterhadaninterviewwithMikeJacobs,whowas()Jacobs,whowas()NumberOneintheboxingworld.NumberOneintheboxingworld.n nPara3-5TheonlyimportantelementinsuccessfulPara3-5Theonlyimportantelementinsuccessfulboxingpromotingis().boxingpromotingis().Peoplecomeouttosee().Peoplecomeouttosee().n nPara6-8BennyParetwaskilledin().ThePara6-8BennyParetwaskilledin().Thedirectcauseofhisdeathwas(directcauseofhisdeathwas()theprizefightpromotertopleasethecrowdtheknockouttheringhemorrhageinthebrain.amassiveIII. Skimming for the main idea of the textn nPara9TheprimeresponsibilityforParetsdeathlieswith()n nPara10Theblameshouldbeputon()thepeoplewhopaytoseeamanhurt.theprevailingmoresthatregardprize-fightingasaperfectlyproperenterpriseandvehicleofentertainment.IV. Questions for detailed readingn n1.Whydoesthewritercallhimselfa“fledgingnewspaperreporter”?n n2.Whatistheimpliedmeaningof“whosoundedthewayNapoleonmusthavesoundedwhenhereviewedabattle”?n n3.Whatdoesthewritermeanby“Hissayingsomethingmadeittrue”?Whatdoesitreferto?IV. Questions for detailed readingn n4.Whatistheimpliedmeaningof“andyouwindupcountingyouremptyseats”?n n5.FinishvocabularyexercisesonP104-105.n n6.FinishexercisesonP107.n n7.Doyouthinkthatprizefightingshouldbedeclaredillegal？Givereasonstoillustrateyourpointofview.VI. Comment on the text VariouswaystoexpresshisVariouswaystoexpresshisviewpointviewpoint1.Theuseofanintriguingtitle,“Who1.Theuseofanintriguingtitle,“WhoKilledBennyParet?”KilledBennyParet?”2.Thetellinguseofauthoritative2.Thetellinguseofauthoritative“inside”informationfromtheworldof“inside”informationfromtheworldofboxing.boxing.3.Thesubtleuseofmedicalevidence3.Thesubtleuseofmedicalevidenceinthedescriptionofwhathappensinthedescriptionofwhathappenswhenthehumanfistdeliversawhenthehumanfistdeliversastrongblowtothehead.strongblowtothehead. VI. Comment on the text VariouswaystoexpresshisviewpointVariouswaystoexpresshisviewpoint4.Theskillfuldismissivewayinwhich4.Theskillfuldismissivewayinwhichhesuggeststhatthehesuggeststhatthe“investigators”lookedintoevery“investigators”lookedintoeverypossiblecauseexcept“therealpossiblecauseexcept“therealone”.one”.5.Thepersuasiveargumentthatthe5.Thepersuasiveargumentthattheprimaryresponsibilityfortheprimaryresponsibilityfortheboxersdeathlieswith“thepeopleboxersdeathlieswith“thepeoplewhopaytoseeamanhurt”.(Parawhopaytoseeamanhurt”.(Para7,8,9,10)7,8,9,10)6.Anattempttocreateinthereader6.AnattempttocreateinthereaderasenseofguiltatJacobsasenseofguiltatJacobsportrayalofthosewhowatchportrayalofthosewhowatchboxingandasharingwiththeboxingandasharingwiththewriterofasenseofdisgustwhenwriterofasenseofdisgustwhenhedescribesinsickeningdetailhedescribesinsickeningdetailthecrowdsexcitementatthethecrowdsexcitementatthebrutalityactedoutintheringforbrutalityactedoutintheringfortheirentertainment.theirentertainment.7.Thecleverwaytoissuean7.Thecleverwaytoissueanimplicitchallengetothereaderimplicitchallengetothereadertowardstheendoftheeditorial.towardstheendoftheeditorial.VI. Comment on the text VariouswaystoexpressVariouswaystoexpresshisviewpointhisviewpointVI. Comment on the text Somewritingstyles1.Hequoteseconomicallyandjudiciously1.HequoteseconomicallyandjudiciouslyfromMikeJacobs.Inthisway,thefromMikeJacobs.Inthisway,thereasonsaregivenwithanauthoritativereasonsaregivenwithanauthoritativetone.tone.2.Hematchestheflurryifinvestigations2.Hematchestheflurryifinvestigationswithaflurryofstatementsandwithaflurryofstatementsandquestions.questions.3.Hegivesthemedicalevidencesuccinctly3.Hegivesthemedicalevidencesuccinctlyinaseriesofmainlyshortnon-complexinaseriesofmainlyshortnon-complexsentenceswhichcompressesalotofsentenceswhichcompressesalotoftechnicalinformationintoaveryshorttechnicalinformationintoaveryshortspacesoastoavoidthepossibilityofspacesoastoavoidthepossibilityofthereaderlosinginterestorskippingthereaderlosinginterestorskippingthispart.thispart.VI. Comment on the text SomewritingstylesSomewritingstyles4.Hemakesfullandgooduseof4.Hemakesfullandgooduseofjournalisticbrevityandconciseness.journalisticbrevityandconciseness.HetellsusthefollowingfactswithinHetellsusthefollowingfactswithinfiftywords:who-ayoungman,fiftywords:who-ayoungman,when-recently,what-killed,when-recently,what-killed,where-inthering,how-hithardwhere-inthering,how-hithardinthehead.inthehead.5.Heemploysparallelism,oneofthe5.Heemploysparallelism,oneofthebasicrhetoricalprinciples,verybasicrhetoricalprinciples,veryeffectivelyinordertogiveemphasiseffectivelyinordertogiveemphasistohispoints.tohispoints.e.g.e.g.Dont blame it onDont blame it onthereferee,thereferee,dont dont even blame it oneven blame it onthefightmanager.thefightmanager.Unit 9n nNORMANCOUSINS:EDITORNORMANCOUSINS:EDITORANDWRITER(1915-1990)ANDWRITER(1915-1990)ThelifelongconcernsofNormanCousinsThelifelongconcernsofNormanCousinswriter,editor,citizendiplomat,promoterofwriter,editor,citizendiplomat,promoterofholistichealing,andunflaggingoptimistholistichealing,andunflaggingoptimistwerelargeindeed:worldpeace,worldwerelargeindeed:worldpeace,worldgovernance,justice,humanfreedom,thegovernance,justice,humanfreedom,thehumanimpactontheenvironment,andhumanimpactontheenvironment,andhealthandwholeness.Hisprimaryplatformhealthandwholeness.HisprimaryplatformforpromotinghisviewswasaseditorofforpromotinghisviewswasaseditorofSaturday ReviewSaturday Reviewforthebetterpartoffortyforthebetterpartoffortyyears.Hewasalsotheauthorofadozenyears.Hewasalsotheauthorofadozenbooksandhundredsofessaysandeditorials.booksandhundredsofessaysandeditorials. WhokilledBennyParet?WhokilledBennyParet?Mike Jacobs, the prizefight promoter, the most powerful figure in the boxing world.DonKing(middle)Unit 9n n1. promoter1. promoternounCnounC1 1someonewhotriestoencouragesomeonewhotriestoencouragesomethingtohappenordevelop:somethingtohappenordevelop:a promoter a promoter ofof peace/sexual equality peace/sexual equality2 2apersonwhoorganizesandapersonwhoorganizesandarrangesfinanceforsportsandarrangesfinanceforsportsandmusicalevents:musicalevents:a boxing/rock concert promotera boxing/rock concert promoterUnit 9n n2. fledgling2. fledgling(NEW),(NEW),fledgelingfledgelingadjectivebeforenounadjectivebeforenounnewandlackingexperience:newandlackingexperience:The current economic climate is The current economic climate is particularly difficult for fledgling particularly difficult for fledgling businessesbusinesses. .n n3. beat3. beat(AREA)(AREA)nounCusuallysingularnounCusuallysingularanareaforwhichsomeone,suchasanareaforwhichsomeone,suchasapoliceofficer,hasresponsibilityasapoliceofficer,hasresponsibilityaspartoftheirjob:partoftheirjob:Bob has worked as an officer Bob has worked as an officer onon this this particular beat for 20 years.particular beat for 20 years.Unit 9n n4. bland4. blandadjectiveUSUALLYDISAPPROVINGadjectiveUSUALLYDISAPPROVINGlackingastrongtasteorcharacterorlackingastrongtasteorcharacterorlackingininterestorenergy:lackingininterestorenergy:I find chicken a little bland.I find chicken a little bland.Pop music these days is so bland.Pop music these days is so bland.n na bland little a bland little man:man: apleasantlyapleasantlygentleoragreeableordinaryperson.gentleoragreeableordinaryperson.LittleLittleheresuggests“ofnoheresuggests“ofnoimportance”;itisusedincontrasttoimportance”;itisusedincontrasttothewordthewordcolossuscolossus,whichmeans“a,whichmeans“apersonofgreatimportance”.personofgreatimportance”.Unit 9n n5. colossus5. colossusnounCpluralnounCpluralcolossusescolossusesororcolossicolossi1 1apersonorthingofgreatsize,apersonorthingofgreatsize,influenceorability:influenceorability:She has been described as the She has been described as the creative colossus of the literary creative colossus of the literary world.world.2 2averylargestatueorbuilding:averylargestatueorbuilding:the Colossus of Rhodesthe Colossus of RhodesLocationLocationn nAttheentranceoftheharboroftheAttheentranceoftheharboroftheMediterraneanislandofMediterraneanislandofRhodesRhodesininGreeceGreece. .罗德斯巨型雕塑像（世界七大奇迹之一，罗德斯巨型雕塑像（世界七大奇迹之一， 高高150150英尺以上）英尺以上）Unit 9n nSeven Wonders of Seven Wonders of the Worldthe Worldn n(1).(1). The Great The Great Pyramid of GizaPyramid of Giza LocationLocationn nAt the city of At the city of Giza, Giza, a necropolis a necropolis ( (大墓地大墓地大墓地大墓地) ) of of ancient Memphis, ancient Memphis, and and today part oftoday part ofGreater Greater CairoCairo, , EgyptEgypt. .Unit 9n n(2). (2). The Hanging Gardens of The Hanging Gardens of BabylonBabylon LocationLocationn nOn the east bank On the east bank of the River Euphrates, of the River Euphrates, about 50 km south of about 50 km south of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqIraq. .Unit 9n n(3). (3). The Statue of Zeus at The Statue of Zeus at OlympiaOlympia n nAn enormous statue of An enormous statue of n nthe Greek father of gods.the Greek father of gods.LocationLocationn nAt the ancient townAt the ancient town of Olympia, on the west of Olympia, on the west coast of modern coast of modern GreeceGreece, , about 150 km west of about 150 km west of AthensAthens. .Unit 9n n(4). (4). The Temple of Artemis The Temple of Artemis ( (阿耳特弥阿耳特弥阿耳特弥阿耳特弥斯斯斯斯( (月神与狩猎女神月神与狩猎女神月神与狩猎女神月神与狩猎女神) ) at Ephesusat Ephesus n nLocationLocationn nThe ancient city of The ancient city of EphesusEphesus以弗所以弗所以弗所以弗所( (古希腊小亚细亚古希腊小亚细亚古希腊小亚细亚古希腊小亚细亚西岸的一重要贸易城市西岸的一重要贸易城市西岸的一重要贸易城市西岸的一重要贸易城市) )Unit 9n n(5).(5). The Mausoleum at The Mausoleum at HalicarnassusHalicarnassusn nA fascinating tomb constructed for A fascinating tomb constructed for King King MaussollosMaussollos. .LocationLocationn nIn the city of In the city of BodrumBodrum on the Aegean Sea, in on the Aegean Sea, in south-west south-west TurkeyTurkey. . Unit 9n n(6). (6). The Colossus of RhodesThe Colossus of Rhodes A A colossus colossus ( (巨人）巨人） of Helios the sun-of Helios the sun-god, erected by the Greeks near god, erected by the Greeks near the harbor of a Mediterranean the harbor of a Mediterranean Island Island LocationLocationn nAttheentranceoftheAttheentranceoftheharboroftheMediterraneanharboroftheMediterraneanislandofislandofRhodesRhodesininGreeceGreece. .Unit 9n n(7). (7). The Lighthouse The Lighthouse of Alexandriaof Alexandria A lighthouse built on theA lighthouse built on theisland of Pharos off the island of Pharos off the coast of their capital city coast of their capital city LocationLocationn nOntheancientislandofOntheancientislandofPharos,nowapromontoryPharos,nowapromontory（海角海角） withinthecityofwithinthecityofAlexandriaAlexandriaininEgyptEgypt. .Unit 9n n6. arena6. arenanounCnounC1 1alargeflatenclosedareausedforalargeflatenclosedareausedforsportsorentertainment:sportsorentertainment:an Olympic/a sports arenaan Olympic/a sports arena2 2anactivitythatinvolvesargumentanactivitythatinvolvesargumentanddiscussion:anddiscussion:After 30 years in the political arena, After 30 years in the political arena, our local member of parliament is our local member of parliament is retiring next year.retiring next year.Unit 9n n7. adroitadjectiveveryskilfulandquickinthewayyouthinkormove:an adroit reaction / answer / movement of the handShe became adroit at dealing with difficult questions.Unit9n nYouwind upcountingyouremptyseats:youendupwithfewpeoplecomingtowatchtheprizefight.To wind upheremeans“tobringtoanend”n nThechairpersonwound upthediscussionwithasummaryoftheimportantpoints.n nItsgettinglate.Wedbetterwind upthemeeting.Unit 9n n8. coma8. coma nounCnounCastateofunconsciousnessfromwhichaastateofunconsciousnessfromwhichapersoncannotbewoken,whichiscausedpersoncannotbewoken,whichiscausedbydamagetothebrainafteranaccidentorbydamagetothebrainafteranaccidentorillness:illness:Hes been Hes been inin a coma for the past six weeks a coma for the past six weeks She She went intowent into a deep coma after taking an a deep coma after taking an overdose of sleeping pills.overdose of sleeping pills.n n9. A. flurry9. A. flurry(SNOW)(SNOW)asuddenlightfallofsnow,blownindifferentasuddenlightfallofsnow,blownindifferentdirectionsbythewind:directionsbythewind:There may be the odd flurry There may be the odd flurry of snowof snow over over the hills tonight.the hills tonight.Unit 9n n9. B. flurry9. B. flurry(ACTIVITY)(ACTIVITY)nounCusuallysingularnounCusuallysingularasudden,shortperiodofactivity,asudden,shortperiodofactivity,excitementorinterest:excitementorinterest:The princes words on marriage have The princes words on marriage have prompted a flurry prompted a flurry ofof speculation in speculation in the press this week.the press this week.n nA flurry of excitement went among A flurry of excitement went among the audience as the popular singer the audience as the popular singer stars arrived.stars arrived.a flurry of activitya flurry of activityUnit 9n n10. assess10. assessverbTverbTtojudgeordecidetheamount,value,tojudgeordecidetheamount,value,qualityorimportanceofsomething:qualityorimportanceofsomething:Its too early to assess the long-term Its too early to assess the long-term consequences of the collapse of the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.+ question word + question word We need to assess We need to assess whetherwhether the project is worth doing. the project is worth doing.n n11. probe11. probenounCnounC1 1anattempttodiscoverinformationbyanattempttodiscoverinformationbyaskingalotofquestions:askingalotofquestions:a Justice Department probe a Justice Department probe intointo the the Democrats fund raisingDemocrats fund raisingUnit 9n n12. recuperate12. recuperateverbISLIGHTLYFORMALverbISLIGHTLYFORMALtobecomewellagainafteranillness;tobecomewellagainafteranillness;togetbackyourstrength,health,etc:togetbackyourstrength,health,etc:She spent a month in the country She spent a month in the country recuperating recuperating from/afterfrom/after the the operation.operation.Unit 9n n13. 13. haemorrhagehaemorrhageUK,USUK,UShemorrhagehemorrhagenounCnounC1 1alargeflowofbloodfromaalargeflowofbloodfromadamageddamagedbloodvesselbloodvessel(=tube(=tubecarryingbloodaroundthebody):carryingbloodaroundthebody):a brain a brain haemorrhagehaemorrhage2 2asuddenorseriousloss:asuddenorseriousloss:The higher salaries paid overseas The higher salaries paid overseas have caused a have caused a haemorrhagehaemorrhage of of talent from this country.talent from this country.Unit 9n n14. exquisite14. exquisite(BEAUTIFUL)(BEAUTIFUL)adjectiveadjectiveverybeautiful;delicate:verybeautiful;delicate:an exquisite piece of chinaan exquisite piece of chinaLook at this exquisite paintingLook at this exquisite paintingShe has exquisite taste.She has exquisite taste.exquisitelyexquisitelyadverbadverbTheir house is exquisitely Their house is exquisitely (=(=beautifully)beautifully) furnished. furnished.Unit 9n n15. intricate15. intricateadjectiveadjectivehavingalotofsmallpartsordetailshavingalotofsmallpartsordetailsthatarearrangedinacomplicatedthatarearrangedinacomplicatedwayandarethereforesometimeswayandarethereforesometimesdifficulttounderstand,solveordifficulttounderstand,solveorproduce:produce:The watch mechanism is extremely The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very difficult to repair.intricate and very difficult to repair.Police officers uncovered an intricate Police officers uncovered an intricate webweb of deceit. of deceit.Unit 9n n16. concussion16. concussionnounUnounUtemporarydamagetothebraintemporarydamagetothebraincausedbyafallorhitontheheadorcausedbyafallorhitontheheadorbyviolentshaking:byviolentshaking:Hes been a bit dizzy and confused Hes been a bit dizzy and confused since the accident. Do you think its since the accident. Do you think its mild concussion?mild concussion?concussconcussverbToftenpassiveverbToftenpassivetogivesomeoneconcussiontogivesomeoneconcussionUnit 9n n17. futile17. futileadjectiveadjective(ofactions)havingnoeffectorachieving(ofactions)havingnoeffectorachievingnothing;unsuccessful:nothing;unsuccessful:It Its quite futile trys quite futile tryinging to reason with him - to reason with him - he just wont listen.he just wont listen.All my attempts to cheer her up All my attempts to cheer her up provedproved futile.futile.n n18. boo18. boo(DISAPPROVAL)(DISAPPROVAL)verbIorTverbIorTbooingbooing, ,booedbooed, ,booedbooed tomakeanexpressionofstrongtomakeanexpressionofstrongdisapprovalordisagreement:disapprovalordisagreement:People at the back started booing loudly.People at the back started booing loudly.Her singing was so bad that she was Her singing was so bad that she was booed booed offoff the stage. the stage.Unit 9n n19. canvas19. canvasnounnoun1 1Ustrong,roughclothusedforUstrong,roughclothusedformakingtents,sails,bags,strongmakingtents,sails,bags,strongclothes,etc.clothes,etc.2 2CapieceofcanvasusedbyCapieceofcanvasusedbyartistsforpaintingon,usuallywithoilartistsforpaintingon,usuallywithoilpaints,orthepaintingitself:paints,orthepaintingitself:These two canvases by These two canvases by HockneyHockney would sell for 500 000.would sell for 500 000.Unit 9n n20. A. jab20. A. jabverbverb-bb-bb- 1 1IorT;usually+adverborprepositiontopushIorT;usually+adverborprepositiontopushorhitsomethingforcefullyandquickly,oftenorhitsomethingforcefullyandquickly,oftenwithathinorsharpobject:withathinorsharpobject:The doctor jabbed the needle The doctor jabbed the needle intointo the dogs leg. the dogs leg.Watch out! You nearly jabbed me Watch out! You nearly jabbed me inin the eye the eye withwith your umbrella! your umbrella!He was jabbing a finger He was jabbing a finger atat (=towards)(=towards) them them and shouting angrily.and shouting angrily.2 2 I to make quick forceful hits with your fist I to make quick forceful hits with your fist when boxingwhen boxing3nounC3nounCaquickhardpushorhit:aquickhardpushorhit:She gave me a sharp jab She gave me a sharp jab inin the ribs with her the ribs with her elbow to stop me from saying any more.elbow to stop me from saying any more.The boxer was floored by a punishing left jab.The boxer was floored by a punishing left jab.Unit 9n n21. squirt21. squirtverbverb1 1IorT;usually+adverborpreposition(toIorT;usually+adverborpreposition(toforcealiquid)toflowoutthroughanarrowforcealiquid)toflowoutthroughanarrowopeninginafaststream:openinginafaststream:He squirted some tomato sauce He squirted some tomato sauce onon his his burgerburger ( (碎肉夹饼碎肉夹饼). ).There was a leak in one of the pipes and There was a leak in one of the pipes and water was squirting water was squirting outout all over the kitchen all over the kitchen floor.floor.2 2TtohitsomeoneorsomethingwithaTtohitsomeoneorsomethingwithaliquidorgas:liquidorgas:She was squirting the neighbors with a water She was squirting the neighbors with a water pistol.pistol.Unit 9n n22.Poleax22.Poleax verbTverbT1 1tohitsomeonesohardthattheyfalltohitsomeonesohardthattheyfalldown:down:Blake was Blake was poleaxedpoleaxed by a missile by a missile ( (发射物）发射物） thrown from the crowd.thrown from the crowd.2 2INFORMALtogivesomeonesuchaINFORMALtogivesomeonesuchagreatshockthattheydonotknowwhattogreatshockthattheydonotknowwhattodo:do:He was completely He was completely poleaxedpoleaxed when his wife when his wife left him.left him.Unit 9n n23. mores23. morespluralnounFORMALpluralnounFORMALthetraditionalcustomsandwaysofthetraditionalcustomsandwaysofbehavingthataretypicalofabehavingthataretypicalofaparticular(partof)society:particular(partof)society:middle-class moresmiddle-class moresthe mores and culture of the the mores and culture of the JapaneseJapaneseUnit 9n n1.Colossus1.Colossusn n2.adequate2.adequaten n3.lacework3.laceworkn n4.exquisitely4.exquisitelyn n5.intricate5.intricaten n6.encase6.encasen n1.apersonorthingofverygreat1.apersonorthingofverygreatsize,importanceorabilitysize,importanceorabilityn n2.justenough(forthepurpose)2.justenough(forthepurpose)n n3.anetlikeornamentalcloth3.anetlikeornamentalclothmadeofdelicatethreadsmadeofdelicatethreadsn n4.almostperfectly4.almostperfectlyn n5.complicated5.complicatedn n6.putintoacase6.putintoacaseUnit 9n n7.withstand7.withstandn n8.futile8.futilen n9.intervene9.intervenen n10.boo10.boon n11.squirt11.squirtn n12.wobble12.wobblen n7.remainunharmed7.remainunharmedn n8.useless8.uselessn n9.takeaction(inorderto)9.takeaction(inorderto)preventsomethingfrompreventsomethingfromhappeninghappeningn n10.expressdisapprovalorstrong10.expressdisapprovalorstrongdisagreementbysayingboodisagreementbysayingboon n11.gushoutinathinfaststream11.gushoutinathinfaststreamn n12.moveunsteadilyfromsideto12.moveunsteadilyfromsidetosidesideUnit 9n nTEXTIITEXTIIAPieceofSteakAPieceofSteakn nQuestionsQuestionsn n1.Wheredidthestorytakeplace?1.Wheredidthestorytakeplace?n n2.WhatfeatureorfeaturesofTomKingtell2.WhatfeatureorfeaturesofTomKingtellpeoplethathewasaprizefighter?peoplethathewasaprizefighter?n n3.DescribeTomKingspersonality.3.DescribeTomKingspersonality.n n4.Whydidtradesmennolongeragreeto4.WhydidtradesmennolongeragreetoletTomKingbuyanythingoncredit?letTomKingbuyanythingoncredit?n n5.WhatdidTomKingdotosupporthis5.WhatdidTomKingdotosupporthisfamilybetweenfights?familybetweenfights?n n6.Whatdoyouthinkwerethecausesof6.WhatdoyouthinkwerethecausesofTomKingsdefeat?TomKingsdefeat?Unit 9n nAboutthephrasesandcollocationsn n1.sortoutthephrasesandcollocationsfromthetext.n n2.classifiedthem.n n3.sharethem.n n4.putthembacktothetext.n n5.makeacomparison.Unit 9n nVocabularyn n1.morsel:nounC1averysmallpieceoffood:a morsel of cheeseThe prisoners ate every last morsel.2averysmallpieceoramount:a morsel of good newsUnit 9n n2.gravy:nounU2.gravy:nounUasaucemadefrommeatjuices,liquidandasaucemadefrommeatjuices,liquidandflour,andservedwithmeatandvegetablesflour,andservedwithmeatandvegetablesn n3.resulting:adjectivebeforenoun(FORMAL3.resulting:adjectivebeforenoun(FORMALresultantresultant) )causedbytheeventorsituationwhichyoucausedbytheeventorsituationwhichyouhavejustmentioned:havejustmentioned:The tape was left near a magnetic source, and The tape was left near a magnetic source, and the resulting damage was considerable.the resulting damage was considerable.n n4.4.oppressoppress(MAKEUNCOMFORTABLE)verb(MAKEUNCOMFORTABLE)verbTTtomakeapersonfeeluncomfortableortomakeapersonfeeluncomfortableoranxious,andsometimesill:anxious,andsometimesill:Strange dreams and nightmares oppressed Strange dreams and nightmares oppressed him.him.Unit 9n n5. wear(WEAKEN)verbIwore,worntobecomeweaker,damagedorthinnerbecauseofcontinuoususe:Im very fond of this shirt but its starting to wear at the collar.The wheel bearings have worn over the years, which is whats causing the noise.Unit 9n n6. ricketyadjectiveinbadconditionandthereforeweakandlikelytobreak:Careful! That chairs a bit rickety.She slowly climbed the rickety wooden steps.FIGURATIVE The recession put a lot of strain on an already rickety economic system.Unit 9n n7. protest7. protestnounnoun1 1CorUastrongcomplaintCorUastrongcomplaintexpressingdisagreement,expressingdisagreement,disapprovaloropposition:disapprovaloropposition:Protests have been Protests have been made/registeredmade/registered by many people by many people who would be affected by the who would be affected by the proposed changes.proposed changes.A formal protest was made by the A formal protest was made by the German team German team aboutabout their their disqualification from the relay final.disqualification from the relay final.Conservation groups have united Conservation groups have united inin protest protest againstagainst the planned new the planned new road.road.Unit 9n n8. dip8. dip(PUTINTO)(PUTINTO)verbTverbT-pp-pp- 1 1toputsomethingbrieflyintoaliquid:toputsomethingbrieflyintoaliquid:Dip the fish Dip the fish inin the batter, then drop it the batter, then drop it into the hot oil.into the hot oil.She dipped her toe She dipped her toe intointo the pool to the pool to see how cold it was.see how cold it was.n n9. sole9. solenounnoun1 1FOOTCthebottompartofyourFOOTCthebottompartofyourfootthatyouwalkonfootthatyouwalkon2 2SHOECthepartofashoethatisSHOECthepartofashoethatisunderyourfootunderyourfootUnit 9n n10. fray 10. fray verbverb1 1CLOTHI,TIfmaterialorclothingfrays,CLOTHI,TIfmaterialorclothingfrays,orifitisfrayed,thethreadsattheedgeorifitisfrayed,thethreadsattheedgebreakandbecomeloose.breakandbecomeloose.2 2ANNOYEDIIfyourtemper(=mood)ANNOYEDIIfyourtemper(=mood)fraysoryournervesfray,yougraduallyfraysoryournervesfray,yougraduallybecomeannoyedorupset.becomeannoyedorupset.After hours of waiting, tempers were After hours of waiting, tempers were beginning to fray.beginning to fray. n n11. ineradicable11. ineradicableadjectiveFORMALadjectiveFORMALnotabletoberemoved:notabletoberemoved:Some experiences in early life have Some experiences in early life have ineradicable effects.ineradicable effects.n nineradicableineradicable adjadjform(impression)form(impression)indracinableindracinable; ;(disease)(disease)incurableincurable Unit 9n n12. stain12. stain(MARK)(MARK)verbverb1 1IorTtoleaveamarkonsomethingIorTtoleaveamarkonsomethingwhichisdifficulttoremove:whichisdifficulttoremove:Tomato sauce stains terribly - its really Tomato sauce stains terribly - its really difficult to get it out of clothes.difficult to get it out of clothes.While she was changing the wheel on her While she was changing the wheel on her car, her coat had become stained car, her coat had become stained withwith oil. oil.n nshaggyshaggyadjectiveadjectivehavingorcoveredwithlong,roughandhavingorcoveredwithlong,roughanduntidyhair,or(ofhair)long,roughanduntidyhair,or(ofhair)long,roughanduntidy:untidy:a shaggy dog/ponya shaggy dog/ponythe shaggy coat of a sheepthe shaggy coat of a sheepa shaggy ruga shaggy rugUnit 9n nsheersheer(COMPLETE)(COMPLETE)adjectivebeforenounadjectivebeforenounusedtoemphasizehowverygreat,usedtoemphasizehowverygreat,importantorpowerfulaqualityorimportantorpowerfulaqualityorfeelingis;nothingexcept:feelingis;nothingexcept:The suggestion is sheer The suggestion is sheer nonsensenonsense. .His success was due to sheer His success was due to sheer willpower/determination.willpower/determination.It was sheer coincidence that we It was sheer coincidence that we met.met.Unit 9n nslantslantverbverb1 1IorTto(causeto)leaninaIorTto(causeto)leaninadiagonalposition;to(causeto)diagonalposition;to(causeto)slope:slope:Italic writing slants Italic writing slants toto the right. the right.The evening sun slanted The evening sun slanted (=shone(=shonewiththelightmovinginaslope)withthelightmovinginaslope) throughthrough the narrow window. the narrow window.n ncauliflowercauliflowernounCorU(UKnounCorU(UKINFORMALINFORMALcaulicauli) )alargeroundwhitevegetablewhichalargeroundwhitevegetablewhichiseatencookedorrawiseatencookedorrawUnit 9n ndistortdistortverbTverbTtochangesomethingfromitsusual,tochangesomethingfromitsusual,original,naturalorintendedoriginal,naturalorintendedmeaning,conditionorshape:meaning,conditionorshape:My original statement has been My original statement has been completely distorted by the media.completely distorted by the media.n nadornadornverbTLITERARYverbTLITERARYtoaddsomethingdecorativetoatoaddsomethingdecorativetoapersonorthing:personorthing:The brides hair was adorned The brides hair was adorned withwith pearls and white flowers.pearls and white flowers. Unit 9n nalleyalleynounC(ALSOnounC(ALSOalleywayalleyway) )anarrowroadorpathbetweenanarrowroadorpathbetweenbuildings,orapathinaparkorbuildings,orapathinaparkorgarden,especiallyborderedbytreesgarden,especiallyborderedbytreesorbushesorbushesn nbrawlbrawlnounCnounCanoisy,rough,uncontrolledfight:anoisy,rough,uncontrolledfight:a a drunkendrunken brawl brawlbrawlbrawlverbIverbIThe young men had nothing better to The young men had nothing better to do than brawl do than brawl (=fight)(=fight) in the streets. in the streets.Unit 9n ngrudgegrudgenounCnounCastrongfeelingofangeranddislikeforastrongfeelingofangeranddislikeforapersonwhoyoufeelhastreatedyouapersonwhoyoufeelhastreatedyoubadly,whichoftenlastsforalongtime:badly,whichoftenlastsforalongtime:I dont I dont bearbear any grudge any grudge againstagainst you. you.PhilippaPhilippa still still has/holdshas/holds a grudge a grudge against me for refusing to lend her that against me for refusing to lend her that money.money.n nmaimmaimverbIorTverbIorTtoinjureapersonsoseverelythatatoinjureapersonsoseverelythatapartoftheirbodywillnolongerworkaspartoftheirbodywillnolongerworkasitshould:itshould:Many children have been maimed for Many children have been maimed for life by these bombs.life by these bombs.Unit 9n nblimeyblimeyexclamationUKOLD-FASHIONEDexclamationUKOLD-FASHIONEDINFORMALINFORMALanexpressionofsurprise:anexpressionofsurprise:Blimey, what a lot of food!Blimey, what a lot of food!n nclenchclenchverbTverbTtocloseorholdsomethingverytightly,tocloseorholdsomethingverytightly,ofteninadeterminedorangryway:ofteninadeterminedorangryway:The old man clenched his The old man clenched his fistfist and and waved it angrily at us.waved it angrily at us.With a knife clenched With a knife clenched in/betweenin/between his his teeth, he climbed up the tree to cut teeth, he climbed up the tree to cut some coconuts.some coconuts.Get out of here, she said through Get out of here, she said through clenched clenched teethteeth. .Unit 9n nfalterfalterverbIverbI1 1tolosestrengthorpurposeandstop,ortolosestrengthorpurposeandstop,oralmoststop:almoststop:The dinner party conversation faltered for a The dinner party conversation faltered for a moment.moment.Her friends never faltered in their belief in Her friends never faltered in their belief in her.her.Nigels voice faltered and he stopped Nigels voice faltered and he stopped speaking.speaking.2 2tomoveawkwardlyasifyoumightfall:tomoveawkwardlyasifyoumightfall:The nurse saw him falter and made him The nurse saw him falter and made him lean on her.lean on her.n nbull terrierbull terriernounCnounCaastrongastronga-lookingtypeofdog-lookingtypeofdogwithshorthairwithshorthairUnit 9n nnavvynavvynounCUKOLD-FASHIONEDINFORMALnounCUKOLD-FASHIONEDINFORMALamanwhoisemployedtodounskilledamanwhoisemployedtodounskilledphysicalwork,usuallybuildingormakingphysicalwork,usuallybuildingormakingroadsroadsn nsparspar(FIGHT)(FIGHT)verbIverbI- -rrrr- - 1 1totopractisepractiseboxing,withouthittinghardboxing,withouthittinghard2 2toargue:toargue:Frank and Jill always spar Frank and Jill always spar withwith each other each other at meetings, but theyre good friends really.at meetings, but theyre good friends really.sparspar(FIGHT)verbI(FIGHT)verbI- -rrrr- - 1 1totopractisepractiseboxing,withouthittinghardboxing,withouthittinghard2 2toargue:toargue:Frank and Jill always spar Frank and Jill always spar withwith each other each other at meetings, but theyre good friends really.at meetings, but theyre good friends really.Unit 9n nCubnounCCubnounCayounglion,bear,wolf,etc.ayounglion,bear,wolf,etc.n ngrindgrind(MAKESMALLER)(MAKESMALLER)verbTverbTgroundground, ,groundground tomakesomethingintosmallpiecestomakesomethingintosmallpiecesorapowderbypressingbetweenorapowderbypressingbetweenhardsurfaces:hardsurfaces:to grind coffeeto grind coffeeShall I grind a little black pepper over Shall I grind a little black pepper over your pizza?your pizza?They grind the grain They grind the grain intointo flour flour (=(=makeflourbycrushinggrain)makeflourbycrushinggrain) between two large stones.between two large stones.Unit 9n nquidquidnounCpluralnounCpluralquidquidUKINFORMALUKINFORMALapound;1:apound;1:Could you lend me twenty quid Could you lend me twenty quid (=(=20)20), mate?, mate?n ntramtramUKUKnounC(USUSUALLYnounC(USUSUALLYstreetcarstreetcar, ,USALSOUSALSOtrolleytrolley) )anelectricvehiclethattransportsanelectricvehiclethattransportspeople,usuallyincities,andgoespeople,usuallyincities,andgoesalongmetaltracksintheroadalongmetaltracksintheroadUnit 9n ntaxitaxi(VEHICLE)(VEHICLE)nounC(ALSOnounC(ALSOtaxicabtaxicabororcabcab) )acarwithadriverwhomyoupaytotakeacarwithadriverwhomyoupaytotakeyousomewhere:yousomewhere:I I tooktook a taxi from the station to the hotel. a taxi from the station to the hotel.a taxi a taxi driverdrivern nflatterflatterverbTverbT1 1topraisesomeoneinordertomaketopraisesomeoneinordertomakethemfeelattractiveorimportant,themfeelattractiveorimportant,sometimesinawaythatisnotsincere:sometimesinawaythatisnotsincere:I knew he was only flattering me I knew he was only flattering me because he wanted to borrow some because he wanted to borrow some money.money.Unit 9n ntofftoffnounCUKOLD-FASHIONEDnounCUKOLD-FASHIONEDarichpersonfromahighsocialarichpersonfromahighsocialclass:class:Gone are the days when Gone are the days when champagne-drinking was just for champagne-drinking was just for toffstoffs. .n nveinvein(TUBE)(TUBE)nounCnounC1 1atubethatcarriesbloodtotheatubethatcarriesbloodtotheheartfromtheotherpartsoftheheartfromtheotherpartsofthebodybody2 2theframeofaleaforaninsectstheframeofaleaforaninsectswingwingUnit 9n nknucklenounConeofthejointsinthehandwhereyourfingersbend,especiallywhereyourfingersjoinontothemainpartofyourhandSeepicture.Unit 9n nwearywearyadjectiveadjective1 1verytired,especiallyafterworkingverytired,especiallyafterworkinghardforalongtime:hardforalongtime:I think hes a little weary after his long I think hes a little weary after his long journey.journey.Here, sit down and rest your weary legs.Here, sit down and rest your weary legs.2 2 weary ofweary ofboredwithsomethingboredwithsomethingbecauseyouhaveexperiencedtoobecauseyouhaveexperiencedtoomuchofit:muchofit:Ive been going out with the same Ive been going out with the same people to the same clubs for years and people to the same clubs for years and Ive just Ive just growngrown weary of it. weary of it.Unit 9n nblokeblokenounCUKINFORMALnounCUKINFORMALaman,oftenonewhoisconsideredtoaman,oftenonewhoisconsideredtobeordinary:beordinary:Pauls a really good bloke Pauls a really good bloke (=Ilikehima(=Ilikehimalot)lot). .Hes a funny (sort of) bloke Hes a funny (sort of) bloke (=slightly(=slightlystrange)strange). .n nruminateruminate(THINK)(THINK)verbIFORMALverbIFORMALtothinkcarefullyandforalongperiodtothinkcarefullyandforalongperiodaboutsomething:aboutsomething:She ruminated for weeks about whether She ruminated for weeks about whether to tell him or not.to tell him or not.Unit 9n nstolidstolidadjectiveSLIGHTLYadjectiveSLIGHTLYDISAPPROVINGDISAPPROVING(ofaperson)calmandnotshowing(ofaperson)calmandnotshowingemotionorexcitement,or(ofathing)emotionorexcitement,or(ofathing)notinterestingorattractive:notinterestingorattractive:Hes a very stolid, serious man.Hes a very stolid, serious man.The college is a stolid-looking The college is a stolid-looking building with no lawn.building with no lawn.n nexultantexultantadjectiveFORMALadjectiveFORMALveryhappy,especiallyatsomeoneveryhappy,especiallyatsomeoneelsesdefeatorfailure:elsesdefeatorfailure:an exultant cheeran exultant cheeran exultant crowdan exultant crowdUnit 9n ninvincibleinvincibleadjectiveadjectiveimpossibletodefeatorpreventfromdoingimpossibletodefeatorpreventfromdoingwhatisintended:whatisintended:Last year the company Last year the company seemed/lookedseemed/looked invincible but in recent weeks has begun invincible but in recent weeks has begun to have problems.to have problems.n nsupplesupple(BENDING)(BENDING)n nbendingorabletobebenteasily;notstiff:bendingorabletobebenteasily;notstiff:Im not supple enough Im not supple enough (=Mybodydoesnt(=Mybodydoesntbendeasilyenough)bendeasilyenough) to be able to touch to be able to touch the floor with my hands while Im standing the floor with my hands while Im standing up.up.The gloves were made of very supple The gloves were made of very supple leather.leather.Unit 9n npalpitatepalpitateverbIverbI(oftheheart)tobeatveryfastand(oftheheart)tobeatveryfastandirregularly:irregularly:My heart was palpitating My heart was palpitating withwith fear. fear.palpitationspalpitationspluralnounpluralnoun1 1whenyourheartbeatstooquicklywhenyourheartbeatstooquicklyorirregularly:orirregularly:He ended up in hospital with heart He ended up in hospital with heart palpitations.palpitations.Unit 9n nwrench(PULL)verb1T+adverborprepositiontopullandtwistsomethingsuddenlyorviolentlyawayfromafixedposition:The photographer tripped over a lead, wrenching a microphone from its stand.The phone had been wrenched from/off the wall.The ball was wrenched out of his grasp by another player.His hands were tied but he managed to wrench himself free.Unit 9n nORALWORKn nRole-playn nWhatDoPeopleComeOuttoSeeinaBoxingMatch?n nInteractionActivitiesn nOnSportsUnit 9n nSuggestions:Suggestions:n n1.1.For-Yes.NearlyallsportspracticedtodayFor-Yes.Nearlyallsportspracticedtodayarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,andagamearecompetitive.Youplaytowin,andagamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttohaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Oftenyourepresentyourclass,yourwin.Oftenyourepresentyourclass,yourschool,thelocalitywhereyouarefrom,orevenschool,thelocalitywhereyouarefrom,orevenyourcountry,inathleticcontests;andyoudoyourcountry,inathleticcontests;andyoudothebestyoucaninordertowin.thebestyoucaninordertowin.n nAgainst-Notalways.OftenpeopleareAgainst-Notalways.Oftenpeopleareengagedinsportsactivitiesforamusementorengagedinsportsactivitiesforamusementorexercise.Takegolf,tennis,orbasketball,forexercise.Takegolf,tennis,orbasketball,forexample.Lotsofpeopleplaythesenottowinaexample.Lotsofpeopleplaythesenottowinagamebuttokeepfit.gamebuttokeepfit.n n2.giveyourownopinionsonthisquestion.2.giveyourownopinionsonthisquestion.Unit 9n n3.a.Similarity:Bothboxingand3.a.Similarity:Bothboxingandwushuwushuenableoneenableonetodefendoneselfandattackothers.todefendoneselfandattackothers.n nb.Differences:b.Differences:n ni.Boxingonlyconsistsoffreecombatwhilei.Boxingonlyconsistsoffreecombatwhilewushuwushu combinesfreecombatwithroutineperformances.combinesfreecombatwithroutineperformances.n nii.Boxinginvolvestwopeople,butii.Boxinginvolvestwopeople,butwushuwushudoesnot.doesnot.n niii.Boxingisalmostalwayscompetitive,butiii.Boxingisalmostalwayscompetitive,butwushuwushu isnot.isnot.n niv.Peoplelearntodoiv.Peoplelearntodowushuwushuinordertokeepfit,butinordertokeepfit,butthisisnotsowithboxing.thisisnotsowithboxing.n n4.a.physicalexercise4.a.physicalexercisen nb.amusementb.amusementn nc.competitionc.competitionUnit 9n nGUIDED WRITINGn nPrcis Writingn nParagraph Writingn nLetter WritingThankyou