Chapter 11 Emotion, Stress, and CopingZhang ZhiyongDepartment of PsychologyPeking University你在闹情绪吗？bb心境如何？bb你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？bb你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？bb心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？bb如何保持良好的心情？DefinitionbEmotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.Outlinesbb EmotionbbStressbbCoping bbSome Concluding Thoughts1 EmotionbbPhysiological ComponentsbbSubjective ExperiencebbEmotional ExpressionbbA Taxonomy of EmotionsbbPerspectives on EmotionbbA Different Perspective: Integrating the Perspectives on Emotion1.1 Physiological ComponentsbbWilliam James (1884) the peripheral theorythe peripheral theorybbCarl Lange (1885) James-Lange theoryJames-Lange theorybbCannon (1927) and Bard (1934) Two criticisms to James-Lange theoryTwo criticisms to James-Lange theory Too slowToo slow Not specificNot specific Cannon-Bard theoryCannon-Bard theory害怕James-Lange Theory害怕Cannon-Bard TheoryThe neuro-psychology of emotionbEmotion located in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous system?bDistributed throughout the nervous systembThree areas of the brain of special importance:Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortexThe Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system, Amygdala, the brain emotional computerbTwo circuits of the emotional reactionbThe role of the cortex with respect to emotion1.2 Subjective Experiencebbhappy, angry, sad, and ElatedbbIndividual difference in the intensity of emotional statesPersonality disorders/Psychological disorderPersonality disorders/Psychological disorderbbAcknowledging and examining ones feelings can have a positive impact on health. (Berry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,1990)1.3 Emotional ExpressionbbThe overt behavioral signs of emotionbbVarious ways: facial expressions, posture, gestures, and tone of voice.bbCreating fear in the face1.3.1 Facial Expression and EmotionbbTomkinsTomkins(1962): the face is the primary center (1962): the face is the primary center of emotionof emotionbbThe relationship between emotion and facial The relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(individuals and cultures.(EkmanEkman, 1971), 1971)bbFacial expressions not only indicate a person Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjective physiological and subjective components.(components.(EkmanEkman, 1992), 1992)1.3.2 1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Display RulesCulture and Emotional Display RulesbSome facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979)Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness.Izard(1977): shame and interest.bDisplay rules: express in an appropriate way within their culture or subculture.Stephan et al(1996): Costa Rica & US on PE, NE expressingEkman(1977): Japanese & North Americans, aware or unaware of being observed.Cool1.3.3 Gender and Emotional ExpressionbbWoman probably experience emotion more Woman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from intensely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotion more intensely and openly than express emotion more intensely and openly than men.men.bbChildren as young as 3Children as young as 3 yrs yrs old recognize that old recognize that females are more likely to express fear, sadness, females are more likely to express fear, sadness, and happiness, and males, anger.and happiness, and males, anger.bbThe possible reason: gender rolesThe possible reason: gender roles1.4 A Taxonomy of EmotionsbbBasic EmotionsbbPositive affect / Negative affectBasic EmotionsbbCriterion: (Izard & Buechler, 1980) An emotion is basic if it has characteristic An emotion is basic if it has characteristic physiological, subjective, and expressive physiological, subjective, and expressive components.components.bbAnger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgustbbSurprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust, and anticipation.Positive affect / Negative affectbbTwo factors underlie people self-reported emotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Tellegen, 1985)bbApproach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affectbbThe tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55)bbOne final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)An emotion hierarchyEmotionEmotionPositivePositiveNegativeNegativeLoveLoveJoyJoyAngerAngerSadnessSadnessFearFearFondnessFondnessInfatuationInfatuationBlissBlissPridePrideJealousyJealousyAnnoyanceAnnoyanceThe Emotion Wheel ( (PlutchikPlutchik,1984),1984)接受恐惧惊奇忧伤厌恶愤怒期待喜悦爱敬畏怜悯进取乐观鄙视谦恭失望1.5 Perspectives on EmotionbbPsychodynamic Perspectives on EmotionbbCognitive Perspectives on EmotionbbThe Evolutionary PerspectivebbBehaviorist PerspectivePsychodynamicPsychodynamic Perspectives on Emotion Perspectives on EmotionbBeing unconscious of one own emotional experienceMoray(1969)Neutral words-conditioned fear-inducing wordsWords in Unattended channelbUnconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even healthPeople regularly delude themselves about their own abilities and personality attributes as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion.Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionbbInterpretation and Emotion SchachterSchachter-Singer theory (1962): not simply the -Singer theory (1962): not simply the subjective awareness of arousalsubjective awareness of arousal CriticismCriticismEmotion-inducingEmotion-inducingstimulusstimulusPhysiologicalPhysiologicalarousalarousalCognitive Cognitive interpretationinterpretationof arousalof arousalEmotionEmotionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionbbCognition and Appraisal People emotions reflect their judgments and People emotions reflect their judgments and appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus) Finding a doctor negligent or incompetentFinding a doctor negligent or incompetentbbZajonc(1980): mere exposure effectbbThe Influence of Emotion and Mood on CognitionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionbbThe Influence of Emotion and Mood on Cognition Mood: relatively extended emotional states that Mood: relatively extended emotional states that typically do not shift attentiontypically do not shift attention Affects on memory, thinking(judgments, Affects on memory, thinking(judgments, inferences, or predictions)inferences, or predictions) Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%)Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%) Depressed personDepressed personThe Evolutionary PerspectivebbEmotion serve an adaptive purposebbCommunicative functionbbA powerful source of motivation (movere)bbWhy people become jealous in intimate? Female: emotional commitmentFemale: emotional commitment Male: sexual accessMale: sexual access Buss et al(1992): study 1,2,3Buss et al(1992): study 1,2,3The Behaviorist PerspectivebbConditioned emotionbbReinforced emotional behavior2 StressbbA challenge to a persons capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral responses.2 StressbbStress as a Psychobiological ProcessbbStress as a Transactional ProcessbbSources of StressbbStress and Health2.1 2.1 Stress as aStress as a Psychobiological Psychobiological Process Processbb Hans Selye (1936, 1976)bbGeneral adaptation syndromeThree stages:Three stages: alarmalarm resistanceresistance exhaustionexhaustion2.2 2.2 Stress as a Transactional ProcessStress as a Transactional ProcessbbRichard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993)Richard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993)bbThe extent of stress depends on the persons appraisal The extent of stress depends on the persons appraisal of both the situation and his ability to cope with it.of both the situation and his ability to cope with it.bbLazaruss two stages in the process of stress and copingLazaruss two stages in the process of stress and copingprimary appraisal: whats it?Secondary appraisal: What should I do?bbLazaruss three types of stress: Lazaruss three types of stress: harm/lossthreatchallengebbSocial and economic forcesSocial and economic forces2.3 Sources of StressbbStressorbbLife EventsbbCatastrophesbbDaily HasslesHolmes-Holmes-RaheRahe Life Events Rating Scale(1967) Life Events Rating Scale(1967)bbDeath of spouse 100Death of spouse 100bbDivorce 73Divorce 73bbMarital separation 65Marital separation 65bbJail term 63Jail term 63bbDeath of family_m 63Death of family_m 63bbPersonalPersonal inju inju/ill 53/ill 53bbMarriage 50Marriage 50bbFired at work 47Fired at work 47bbRetirement 45Retirement 45bbPregnancy 40Pregnancy 40bbBusiness readjust 39Business readjust 39bbBegin or endBegin or end sch sch. 26. 26bbTrouble with boss 23Trouble with boss 23bbChange in reside 20Change in reside 20bbVocation 13Vocation 13bbChristmas 12Christmas 12Life events and its meaning for individualsLife events and its meaning for individualsbbPerceived stress-The different meanings of various events for different individuals.bbLonger-lasting effects ParkesParkes & Brown(1972): 45 & Brown(1972): 45 yrs yrs. People who . People who widowed an average of 14 monthswidowed an average of 14 months Increased illness, appetite disturbance, Increased illness, appetite disturbance, depression,sleep disturbances fatigue, depression,sleep disturbances fatigue, loneliness, and higher mortality rate.loneliness, and higher mortality rate.bbAcculturative stress2.3 Sources of StressbbStressorbbLife EventsbbCatastrophes Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSDPost-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD Survivors guiltSurvivors guiltbbDaily Hassles常见的日常烦恼bb担心体重担心体重bb家人的健康家人的健康bb生活必须品的涨价生活必须品的涨价bb家务家务bb要做的事情太多要做的事情太多bb东西找不着或丢失东西找不着或丢失bb收拾院落或室外收拾院落或室外bb财产、投资或交税财产、投资或交税bb犯罪犯罪bb体型相貌体型相貌2.4 Stress and HealthbbStress People 酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少bbStress and the Immune SystembbStress, Health, and Personality Type A behavior pattern (Friedman &Type A behavior pattern (Friedman & RosenmanRosenman, 1959), 1959)Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile.hostile.Power Motivation, HardinessPower Motivation, Hardiness3 Coping bbCoping MechanismsbbDefense MechanismsbbThe impact of Culture on Coping StylesbbSocial SupportbbCommentary3.1 Coping MechanismsbbChange the situationProblem solvingProblem solvingbbAlter ones cognitionbbAlter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress3.2 Defense MechanismsbbRepressionbbDenialbbProjectionbbReaction formationbbSublimationbbRationalizationbbPassive aggression3.3 3.3 The impact of Culture on Coping StylesThe impact of Culture on Coping StylesbbU.S. Children are more likely to attempt to master stressful situations activelybbMexican children are socialized to modify themselves rather than confronting obstacles in the environment.bbLow effort syndrome3.4 Social Supportbb有可信任的人，可以指望获得帮助和关心。bb机制缓冲假设缓冲假设积极支持力积极支持力3.5 3.5 Commentary: A CaveatCommentary: A CaveatbbThe use of questionnairesTwo implicit assumptionsTwo implicit assumptions Everyone experiences the same events to the Everyone experiences the same events to the same stressful degreesame stressful degree People know what is stressful to them and can People know what is stressful to them and can report the mechanisms they use to cope with report the mechanisms they use to cope with themthembbArtifacts of correlating variables that are not independent of each other4 Some Concluding Thoughtsbb情绪是一种评价bb情绪有基本的类型模式bb情绪与无意识、生理、认知、适应性bb应激源、应激模型bb应付与自我防御机制