资源预览内容
第1页 / 共91页
第2页 / 共91页
第3页 / 共91页
第4页 / 共91页
第5页 / 共91页
第6页 / 共91页
第7页 / 共91页
第8页 / 共91页
第9页 / 共91页
第10页 / 共91页
亲,该文档总共91页,到这儿已超出免费预览范围,如果喜欢就下载吧!
资源描述
Chapter 5 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity第五章第五章 土壤酸碱度土壤酸碱度The degree of acidity or alkalinity is a master(显(显著的,主要的)著的,主要的) variable (易变的)(易变的) that affects nearly all soil propertieschemical,biological, and physical. Commonly expressed as soil pH, this variable largely controls plant nutrient availability and microbial reaction in soils.1有1000克土样,分别含H+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Na+,K+和Al3+离子8,5,16,1,1和4cmol,土样中有机质含量为2%(有机质平均CEC约为350cmol/kg),粘粒含量是25%,求:(1)土壤的CEC(2)土壤盐基饱和度(3)若土样仅为一种粘粒矿物组成,试推断是何种矿物?2C.E.C.=8+5+16+1+1+4=35cmol(+)/kgBSP=(5+16+1+1)100/35=65.71%Hu=2%,CEC=2350/100=7cmol(+)/kg有机质粘粒矿物CEC=35-7=28cmol(+)/kg若为单一矿物,则:CEC=28100/25=112cmol(+)/kg蒙脱石3一土壤酸度的存在形式和相互关系(Formsandtheirrelationshipofsoilacidities)1活性酸度:土壤溶液中游离的H+活度Active aciditytheactivityofhydrogenionintheaqueousphaseofasoil.2潜性酸度:土壤胶体上吸附的交换性H+,Al3+所显示的酸度Potential aciditytheactivitydisplayedbyexchangeableH+andAl3+thatwereabsorbedonsoilcolloid.第一节第一节 土壤酸度土壤酸度Section 1 Soil acidity43总酸度(Totalacidity):活性酸与潜性酸的总和活性酸与潜性酸的关系:(1)处于相互转化的动态平衡(2)潜性酸远大于远大于活性酸(3)土壤酸度的根本来源(起源)活性酸H+Al3+ H+,Al3+5二 土壤酸度产生的原因(一)活性酸1土壤生物活动产生H+(1)生物呼吸放出CO2+H2OH2CO3H+HCO3-(2)有机质分解产生有机酸(3)土壤中的的铵盐和硫化物在特殊微生物(如:硝化细菌,硫化细菌)的作用下转化成酸(HNO3,H2SO4)2大气,土壤空气中的CO23吸附态H+,Al3+通过解离和水解变成活性酸4土壤中H2O的解离6(二)潜性酸1吸附态,结合态以及官能团上H+的解离和交换2吸附态Al3+(1)吸附态Al3+的产生氢铝转化过程氢铝转化过程(土壤胶体上吸附态H+减少而Al3+增加的现象)只有Al3+粘土,没有H+粘土7Al+Ca2+Ca+Al3+Oncethealuminumenterthesoilsolutionitreactswithwatertoformhydroxyaluminumcompoundsandfreehydrogenions.Al3+H2OAl(OH)2+H+Al(OH)2+H2OAl(OH)2+H+Al(OH)2+H2OAl(OH)3+H+(2)吸附态Al3+产生酸的机制8思考:1 红壤用酸不断淋洗,最后得到什么胶体?2 南方强酸性土与弱酸性土通过Al3+产生酸度的机理是否相同?为什么?9The main sources of net acid inputs are as follows:ThedissolutionofCO2inthesoilwatertoformcarbonicacidwhichdissociatesaccordingtoCO2+H2OH2CO3H+HCO3-H+CO32-Theaccumulationandhumificationofsoilorganicmatter,producinghumicresidueswithahighdensityofcarboxylandphenolicgroups(羧基和酚基)thatdissociateH+ions.10Inputs of H2SO4, HNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 from the atmosphere or acid rain.In soils formed on marine muds (海相沉积海相沉积), or coal-bearing sedimentary rocks (碳基沉积岩)碳基沉积岩), the oxidation of iron pyrites (黄铁矿)黄铁矿)FeS2 gives rise to acid sulphate (硫酸盐)硫酸盐)soils.Nitrification of NH4+ions, producing H+ ions, and NO3- which is susceptible (易受影响的易受影响的) to leaching.11Removal ofCa2+ and Mg2+Plant and animalresiduesATMOSPHERESOILAtmospheric inputsOf acidityWet and drydepositionH+ in solutionBiomass activity-acid productionMineralization and nitrification H+NO3Respiration H2CO3Production of organic acidsAcid attack of soil minerals-acid consumptionH+H+SolutionAl3+,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,H+e.g. Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2OCaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2Root activity-acid productionCation and anion uptakeH+ or OH- releaseRespiration H2CO3Exudation e.g. Citric acidLeachingCation exchange- acid storageExchangeableCa2+Mg2+K+Al3+H+H+,Al3+Ca2+,Mg2+K+Solution+-+-ClayHumus-LeachingIntogroundwaterAl3+ Ca2+Mg2+ K+H+The process of soil acidification12三土壤酸度的表示方法四(Indicativemethodsofsoilacidity)(一)活性酸度pH值:是土壤酸度的强度指标(Intensityindex)ActiveacidityduetotheH+andAl3+ionsinthesoilsolution.一般地pHH2OpHKCl在pH分级方面,各国的均不一致;我国土壤酸碱反应大致呈“南酸北碱”,确切地说是“东南酸而西北碱”的分布趋势;大体分五级:13pH酸碱度级别Grade8.5强碱性Stronglyalkalinesoil14(二)交换性酸度Exchange aciditythetitratable(可滴定)hydrogenandaluminumthatcanreplacedfromtheadsorptioncomplexbyaneutralsaltsolution.+4KClHAl4K+Al3+H+4Cl-Al3+H2OAl(OH)3+3H+性质:容量指标(Capacityindex);单位:cmol/kg特点:(1)包括活性酸;(2)(2)不能将胶体上全部的H+、Al3+代换下来,因此,它只是潜性酸的大部分,而非全部。15Salt-replaceable acidity, involving the aluminum and hydrogen that are easily exchangeable by other cations in a simple unbuffered salt solution such as KCl.Salt-replaceable acidityThe quantity of salt-replaceable acidity (exchangeable acidity) is much higher, commonly more than 100 times that needed to neutralize the soil solution (active) acidity.16(三)水解性酸度(Hydrolysisacidity)用弱酸强碱盐类(如NaAc)浸提土壤,将交换性H+,Al3+置换到土壤溶液中所显示的酸度性质:容量指标(Capacityindex);单位:cmol/kg特点:(1)包括活性酸。(2)它可以代表土壤总酸度(改良酸性土壤计算石灰施用量的依据)。4NaAc+4H2O4NaOH+4HAcHAl+4NaOH+4HAc4Na +Al(OH)3+H2O+4HAc17Residual acidity (Hydrolysis acidity)Residual acidity, which is associated with the large quantity of Al3+,H+ and Al(OH)x ions that are bound in nonexchangeable forms by organic matter and silicate (硅酸盐硅酸盐) clays.The residual acidity is far greater than either the active or salt-replaceable acidity. It may be 1000 times greater than the soil solution or active acidity in sandy soil and 50,000 or even 100,000 times greater in a clayey soil high in organic matter.18第二节土壤碱度Section2soilalkalinity一土壤碱度产生的原因二1土壤中的碱金属和碱土金属盐类的水解(主要是碳酸盐和重碳酸盐)三2有些土壤中的中性盐(Na2SO4)的水解四3胶体上吸附的Na,Ca,Mg离子的水解MicelleCa2+ 2H2OMicelleH+H+ Ca2+ 2OH-(soilsolid)(soilsolution)(soilsolid)(soilsolution)Sources of alkalinity:Base-forming cations19Sources of alkalinityRoleofcarbonatesandbicarbonatesRoleofthecations(Na+versusCa2+)InfluencesofsaltsNaHCO3Na+HCO3-MicelleNa+ H2OMicelleH+ Na+ OH-(soilsolid)(soilsolution)(soilsolid)(soilsolution)CO2+H2OH2CO3H2O+H2CO3CO32-+H2OOH-OH-H+H+201碱化度碱化度土壤胶体上交换性Na+占交换性阳离子的比例一般地Na+15%以上,pH8.5的土壤为碱土碱土2总碱度指标总碱度指标测定土壤中碱性盐类水解所产生的碱度即:测碳酸盐和重碳酸盐类(1)碱性盐类的cmol/kg(2)CO32-,HCO3-的重量百分数二土壤碱度的指标Indexofsoilalkalinity21土壤碱化度指标及土壤状况土壤碱化度指标及土壤状况水溶性盐碱化度(cmol/kg)0.60.61.51.52.0Na+饱和度(%)010102020(甚至达90%)土壤状况不发生碱化或轻微碱化明显碱化强烈碱化22Index of soil alkalinitySodium statusTwoexpressionsareusedtocharacterizethesodiumstatesofhighlyalkalinesoils.Theexchangeable sodium percentage(ESP)identifiesthedegreetowhichtheexchangeablecomplexissaturatedwithsodium.ESP=ExchangeableNa+,cmol/kgCationexchangeablecapacity,cmol/kg100ESPlevelsof15areassociatedwithpHvaluesof8.5andabove.23Index of soil alkalinityThesodium adsorption ratio(SAR)isasecondmoreeasilymeasuredpropertythatisbecomingevenmorewidelyusethanESP.TheSARgivesinformationonthecomparativeconcentrationsofNa+,Ca2+,andMg2+insoilsolutions.SAR=Na+(Ca2+Mg2+)1/2WhereNa+,Ca2+,andMg2+aretheconcentrations(inmmol/L)ofsodium,calcium,andmagnesiumionsinthesoilsolution.24三三碱化作用碱化作用(Alkalization)四土壤呈碱性时,导致土壤理化性状所发生的各种变化主要表现:土粒高度分散湿时泥泞不透水气干时坚硬结果:导致耕性、物理性质、化学性质、生物性状的恶化产生碱化作用时,碱土中碱金属离子比:Ca:Mg:Na:K=4:1:9:125(一)酸性1气候(1)水,温(2)生物活性2施肥3灌溉4酸性红壤的浊流水(串灌)5母质因素(靠近黄铁矿)四影响土壤酸碱性的因素26(二)碱性1气候干旱蒸发量降水量2生物因素3母质基性超基性岩4地下水,灌溉水27第三节盐基饱和度,CO2偏压等与土壤pH的关系一盐基饱和度的影响二饱和:中微碱性三H+,Al3+占2040%:酸强酸性盐基饱和度0% 50% 100%盐基完全不饱和土壤盐基半饱和土壤盐基完全饱和土壤极限极限 pH半中和点半中和点pH中和点中和点pH281、极限、极限pH土壤胶体上吸附的离子全为H+、Al3+时的pH。可表示土壤胶体的最低pH,可反映潜性酸的强度。pH极限:高岭(4.55.0)蒙脱(3.5)腐殖质实质上判断3种胶体CEC的大小,CEC,pH极限决定因子:净负电荷数量所以:一般地,南方土壤pH极限北方土壤pH极限pH极限:砖红壤(4.95.2)红壤(4.54.6)黄棕壤(3.94.1)292、半中和点、半中和点pH土壤胶体上盐基离子饱和度等于非盐基离子(H+、Al3+)饱和度时的pH。3、中和点、中和点pH土壤胶体盐基离子饱和度等于100%时的pH。各种土壤差别不大:8.20.1pH半中和点半中和点=pK30二土壤空气的CO2偏压对pH的影响CaCO3CO2H2O体系(土壤中)CO2+H2OH2CO32H+CO32-K=H+2CO32-/H2CO3=H+2CO32-/CO2H2OH2O不变,可忽略;CO32-= K CO2/ H+2CaCO3Ca2+CO32-Ksp=Ca2+CO32-/CaCO3=Ca2+CO32-CO32-=Ksp/ Ca2+31Ksp/Ca2+=KCO2/H+2H+2=Ca2+CO2K/Ksp2pH= K+pCa2+pCO2(K=-lgK/Ksp)pH = 4.92 0.5lg Ca2+ 0.5lg CO2公式意义:(1)对石灰性土壤,随Ca2+、CO2的升高,pH下降(2)测定土壤pH值时,要煮沸蒸馏水,排除CO2,冷却后用(3)土壤田间pH高低,受CO2多少的影响pH风干土样pH田间土样32三土壤水分状况对pH的影响测pH水:土=1:1(中国)或2.5:1(国际)规定水土比原因:(1)中性-石灰性土壤,增加水土比会导致pH值上升CaCO3+H2OH2CO3+Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH-Ca +2H2OHH+Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH-(2)酸性土,稀释(加水)会使pH值上升稀释效应?(不祥)各类土壤增加水土比,都会使各类土壤增加水土比,都会使pH值升高值升高33四土壤氧化-还原条件问题:某地红壤,小麦和水稻各种一半,哪一半土壤pH高?pH水稻pH小麦?(1)有机质嫌气分解产生NH3(NH4+),在嫌气条件下不易变成NO3-,而是与土壤中的CO2生成(NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3H2CO3+NH4OHNH3+OH-34(2)还原条件下,出现Mn2+,Fe2+,可生成MnCO3,FeCO3,水解后呈碱性(3)酸性硫酸盐土(pH23),淹水后,硫酸盐还原为硫化物(水解呈碱性)对碱性土:pH水稻pH小麦,为什么?嫌气条件产生有机酸(多)嫌气条件下微生物释放的CO2向大气扩散慢结论:淹水使酸性土和碱性土趋于中性淹水使酸性土和碱性土趋于中性35第四节土壤的缓冲作用Section4soilbufferaction一定义(Difinition):二三当向土壤中加入酸或碱时,土壤所具有的减缓pH改变的作用,叫SoiltendtoresistchangesinthepHofthesoilsolution.Thisresistance,calledbuffering.36二原因:三1土壤胶体的阳离子交换作用CaH+H2SO43H +CaSO4CaH+NaOHCaNa+H2O2土壤溶液中多种弱酸及弱酸盐CaCO3+H2SO4CaSO4+H2CO3373土壤中的一些两性胶体物质R-CH-COOH+HCl=R-CH-COOHNH2NH3Cl+NaOH=R-CH-COONaNH3OH384酸性土壤中的活性Al3+或交换性Al3+对碱的缓冲作用继续加碱,可以出现多个“-OH-”把Al3+“拉起来”,形成多个“Al-OH-Al”(P.134)条件:pH蒙脱石伊利石高岭石R2O3粘土壤土砂土2土壤盐基饱和度CEC相等条件下:盐基饱和度越大大,对酸酸的缓冲性越强强盐基饱和度越小小,对碱碱的缓冲性越强强43第五节土壤反应与肥力关系一、对土壤肥力及植物生长影响1、对养分有效性的影响总体看,pH67范围内各种元素有效性普遍较高养分有效性受土壤酸碱性影响较大(1)由图可见酸性:N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg,B,Mo有效性降低Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,Co易过剩碱性:Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Co有效性降低44pHnOptimal pH value: 5 6nMaximal nutrient availability nHigh pH values:nReduced nutrient availabilitynLow pH values:nReduced nutrient availabilitynToxic levels of Al, Mn45(2)原因:从微生物活性考虑从溶度积考虑从发生化学沉淀考虑从流失考虑46pH8.5时,Na+多,P溶解性增强在酸性:K,Ca,Mg易流失,使土壤中减少2影响理化性质pH碱化Na+饱和度高土粒分散性状变坏酸化pHH+多(Ca2+,Mg2+流失)483、对植物生长的影响(1)Al3+的毒害(pH5.5)界限:0.2cmolAl3+/kg;症状:根系变粗、短,影响养分吸收pH5.56.3时,大部分Al3+沉淀,Al3+毒消除过碱:主要是NaOH的腐蚀(不是毒害)49(2)根据植物对酸碱的敏感性分为:敏感植物和不敏感植物敏感植物指示植物指示植物:一些植物对酸碱性有着不同的爱好,它们只能在某一定的酸碱范围内生长,因为这些植物能对土壤酸碱性起指示作用,故称之为土壤酸碱性的“指示植物”。耐酸植物:茶树,羽扇豆;耐碱植物:盐蒿,柽柳,碱蓬50二土壤酸碱性的调节(一)酸性土酸性调节1、调节途径:施用石灰(Ca(OH)2,CaO,CaCO3)2、调节机理2H+Ca(OH)2Ca2+2H2O(活性酸)HAl+Ca(OH)2CaCa+Al(OH)3+H2O(潜性酸)51Limetruckspreadinglimeonthefield523、影响中和速度的因素粘粒矿物类型蒙脱石Al(OH)2+(在晶层)土壤和石灰颗粒的粗细土壤温度、水温534、石灰用量计算石灰用量=土壤体积容重阳离子交换量(1-盐基饱和度)54(二)对碱性土的调节1施用有机肥2施用化学物质(1)FeSO4(2)硫磺粉,黄铁矿(FeS)3施用生理酸性肥料如:(NH4)2SO4,KCl4对碱化土壤,施用石膏石膏551酸性土壤pH对作物的危害主要是()作用(选:直接,间接);其主要影响途径是:(1)(2)(3)2pH5.5的酸性土,用中性盐BaCl2溶液浸提,被代换出的阳离子,可以被检测出来的可能有();不会或很少有的为();因为()3酸性土的旱地和水田,用石灰改良,其增产原因()(选:相同,不同);因为()4酸性土施用石灰过多会()(选:增加,减少)钾的有效性,因为()作业作业56Chapter 6 Soil nutrientThe essential elementsThere are 16 elements without which green plants cannot grow normally and reproduce. On the basis of their concentration in plants, these essential elements are subdivided into:The macronutrients C, H, O, N, P, K ,Ca, Mg, S and Cl which occur at concentration 100 mg kg-1 (plant dry matter basis), andThe micronutrients Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo which are generally 10010050404020木本,豆科非豆科,阔叶林针叶林2气候:通过温度、湿度影响湿度:湿度因素(H)=降雨量/蒸发量H土壤氮素N=A(1-e-cH)温度:H一定时,温度,土壤氮素N=ce-kt693质地:粘土中壤土轻壤土砂土4地势、地形:通过温度、湿度影响5耕地利用:水田旱地总的来看,影响有机质含量的因素都会影响氮素含量总的来看,影响有机质含量的因素都会影响氮素含量70三土壤氮素的有效化和无效化过程及其调节1有效化有机态氮矿化(氨化,硝化)无机固定态释放2无效化(1)NO3-淋失(2)反硝化作用(嫌气条件)2HNO3+4H+-2H2O2HNO2+2H+-2H2O2NO+2H+-H2ON2O+2H+-H2ON2(3)NH3挥发(4)NH4+的晶格固定713调节及预防(1)NO3-淋失控制施肥(2)反硝化作用减少NO3-生成(3)NH3挥发深施覆土(4)NH4+的晶格固定增施有机肥保持土壤湿润(5)增强微生物活性72NITROGEN CYCLESoil organic matterNH4+NO2-NO3-Plant uptakeNitrificationImmobilizationVolatilizationGaseous lossesN2, N2O, NH3 c l a y c l a y desorption adsorptionN removal by plant(harvest)LeachingGAINSLOSSESMineralizationN fertilizersN fixationlegumesCompostManureLOSSES73PHOSPHORUSn 0.2 % plant dry weightnFunctionsnNucleic acids/DNA (genetic code)(核酸/遗传密码)nSugar phosphates(植素?)nATP (energy)nPhospholipids(磷脂)nCoenzymes(辅酵素)nUptake: phosphate anion H2PO4- ; HPO42-nForms insoluble precipitates with Ca, Mg, Al, FenNot mobile in soil (adsorption & precipitation)74第二节土壤中的磷一 含量及形态1含量P2O50.050.46%P0.020.2%P2O5=2.29P2形态(1)有机态核酸,植素,磷脂(2)无机态主要有三类矿物态磷酸钙,镁,铝,铁等Ca-P,Al-P,Fe-P,O-P代换态H2PO4-,HPO42-为主,PO43-很少水溶态H2PO4-,HPO42-,PO43-753磷(土壤)的有效性速效磷水溶性,一部分吸附-交换态,弱酸弱碱溶性缓效磷-一部分吸附态,一部分矿物态无效磷溶度积大于30的矿物态76二土壤中磷的固定及机制Phosphate fixationOrthophosphate(H2PO4-andHPO42-)isadsorbedbysoilparticleswhereitsavailabilitysteadilydeclineswithtime,aprocesscalled1化学沉淀固定化学沉淀固定Al3+(Fe3+)+H2PO4-+2H2OAl(Fe)(OH)2H2PO4Ca2+H2PO4-CaHPO4772表面反应机制交换反应高岭高岭-OH-OH-OH-O-O-O+HPO42-P=O+2H2O+OH-北方土壤Ca+K+HPO42-Ca-HPO4K表面次生反应CaCO3+HPO42-CaCO3CaHPO4CaCO3Ca3(PO4)2CaCO3Ca10(PO4)6CO3783闭蓄机制Fe(OH)2H2PO4+OH-Fe(OH)3+H2PO4-pKsp=3335pKsp=3738粉红磷铁矿4生物同化固定C/P200/1固定79三三 影响土壤磷有效性因素及减少固磷途径影响土壤磷有效性因素及减少固磷途径pH胶体类型及性质土壤有机质土壤氧化还原状况其它因素SiO2/R2O3固磷无定形凝胶结晶态1:1型2:1型包被粘粒,R2O3,CaCO3等HA,FA络合Fe3+,Al3+,Ca2+产生CO2,有机酸等淹水,pH, Fe(OH)2H2PO4水解淹水,还原条件,Fe3+ Fe2+粘土砂土干湿交替经常湿润微生物活性,同化磷80POTASSIUMn 1 % plant dry weightnFunctionsnRegulates osmotic pressure(调节渗透压) nRegulates 60 enzyme systems(酶系统)nAids in photosynthesis(促进光合作用)nFavors translocation of photosynthates(助光合产物传输)nRegulates stomata and water use(调节气孔和用水)nEnhances N uptake and protein synthesis(促进N吸收和蛋白质合成)nUptake: potassium cation K+nLimited mobility in soils (adsorption)nMay leach in sandy soils81第三节土壤中的钾一含量及形态1含量:矿质土壤(K2O)约1.40%;地壳(K2O)约3.11%2形态:有机态约1%无机态矿物态约98%代换态约12%(40600ppm)水溶态约110ppm3有效性:速效,缓效,无效82二影响土壤含钾量的因素(母质,质地,气候,栽培与施肥)三土壤中钾的固定和有效化1固定:2:1型粘矿晶格固定,化学沉淀固定影响晶格固定因素2有效化:无效钾和缓效钾变为速效钾的过程排水,晒田灼烧冻融交替矿物类型水分条件土壤pH酸性土Al3+,Al(OH)2+83 KKKKKKKKK+-K+K+K+Soil clay minerals(illite, vermicullite, etc.)Interlattice(K fixed, trapped)Exchange positions(K adsorbed)KKKSoil primary minerals (micas, feldspars)Structural KKKKKIn Soil SolutionPOTASSIUM DYNAMICS IN SOILSPlantuptakeLeaching Soil solution Exchangeable Non-Exchangeable Mineral Fertilizer KKK+KKREADILY AVAILABLE1 - 4 %UNAVAILABLE92%SLOWLY AVAILABLE2 - 6%weatheringdesorptionadsorption84第四节土壤中的硫,钙,镁一 硫的含量与形态1含量:温带:约0.010.20%干旱区湿润区城市附近其它地区2形态:(1)固体矿物难溶性硫化物和硫酸盐(2)游离态SO42-和S2-(3)交换态SO42-(4)有机态85二硫的转化及影响有效性因素(植物吸收SO42-形态)1有机态硫的矿化2硫化物和元素硫的氧化土壤氧化还原条件和pH影响3硫酸盐矿物的溶解(1)pH,湿度,温度,通气等影响(2)C/S30040086三土壤中钙和镁形态酸性土石灰性土主以矿物存在植物需要量钙镁,而土壤易缺镁钙镁易淋失,需施用肥料交换性Ca2+,Mg2+占CEC9095%其中Ca2+:Mg2+510:187第五节土壤中的微量元素(MnZnCuBMo影响因素:1母质的矿物成分2土壤质地和有机质含量3土壤的酸碱度和淋溶强度4耕作和施肥88二形态水溶态交换态专性吸附态有机态铁锰氧化物包被态矿物态89三三 影响有效度的因素影响有效度的因素(一)影响阳离子型微量元素(Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn)1土壤酸碱度2土壤氧化还原状况3固定作用4有机质5土壤质地(二)影响阴离子型微量元素(B,Mo)B:酸性土石灰性土Mo:酸性土石灰性土90MICRONUTRIENTSnSulphatesaltsofFe-Zn-Mn-CunTheserapidlybecomeunavailableinthesoilnChelates(螯合物):available91
网站客服QQ:2055934822
金锄头文库版权所有
经营许可证:蜀ICP备13022795号 | 川公网安备 51140202000112号