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TEACHER: MR LIUGrammar Non-finite Verbs找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1.Dontteachfishtoswim.2.Hehadagoodmemorylikeanelephant.3. It would be a waste of money building such aluxuriousvilla.1哪些是动词的谓语形式?哪些是动词的谓语形式?4.Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.5.Whenaskedwhy,pleasejustkeepsilent.6. The president was warmly welcomed by theresidents.1谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。谓语动词和非和非谓语动词的判断的判断谓语动词和和非非谓语动词在在高高中中英英语教教和和学学中中具具有有重重要要意意义,主主要要表表现在在写作,写作,语法填空和法填空和阅读长难句判断中句判断中。例如:典型例子: There are many people stand at the gate.Standing的误用1.Togetupearlyisgoodforourhealth.2.Iwanttogetupearly.3.Hisdreamistobeateacher.4.Iseehimsinging.5.Doyouhavesomethingtosay?6.Singinganddancing,thestudentscameintotheclassroom.1性质:它具有动词的特点,但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用,充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用,即:除谓语以外一切成分。非谓语动词2形式不定式不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、相当于名词充当主语、表语、宾语宾语、定语定语。分词分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分状语形成分主语主语表语表语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语补足语补足语不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词3语态必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系,从而来确定非谓必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系,从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。语动词态的语态。过去分词过去分词 v-ed不定式不定式 to + v动词的动词的v-ing非非谓谓语语动动词词表将来,主动。表将来,主动。表进行,主动表进行,主动表完成,被动表完成,被动不定式的被动式不定式的被动式在表示在表示被动的同被动的同时还兼表示未来时还兼表示未来。现在分词的完成式也表现在分词的完成式也表示完成,示完成,尤其是表示有尤其是表示有明显先后时间关系的完明显先后时间关系的完成成。现在分词的被动式在现在分词的被动式在表示表示被动的同时还将被动的同时还将表示进行表示进行。1.动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特别的时形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特别的时间意义。间意义。Swimmingisherfavoritesport.Learningisimportanttomodernlife.2.动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。作。Theywentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.3.动词-ing形式的一般式有形式的一般式有时也可表示在也可表示在谓语动词的的动作之前作之前或之后或之后发生的生的动作。作。Irememberedsendinghimane-maillastweek.HesuggestedtakingmydaughtertothezoothenextSunday.A动词-ing形式的一般式形式的一般式形式动词动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Havinglivedinthiscityforthreeyears,sheknowsitverywell.点津坊在现代英语中,在现代英语中,作宾语作宾语的动词的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。来代替。Ireallyregrettedmissingsuchanexcitinglecture.(=Ireallyregrettedhavingmissedsuchanexcitinglecture.)B 动词-ing形式的完成式形式的完成式动词动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语逻辑主语是动词是动词-ing形式表示的动作的形式表示的动作的承受者承受者。Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Icantstandbeingkeptwaiting.Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseetheschoollibrary.动词动词-ing形式的否定形式由形式的否定形式由not加动词加动词-ing形式构成。形式构成。Hisnotcomingmadeeveryonepresentverydisappointed.A 动词动词-ing形式作主语形式作主语1.动词动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。形式可直接置于句首作主语。Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.2.为了保持句子平衡,通常用先行词为了保持句子平衡,通常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。句末。Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itsawasteoftimearguingaboutit.CC动词动词-ing-ing形式的被动形式形式的被动形式DD动词动词-ing-ing形式的否定形式形式的否定形式成成分分动词动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。形式作主语的几个常用句型。Itsnogoodtalkingtohim.Itisuselesstelephoninghim.Heisnotwillingtocome.Itsworthmakinganeffort.Thereisnosayingwhenitwillstopraining.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.必背B 动词动词-ing形式作表语形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容表示主语的内容 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 2. 表示主语具有的特征表示主语具有的特征 The problem is quite puzzling. 1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitis_(bite)nails(指甲).试牛刀试牛刀C 动词动词-ing形式作宾语形式作宾语动词动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾形式既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。语。1能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类,一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语,另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语,不能用不定式作宾语。)Fancymeetingyouhere!Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.避免错过少延期avoid,miss,putoff,postpone建议完成多练习suggest,finish,practice喜欢想象经不住enjoy,imagine,canthelp承认否定与妒忌admit,deny,envy逃避冒险莫原谅escape,risk,excuse,忍受保持不介意stand,keep,mind词组有admitto/preferto/beusedto/leadto/devoteoneselfto/objectto/stickto/bebusy/lookforwardto/(to为介词)nogoodnouse/Itsworth/aswellas/canthelp/Itsnousegood/betiredof/befondof/becapableof/beafraidof/beproudof/thinkofabout/holdoff/putoff/keepon/insiston/countonupon/setabout/besuccessfulin/goodat/takeup/giveup/burstout/preventfrom只能接只能接动名名词做做宾语的的动词常常见的有:的有:Practice1.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsider_(go)away.2.Practise_(put)yourhandtotheground.3.Icanthelp_(have)thetriptoBritain.4.Donttellmeyoualwaysescape_(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.5.Leaveoff_(bite)yournails!6.Hedidntfeellike_(work),sohesuggested_(spend)thedayinthegarden.7.Youcertainlymustntmiss_(see)thewonderfulfilm.8.Thedoctoradvised_(stay)longerinhospital.9.Weappreciateyour_(want)_(help)usinourdifficulties.10.Michaelhasdelayed_(write)tohertilltoday.11.Thelawforbids_(sell)liquortochildren.12.Theyallsuggested_(give)morechances.13.Canyouimagine_(leave)standingoutsideforawholenight.14.Theybuiltthebankstopreventtheareafrom_(flood).这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语,也能用不定式作宾语,但用法并不相同,主要有以下几种情况:有些动词,如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等,后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。Theypreferspending/tospendtheirsummervacationinDalian.Iintendtobuy/buyinganEnglish-Chinesedictionary.提示应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。IamstartingtolearnRussian.IamstartinglearningRussian.既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语()()有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有所不同。come to do 表示一个渐渐发展的过程Ihopeweshallbefriendsandcometounderstandoneanother.come doing 表示陪衬性的动作Itwasalreadytwooclockwhenshecamehurryingin.go on to do 做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.go on doing 继续做同一件事。Thoughitwasrainingheavily,theywentonworking.有些有些动词或或词组后可后可带动名名词或不定式作或不定式作宾语,但意,但意义上有所不同。上有所不同。 mean to do想要做某事Ididntmeantohurtyou. mean doing 意味着要有一个结果Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾IregrettosayImustleavetomorrow. regret doing对所做的事感到后悔Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier. remember to do讲的是将来的事,表示“不要忘记”Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.remember doing 讲的是过去的事,表示“记起来”Irememberpostingthatletter. forget to do 忘记要做某事Shenearlyforgottogivetheporteratipforhisservice.forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事Illneverforgetmeetingmyschoolheadmasterforthefirsttime.stop to do 停止原来做的事,开始做另一件事Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.stop doing停止正在做的事Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thepupilsstoppedtalking.try to do 设法做某事Imusttrytogeteverythingreadybeforehearrives.try doing试验做某事Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain?Yourcompositionneedscorrecting/tobecorrected.Hiscoatwantscleaning/tobecleaned.Theoldwomanrequireslookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.2作介词宾语作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。need,require,want作作“需需要要”解解时,后后面面接接动词-ing形形式式的的主主动形形式式或或不不定定式式的的被被动形形式式,意意义上并无差上并无差别,但用,但用动词-ing形式比形式比较普通。普通。D 动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语1动词动词-ing形式可以在形式可以在see, look at,notice, watch, observe,feel, find, hear, listen to, smell等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语,和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。足语,和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。Weheardthechildrenshoutingupstairs.Ifeltmyheartbeatingviolently.2动词-ing形式和不定式作形式和不定式作宾语补足足语的区的区别。在see, watch, notice,hear, feel 等感官动词后,既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语,两者之间有一定的区别。用动词用动词-ing-ing形式时,表示动作正在进行形式时,表示动作正在进行;用不定式时,用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。Hesawagirlgettingonthebus.Hesawagirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.3 动词动词-ing形式也可用在形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示等表示致使致使的动词后作宾语补足语。的动词后作宾语补足语。Theyshouldnotleaveuswonderingwhattheywilldonext.Iwonthaveyourunningaboutintheroom.Wekeptthefireburningallnightlong.点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作,通常只能用不定式来表示,不用动词-ing形式。Isawhimentertheroomsitdownandlightacigarette.E 动词动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语1 单个的动词单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。areadingroom=aroomwhichisusedforreadingrunningshoes=shoesforrunningaworkingmethod=amethodofworking必背adrawingboardasewingmachineaswimmingpoolawaitingroomadiningcaradrivingpermitasingingcompetitionawalkingstick 表表示示所所修修饰饰的的人人或或物物的的动动作作或或状状态态,在在意意思思上上接接近近一一个个定定语语从从句句,可可以以表表示示正正在在进进行行的的动动作作,也也可可表表示示经经常常性性动动作作或或当时的状态。当时的状态。developingcountries=countriesthataredevelopinganordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinaryapuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebody2作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面。面。Thebottlecontainingvinegarshouldbesenttothelaboratory.Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.3某些情况下,动词某些情况下,动词-ing形式不能用来作定语,必须用定语从句。形式不能用来作定语,必须用定语从句。作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生,如两者不能同时发生的话,则需使用定语从句。【误】Theprofessorcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.【正】Theprofessorwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语,不作定语。【误】Thetemplehavingbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.【正】Thetemplewhichhasbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.Doyouknowthemeaning?Doyouknowthemeaning?abarkingdogadisappointingplayanastonishingadventureasleepingbabyboilingwaterfailingsightthesettingsunthecomingweekF 动词动词-ing形式作状语形式作状语动词动词-ing形式可以作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示形式可以作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词等。动词-ing形式作形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作时多位于句首;作结果、伴随情况状语结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。时常位于句末。1表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。Havingmadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.(=Afterwehavemadefullpreparations.)2表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。Beingill,hedidntgotoschoolyesterday.(=Sincehewasill.)3表示表示结果,相当于一个并列果,相当于一个并列谓语。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=andlefthimalotofmoney.4表示条件,相当于一个条件状表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。从句。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons.5表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis.6表示行表示行为方式、伴随情况或方式、伴随情况或补充充说明,相当于一个并列明,相当于一个并列结构。构。Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.=.andhestaredattheskyforalongtimee.g._areply,hedecidedtowriteasixthletter.A.NotreceivingB.NottoreceiveC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived解析没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用havingdone;此题又是表否定含义,分词的否定式为此题又是表否定含义,分词的否定式为notdoing/nothavingdone;故选故选c-ing 形式形式-ing形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法 1.European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET1998) A. making B. makes C. made D. to make2.He rushed to the train station, only _ the train had gone.A. finding B. found C. finds D. to findD解析Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作为现在分词短语作结果状语,这类分词短语常放在句子的后面结果状语,这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其表示顺其自然,不定式表示突然,出乎意料。如:自然,不定式表示突然,出乎意料。如:His parents died, leaving him an orphan.He rushed to the post office only to find it was closedA 作主语的动词作主语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作主语时,其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Readingaloudisveryhelpful.(Readingaloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人,因而无需表达出来)点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)Hisfathersfallingillworriedhimgreatly.(hisfather是fallingill的逻辑主语)B 作表语的动词作表语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作表语时,其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语,但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。Whatworriesmemostisherstayingtoolateeverynight.(stayingtoolateeverynight的逻辑主语是her)C 作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作定语时,其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。aninterestingbook=abookthatinterestsitsreadersarunningstream=astreamthatisrunning如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被动式。ThemeetingbeingheldinBeijingnowisofgreatimportance.(themeeting和举行之间的关系是被动的,所以用beingheld)D 作宾语的动词作宾语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作宾语时,其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较Heinsistedondoingithimself.(doingit的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)Heinsistedonmydoingit.(doingit的逻辑主语是“我”)Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?(openingthewindow的逻辑主语是“你”)Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?(openingthewindow的逻辑主语是“我”)E 作宾语补足语的动词作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式形式动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时,它的逻辑主语就是形式作宾语补足语时,它的逻辑主语就是它前面的它前面的宾语。Weoftenhearhersingingthissong.(singingthissong的逻辑主语是“她”)Weoftenhearthissong(being)sung.(逻辑主语thissong和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的,所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。)F 作状语的动词作状语的动词-ing形式形式1动词动词-ing形式作状语,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。形式作状语,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的,那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式,语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.(lookingoutthroughthewindow的逻辑主语是thegarden,显然不对)【正】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.【误】Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.(逻辑主语是dog,它不会看晚报)【正】Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking.2如不能和句子中的主语保持一致,该动词如不能和句子中的主语保持一致,该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语,形式必须有自己的逻辑主语,通常由名词或代词来担任。通常由名词或代词来担任。Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.Weatherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonFriday.高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语,如generally speaking, judging from.,considering., talking of., supposing.等,它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreinterestedinsciencethangirls.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree.Supposingitrains,whatwillyoudo?必背关于逻辑主语的问题关于逻辑主语的问题1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomingD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretend3.Changethefollowingintothesimplesentences.4.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.1)changethefollowingintotheinfinitive1._(die)forpeopleisagloriousthing.2._(talk)withhimisagreatpleasure.3._(help)othersisourduty.4._(see)istobelieve.2)changethesentencesaboveintotheonesusing“it”asinformal.3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.不定式1不定式作主语:在在It is + 形容形容词 + of sb + 不定式不定式结构中构中,形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“Itis+形容词+forsb+不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物的性质,如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。比较ItisgoodofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.(强调you的特征=Youaregoodtohelpme.)Itisgoodforyoutogiveupsmoking.(强调的是giveupsmoking这一行为=Foryoutogiveupsmokingisgood.)It is + 形容词形容词 + for / of sb + 不定式结构不定式结构有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有:want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.2不定式作宾语:3不定式作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed_(think)abouttheproblem.1.Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?2.Hesaidhewished_(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.一般说来,动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作,或抽象性的动作,时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。Smokingisforbiddenhere.(泛指)Itsnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)Theypreferstayingindoorswhentheweatheriscold.(泛指)Wouldyouprefertostayathomethisevening?(具体)Ilikesinging,butIdontliketosingthisnight.比较 4.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语1.Ididntwantmyparents_(help)me.2.Wedpreferyou_(take)thejobinsteadofZhang.3.Theschoolorderedalltheclassroom_(clean).4.Myparentsexpectme_(go)toanidealuniversity.5.Joanpromisedthedinner_(cook)beforewereturned.6.Thedoctoradvisedthepatient_(take)twopillseveryfourhours.7.Hedeterminedme_(tell)everything.不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。1主谓关系Thefuturetogreetuswillbebright.ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.2动宾关系OnSundays,healwayshasalotofletterstowrite.Hecanfindnoonetomakefriendswith.3同位关系Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.4修饰关系Nowitistimetobeginourclass.5.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。Shehasachildtotakecareof.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Hehasnofriendtodependon.Ivegotalotofthingstoseetothismorning.点津坊不定式作定语巩固练习不定式作定语巩固练习Change the following into infinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1.表示目的表示目的Imsavinguptobuyacomputer. 6.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用inorder(not)todo,和和soas(not)todo结构结构(soastodo不可以置于句首不可以置于句首)。Heshoutedandwavedinordertobenoticed.Illwritedownhistelephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.点津坊2表示表示结果果Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.必背必背:不定式表示不定式表示结果常果常见于下列句型于下列句型1)so.astodoWouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?2)such.astodoWearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.3)enoughtodoHedidntrunfastenoughtocatchthetrain.4)onlytodoHeliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.5)too.todoHiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.Practise1.Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbustothetown.Hegotupearly_catchthefirstbustothetown.2.WemustworkhardatEnglishinorderthatwecancontactforeignersfreely.WemustworkhardatEnglish_contactforeignersfreely.3.Hewassofrightenedthathecouldhardlysayanything.Hewas_frightened_sayanything.Hewas_brave_sayanything.4._(save)thebadlysicklady,thedoctorhadanoperationonher.5.Hehurriedtothestationonly_(find)thetrainleft.“be+不定式不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作,常有以下两种情况:结构可以表示将来发生的动作,常有以下两种情况:1.表示命令和指示表示命令和指示Theroomistobelocked.2.表示计划或安排表示计划或安排Wearetobegintheworknextmonth.比较betodo表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。Anothernewrailwayistobebuiltinmyhometownnextyear.beabouttodo表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。Themanagerwasabouttoleavewhenhissecretarycalledhimback.7.be+不定式结构不定式结构with/without+名词名词+不定式不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。作用。Withsomuchworktodo,Ishallnotbeabletogotothecinemawithyou.Withhimtostayinthehouse,Ifeelquitesafe.Withoutanythingtoeat,hediedofhunger.8.with/without + 名词名词 + 不定式结构不定式结构Ihopetohavemethimattherailwaystation,buthedidntturnup.Wewouldlovetohavegonetothematch,buttheticketswereallsoldout.Theplanewastohavetakenoffat9:00,butsomethingwentwrong.9.表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式10.用作独立成分的不定式用作独立成分的不定式有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可被称为插也可被称为插入语。入语。Tobehonest,wearenotsuretofindthegirlintheforest.Heisveryhonest,tobeginwith.totellyouthetruth说老实话说老实话tobeginwith首先首先tosaynothingof姑且不说姑且不说sotospeak可以这么说可以这么说tobesure诚然,固然诚然,固然tobeexact精确地说精确地说todohimjustice说句对他公道的话说句对他公道的话tomakealongstoryshort长话短说长话短说tobefrank坦率地说坦率地说tobebrief简言之简言之toconclude总而言之总而言之必背11.用主动式表示被动含义的不定式用主动式表示被动含义的不定式1.不定式做后置定语,与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的不定式做后置定语,与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。动宾关系,但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthisquestion?2.不定式作形容词的宾语,与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关不定式作形容词的宾语,与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。系时。Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.3.Therebe结构中,当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。结构中,当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。Thereisnothingtoworryabout.比较Shehastwoletterstotype.Shehastwoletterstobetyped.12.用于感叹句用于感叹句不定式可用于感叹句,含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色不定式可用于感叹句,含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。彩。Tothinkthatheshoulddothis!(表示惊讶表示惊讶)Oh,God,toseeherdance!(表示赞美表示赞美)Tothinkthatallthemoneyhasbeenwasted.(表示不满表示不满)13.不带不带to的不定式的不定式1.在口语中,动词原形在口语中,动词原形come和和go后可接不带后可接不带to的不定式。的不定式。Gotellher.Comehaveaglass.2.在在why引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动动词原形词原形。Whymakesomuchnoise?Whynotjoinus?3.在在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather.than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner.than,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut等结构后直接跟动词原形或等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形动词原形。Youdbetterlistentoyourteachersopinion.Wehadbestcallforthedoctoratonce.4.如不定式前有行为动词如不定式前有行为动词do,那么在表语中的不定式或者介词,那么在表语中的不定式或者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带之后的不定式可不带to。TheonlythingIcoulddowasgohome.5.两个动词不定式并列使用时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式两个动词不定式并列使用时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号符号to可省略。可省略。Thelittlegirlhardlyknewwhethertolaughorcry.Canyouhelpmetocallhimandaskhimtoattendthemeetingat2:00p.m.?6.在一些固定搭配中用不带在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。的不定式。Heletgotherope.Ihearsaytherewillbeanearthquakesoon.Shemadebelieveshewasinnocent.7.在感官动词在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice以及使役动词以及使役动词make,let,have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词特殊谓语动词:want, hope和和wish, agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend,且说两位算在此,要记牢,且说两位算在此,要记牢,要记住,掌握它们靠自己。要记住,掌握它们靠自己。后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些的一些常用特殊动词常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握,一些动词要掌握,have, let和和make, 此三动词是使役,此三动词是使役,“注意注意”“观察观察(look at, observe)”“听到听到(hear, listen to)”see, 还有还有feel和和watch,使用它们要仔细,使用它们要仔细 后接后接“宾补宾补”略去略去“to”,此点千万要牢记,此点千万要牢记 14.不定式符号的单独使用不定式符号的单独使用1在助动词或情态动词之后,如在助动词或情态动词之后,如begoingto,usedto,haveto,oughtto,beableto,beaboutto等。等。Shemustgobutyoudonthaveto.2在在want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等动词等动词之后。之后。DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?Iwantedto,butIwastoobusy.3在作宾语补足语的在作宾语补足语的ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等动词之后。等动词之后。Dontdoanythingunlessyourfathertellsyouto.4在对话的答语中的在对话的答语中的happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready,pleased,afraid等形容词之后。等形容词之后。Willyoulendmeahand?Imwillingto,butIcantnow.如果动词不定式是tobe或tohave,则一般不省略动词。Didyoufinishthework?No,butIhopedtohave.15.介词介词to与不定式符号与不定式符号to的辨别的辨别英语中有很多常用短语带有to,要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词,千万不可混淆。Theseyoungladsarelongingtogotowatchthefootballmatch.Ifyousticktothetruth,youwillhavenothingtofear.提示常见的带不定式的短语:besupposedtodo应该做某事bedeterminedtodo决心要做某事failtodo未能做某事goallouttodo全力以赴做某事havethenervetodo有胆量做某事haveagreatmindtodo很想做某事makeuponesmindtodo决定做某事makeapointtodo坚持做某事prepareoneselftodo有思想准备做某事takethetroubletodo不辞辛苦地做某事必背常见的带介词常见的带介词to的短语:的短语:beusedto习惯习惯berelatedto与与有关有关getdownto着手做着手做begivento沉溺于沉溺于putonesmindto全神贯注于全神贯注于giveriseto引起引起beequalto胜任胜任devoteoneselfto献身于献身于leadto导致导致beopposedto反对反对lookforwardto盼望盼望objectto反对反对stickto坚持坚持payattentionto注意注意必背动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种,它具有动词的一些特点,同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能,在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。动词动词ed形式的特征形式的特征 1.动词动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外,动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义,有的同时也带有被动的意义。Bornandbroughtupinthecountryside,hewasinterestedinbiology.Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.动词动词ed2.及物动词的及物动词的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。形式一般表示被动的意思。Givenmoretime,Icouldhavesolvedthatriddle.(句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)WhenyouspeakEnglish,besuretomakeyourselfunderstood.(宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)Theexperiencegainedinthearmywasofgreatvaluetoourstudy.3.不及物动词不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义,并不带有被动的含义。形式只表示完成的意义,并不带有被动的含义。anescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescapedaretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretiredanewlyarrivedguest=aguestwhohasjustarrivedPeopleshouldpayattentiontothechangedsituation. A 动词动词ed形式作表语形式作表语1.动词动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语,说明主语的状态。形式在连系动词后作表语,说明主语的状态。Thestudentsarefullyprepared.Whenwegotthere,theshopwasclosed.要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态,被动语态表示被动动作。PetertheGreatisburiedhere.PetertheGreatwasburiedherein1725.比较2.同一同一动词的的ed形式与形式与ing形式作表形式作表语时的区的区别。动词-ed形式作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思,而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征,含有主动的意思。Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremoved.比较:amusing使人高兴的使人高兴的amused开心的开心的encouraging鼓舞人心的鼓舞人心的encouraged受鼓励的受鼓励的disappointing令人失望的令人失望的disappointed失望的失望的exciting使人激动的使人激动的excited激动的激动的puzzling迷惑人的迷惑人的puzzled迷惑的迷惑的satisfying令人满意的令人满意的satisfied感到满意的感到满意的worrying令人烦恼的令人烦恼的worried烦恼的烦恼的tiring引起疲劳的引起疲劳的tired疲劳的疲劳的pleasing令人愉快的令人愉快的pleased高兴的高兴的astonishing令人惊讶的令人惊讶的astonished惊讶的惊讶的EXERCISES分分词与与动名名词作表作表语时的区的区别:1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May.2. Toms job was _( guard ) the factory.3. His lecture is _( interest ), which made us _( interest ).4. The situation is _( encourage).动名名词作表作表语说明主明主语“是什么是什么”,现在分在分词作表作表语说明主明主语是特是特征。征。-ing动词用于正在用于正在进行行时时,说明主明主语正在正在执行的行的动作。如:作。如:1.Herworkistakingcareofthechildren.(说明主明主语“是什么是什么”)2.Herworkisinteresting,andsheenjoystakingcareofthechildren.(说明她工作的特征是有意思的)明她工作的特征是有意思的)3.Sheistakingcareofthechildren.(说明她正在明她正在执行的行的动作)作)点津坊 B 动词动词ed形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时,一般当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时,一般应用动词应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。形式作宾语补足语。1.在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。IheardtheNinthSymphonyplayedlastnight.Wefoundalltheriversseriouslypolluted.动词get后也可接后也可接动词不定式或不定式或动词-ing形式作形式作宾语补足足语,和,和宾语是主是主动关系关系。Icouldntgetthecartostartthismorning.Hegothissistertohelphimwithhisclothes.Itisnothardtogethimtalking;theproblemisstoppinghim!比较2.在使役动词在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keepget, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。等后作宾语补足语。动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。Dorisgotherbadtoothpulledoutinthehospital.IlljustgetthesedisheswashedandthenIllcome.动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。Heraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.Youshouldmakeyourviewsknowntothepublic.动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。Theyallwenthome,leavingalltheworkundone.Thedetectiveandhisassistantkeptthemselveslockedintheroomallnight.比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语,和宾语是主动关系。Icouldntgetthecartostartthismorning.Hegothissistertohelphimwithhisclothes.Itisnothardtogethimtalking;theproblemisstoppinghim!Canyoureallygetthatoldclockgoingagain?点津坊动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式,但不可用动词-ing形式。【误】Canyoumakethestudentsunderstandingthetext?【正】Canyoumakethestudentsunderstandthetext?【正】Canyoumakethetextunderstoodbythestudents?1.让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。*Hehadthecarwaitingoutside.2.常用于否定结构,表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。*Wewonthavethechildtalkingtohismotherlikethat.使役使役动词have后既可接后既可接动词-ed形式,也可接形式,也可接动词不定式和不定式和动词-ing形式作形式作宾语补足足语。三者之。三者之间有一定的区有一定的区别。have不不定式定式动作由作由宾语发出,表示出,表示让某人做某事某人做某事*Imgoingtohavetheteacheranswerthisquestionafterclass.从另外角度1.宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,表示某事由别人做。*Wheredidyouhaveyourhaircut?2.表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。*Thehousehaditsroofblownoff.3.完成某事(自己也可能参与)。*Hehashadonethousandyuansaved.4.否定式表示“不允许”。*Iwonthaveanythingsaidagainsther.3 3)现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别:)现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别:1.I used to see these boys _( play ) on the playground.2.I saw them _( play ) the computer this afternoon.3.She was surprised to find the house _( break ) into when she went back home.see/find/keep/make/have/.sbdo(经常性动作)sbdoingsth.(正在进行)sthdone(被动)+3.动词动词ed形式也可用在形式也可用在with(without)结构中,作介词的宾语补结构中,作介词的宾语补足语。足语。Witheverythingwellarranged,helefttheoffice.Shehascomebackwithherbackpackfilledwithinterestingpicture-books.Withoutanymoretimegiven,wecouldntfinishthetaskinthreeweeks.4某些动词后些动词后(如如want,need,prefer,wouldlike等等),作宾语补足语,作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略的不定式被动形式省略“tobe”,就成了动词,就成了动词ed形式作宾语补形式作宾语补足语。足语。Iwouldlikethismatter(tobe)settledimmediately.Thepeasantsdontwantgoodfarmland(tobe)builton.Practise4.Unfortunately,he got his wallet _(steal) on the bus.5.He wont have us _(criticize) him.6.Its a bad habit to leave the _(undo).7.Yesterday I caught him _(take) my dictionary when I went into the classroom.C 动词动词ed形式作定语形式作定语1.前置定语前置定语单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,作前置定语。Awatchedpotneverboils.Allthebrokendoorsandwindowshavebeenrepaired.Whenwearrived,weeachweregivenaprintedquestionpaper.提示如要表示强调,单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Moneyspentismorethanmoneyearned.2.后置定语后置定语作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在语法上相当于一个定语从句。Wehavereadmanynovelswrittenbythisauthor.(=thatarewrittenbythisauthor)Halfofthehonouredguestsinvitedtothereceptionwereforeignambassadors.(=whohadbeeninvitedtothereception)Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasasuccess.(=whichwasattendedbyonethousandstudents)Awoman,dressedlikealawyer,cameinandtookherseatasjudge.(=whowasdressedlikealawyer)3. 动词动词ed形式作定语和形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别形式作定语的区别动词动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成,而动词形式作定语表示动作已完成,而动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语表示动词正在进行。表示动词正在进行。therisensuntherisingsunboiledwaterboilingwaterfallenleavesfallingleaveschangedconditionchangingconditiondevelopedcountriesdevelopingcountriesPractise4)分词作定语:1.Doyouknowtheman_(speak)atthemeeting?2.Doyouknowtheman_(praise)atthemeeting?3.Thebuilding_(put)uplastyearnowisourlibrary.4.Thebuilding_(put)upnowwillbeournewcompany.5.Thebuilding_(put)upnextyearwillbeournewcompany.6.Therewasanoldtemple_(stand)atthetopofthehill.7.Thereisasportsmeeting_(hold)nextTuesday.8.Therewasanoldman_(live)inthevillage.D 动词动词ed形式作状语形式作状语动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。1.表示时间表示时间动词-ed形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。Seenfromthetower,(=Whenthecityisseenfromthetower.)thecitylooksbeautiful.Shownthelab,(=Afterwehadbeenshownthelab.)weweretakentoseethelibrary.Completelyexaminedbythedoctors,(=Afterhewascompletelyexamined.)hewentbacktoschoolrightaway.有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when,while等来强调时间概念。Oncerecovered,hewentallouttodohiswork.Whenaskedwhyshewaslateforclassagain,shehungherheadinshame.Oncestarted,theclockwillgohalfamonthandkeepgoodtime.点点点点 津津津津 坊坊坊坊动词-ed形式作状语表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。Movedbytheheroicdeeds,(=Sincetheyweremovedbytheheroicdeeds.)thechildrencouldnthelpcrying.Writteninhaste,(=Asitwaswritteninhaste.)herletterisveryhardtoread.Excitedbythenewdiscovery,(=Becausewewereexcitedby.)wedecidedtogooutandcelebrate.2 .表示原因表示原因3 .表示条件表示条件动词-ed形式作状语表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated,(=Ifwaterisheated.)waterchangesintosteam.Givenmoretime,(=Ifhewasgivenmoretime.)hewouldbeabletodobetter.Comparedwithotherprofessors,(=Ifshewascomparedwithotherprotessors.)shewasanexcellentspeaker.点津坊为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显,我们可以加上适当的连词。Evenifinvited,Iwontgo.Thoughbeatenbytheoppositeteam,theydidnotloseheart.Unlessinvited,hewillnotcomebacktothecompany.4 .表示让步表示让步动词动词-ed形式作状语表示让步,相当于一个形式作状语表示让步,相当于一个though/although引导引导的让步状语从句。的让步状语从句。Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.(=Althoughtheywereexhaustedbytherunning.)Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisresearch.(=Evenifhewaslaughedbymanypeople.)点津坊 有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语,并没有多大的区别,可以互换。Suddenlyseizedwithahighfever,hewasunabletoattendschool.=Beingsuddenlyseizedwithahighfever,hewasunabletoattendschool.Broughtupinthecountryside,hefoundithardtogetusedtotownlife.=Havingbeenbroughtupinthecountryside,hefoundithardtogetusedtotownlife.5 .表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明动词动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个并列分句。通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个并列分句。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.(=andhewassurroundedbythestudents)Hewentintotheoffice,followedbysomechildren.(=andhewasfollowedbysomechildren)点津坊动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。【误】Icannotstandlaughedat.【正】Icannotstandbeinglaughedat.【误】Invitedtothestatebanquetisagreathonour.【正】Tobeinvitedtothestatebanquetisagreathonour.Practise1._(see ) those picture, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.2._( turn ) round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up.3_( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples.4._( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot.5._( inspire ) by Dr. Chens speech, they decided to study maths harder.6._( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone. 7.Warmly _( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep.8._( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up.9.Once _( arm ), we are afraid of nothing.10.While _( cross )the street, look out for cars. 11.While_( criticize ),she cried.12.She came earlier than _( expect). 13.Everything goes well as _( plan ). 14._( give ) more time, we are sure to do it better.15.判断下列对或错:Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.Leavingathome,thelittlegirlfeltmuchafraid.将上列1-14句分词部分改成从句(动词动词ed形式的逻辑主语形式的逻辑主语)A 动词动词ed形式作状语或表语时形式作状语或表语时1动词-ed形式在句中作状语或表语时,它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语,动词-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。Lockedup,hehadnowaytoescape.Lostinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.Shebecamediscouragedatthenews.B 动词动词ed形式作定语时形式作定语时当动词-ed形式在句中作定语时,它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词,它和名词之间是被动关系。ThefirsttextbookswrittenforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.C 动词动词ed形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,它们之间时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,它们之间的关系是被动关系。的关系是被动关系。Viviengotherfingerstrappedinthebicyclechain.(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)Thevaluablevasewasfoundstolen.(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)Wegothomeonlytofindthewholehouseturnedupsidedown.Thievesobviouslyhadbrokenin.(turnedupsidedown的逻辑主语是句子的宾语house)D 动词动词ed形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语动词-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语,常用作状语Everythingdone,wewenthome.Allourmoneyrunout,Henryhadtofindanotherjob.E 动词动词ed形式作独立成分形式作独立成分动词-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分,不受逻辑主语的限制。Putfrankly,Idontagreewithwhathesaid.Giventhegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.独立主格结构1. Today _( be ) Sunday, the library doesnt open.2. There _( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.3. The signal _( give ), the bus started.4. Weather _ ( permit ), well visit the Great Wall.5. A teacher from England _( teach ) us English, were sure to learn it well.6. With him _( give ) us a lead, our team is to win.7. With the worker _( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.8. Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom, with nobody _( stop ) them.9. He was looking at the screen again, with the machine _( turn ) on.10. The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _( stare ) at her. 11. With the machinery _( do ) all the work, we finished the task last month.12. She lay on the grass with her eyes _( close ).13. You might catch a cold with your feet _( expose). 概念:概念:所谓独立主格结构,分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语,而是有自己的逻辑主语时,叫独立主格结构。 分词做定语的位置及其它分词做定语的位置及其它 “定分定分”位置有二条,词前词后定分晓。位置有二条,词前词后定分晓。 单个分词在词前,有时此规有颠倒。单个分词在词前,有时此规有颠倒。 分词短语在词后,分词短语在词后,“定从定从”和它互对照。和它互对照。 “现分现分”动作进行时,动作进行时,“过分过分”动作完成了。动作完成了。 注:注:“定分定分”:做定语的分词;:做定语的分词;“定从定从”:定语从句;:定语从句;“现分现分”:现在分词;:现在分词;“过分过分”:过去分词。):过去分词。) 分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义 分词做状语,概有七意义。分词做状语,概有七意义。“ 时间时间”和和“原因原因”,“结果结果”与与“目的目的”。 “方式方式”加加“伴随伴随”,“条件条件”常出席。常出席。 且谈其主语,谓语头前的且谈其主语,谓语头前的*。(。(*指句子的主语)指句子的主语)
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