AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)British literature has a long history of roughly 1560 years with glorious literary traditions. It can be divided into the following periods and each has its distinctive features: Middle English Literature(449-1485) Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) Epic: Beowulf The middle English period (1066-1485) Romance: King Arthur and His Knights of the round Table Thomas Malory(?-1471): Le Morte dArthur Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400) : Canterbury Tales English ballads : (1200-1500) The embryo of English literature AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论) English Renaissance (1485-1603) Humanism Thomas More (1478-1535): Utopia (1516) Edmund Spencer (1552-1599) The Faerie Queen (1590-96) William Shakespeare(1564-1616) great Tragedies , Comedies, Historical plays, Sonnets Francis Bacon The first peak of the development of British literature, called The Elizabethan Age. AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论) The Early Seventeenth Century (1603-1660)Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : John Donne (1572-1631) Songs and Sonnets Andrew Marvel (1621-1678) The Garden George Herbert (1593-1633) The Temple The Cavalier poets（骑士派诗人） Ben Johnson (1573-1637) Song to Celia John Suckling（1609-1641） Robert Herrick (1591-1674) John Milton (1572-1631) Paradise Lost: the first English Epic. AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论) The Restoration and Eighteenth Century(16601789) The golden age of English literature; 3 periods 16601700 The beginning of Neo-classical John Dryden (1631-1700) All for Love (1677) An Essay of dramatic Poesy (1668) 17001744 The Prime of Neoclassical Alexander Pope (1688-1744) The Rape of Lock (1714) Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) Gullivers Travels(1726) Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe 17451784 The decline of Neoclassical (The age of prose) Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) Preface The lives of the Poets Edward Gibbon (1732-1794) The Decline and Fall of Roman EmpireAnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) Pamela or Virtue Rewarded (1740)Epistolary Novel(书信体小说):A kind of novel form in which stories are told in a series of letters sent from one to others. It is best employed to give psychological portrayal of characters. Henry Fielding（1707-1754）The real father of English novel. Joseph Andrews(1742) ,Tom Jones (1749)Picaresque Novel(流浪汉小说) a kind of realistic and ironical novel in which the adventures of the trampers are described. Among the Picaresque novels, the best are Don Quixote , Daniel Defoes Moll Flanders, Henry Fieldings Tom Jones , Mark Twains the Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)EnglishRomanticism(1798-1832)From William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge s Lyric Ballads to Sir. W. Scotts death.The major differences from Neo-classical: to stress on mans personal feelings and individualities ; to stress on imagination and emotions; to gain inspirations from folktales and fairy stories; to stress on individual values rather than the collective values. Three Periods:The pre-romanticism William Blake (1757-1827)and Robert Burns(1759-1796) The Early Romanticism: W. Wordsworth, Coleridge The Late Romanticism : P.B. Shelley (1792-1822), Lord Byron (1788-1824)John Keats (1795-1821) AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)EssaysinRomanticperiodFamiliar Style: Charles Lamb (1775-1834) Essays of Elia (1823) William Hazlitt (1778-1830) Table Talk (1821-1922) Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) NovelsintheRomanticPeriodGothic Novel , Historical Novel and Novel of MannersGothic novel Historical Novel : William Scott (1771-1832) Ivanhoe (1819)Novel of Manners Jane Austen (1775-1817) pride and Prejudice (1813) AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)EnglishLiteratureoftheVictorianAge(1832-1901)English literature of the Victorian age can be divided into three periods:The early Victorian age(1832-1848) A time of troubles Poetry of the Chart movement : Ernest Jones (1819-1869) The Songs of DemocracyEssays: Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) The French Revolution (1837)Novels: Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865) North and South (1855) Charles Dickens (1812-1870) David Copperfield The Middle Victorian Age (1848-1870): Economic Prosperity and Religious Controversy John Ruskin (1819-1900) The Stone of Venice (181-53)Mathew Arnold (1822-1888) Culture and Anarchy (1869)The Late Victorian Age(1870-1901) The Decay of Victorian ValuesPoetry : Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) The Princess (1847) Robert Browning (1812-1889) The Ring and the Book (1868-1869) The pre-Raphaelite School: William Morris (1834-1869) Dante Rossetti (1828-1882) AnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)EnglishLiteratureoftheVictorianAge(1832-1901)Brontesisters:CharlotteBronte(1861-1855)JaneEyreEmilyBronte(1818-1848)WutheringHeightsAnneBronte(1820-1849)AgnesgreyGeorgeEliot(1819-1880)MaryAnnEvans:TheMillontheFloss,MiddlemarchWilliamMThackeray(1811-1863)VanityFairSamuelButler(1835-1902)TheWayofAllLifeAnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)20thcenturyEnglishliterature(1900-2000)TheLiteratureofDisillusionmentThomasHardy(1840-1928):NovelofCharacterandEnvironmentTessofthedUrbervilles(1891)JudetheObscure(1896)JohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)TheForstyteSaga(1922)WilliamSomersetMaugham(1874-1965)OfHumanBondage(1915)HenryJames(1843-1916)TheWingsofDoveRudyardKipling(1865-1936)KimJosephConrad(1857-1924)HeartofDarknessAnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)ModernistLiterature(1918-1945)VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941)Mrs.DallowayTotheLighthouseD.HLaurence(1885-1930)SonsandloversLadyChatterleysLoverJamesJoyce(1882-1941)UlyssesBloomsday:June16,1904.ThestreamsofConsciousnessEvelynWaugh(1903-1996)AHandfulofdustE.MForster(1879-1970)APassagetoIndiaGrahamGreene(1904-1991)TheHeartofMatterAnIntroductiontoBritishLiterature(英国文学概论)TheContemporaryEnglishLiterature(1945-)GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)Animalfarm,NineteenEightyFourWilliamGolding(1911-1993)LordoftheFliesKingsleyAmis(1922-)LuckyJimJohnFowles(1926-)TheFrenchLieutenantsWomanDorisLessing(1919-)NobelPrizeforLiteratureWinnerTheGoldennotesIrisMurdoch(1919-1999)UndertheNetAnepicAnepicisalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificanttoacultureornation.Chaucer (1340-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer was an Englishauthor,poet,philosopher.Chaucerisbest known as the author of The Canterbury Tales. He is sometimescreditedwithbeingthefirstauthortodemonstratetheartisticlegitimacyofthe native English language, ratherthanFrenchorLatin.The Canterbury Talesbeguninabout1386,consistsofstoriestoldbysomeofthethirtypilgrimswhosetofffromtheTabardInninSouthernsuburbofLondon,tovisitthetombofSt.ThomasBecket,whowastheArchbishopofCanterburymurderedinhisowncathedralin1170.Theaimwastotellfourstorieseach:twoontheway,twoonthe way back. The teller of the best storywouldbegivenafreedinnerbythecheerfulhost of the Tabard. In fact,the collection isincompleteandonly24storiesaretold.AframestoryAframestory(alsoframetale,framenarrative,etc.)employsanarrativetechniquewherebyanintroductorymainstoryiscomposed,atleastinpart,forthepurposeofsettingthestageforafictivenarrativeororganizingasetofshorterstories,eachofwhichisastorywithinastory.Theframestoryleadsreadersfromthefirststoryintothesmalleronewithinit.AframestoryTheGeneralPrologueTheKnightsTaleTheMillersPrologueandTaleTheReevesPrologueandTaleTheCooksPrologueandTaleTheManofLawsPrologueandTaleTheWifeofBathsPrologueandTaleTheFriarsPrologueandTaleTheSummonersPrologueandTaleTheClerksPrologueandTaleTheMerchantsPrologueandTaleTheSquiresPrologueandTaleTheFranklinsPrologueandTaleThePhysiciansTaleThePardonersPrologueandTaleTheShipmansTaleThePrioressPrologueandTaleChaucersTaleofSirTopasTheTaleofMelibeeTheMonksPrologueandTaleTheNunsPriestsPrologueandTaleTheSecondNunsPrologueandTaleTheCanonsYeomansPrologueandTaleTheManciplesPrologueandTaleTheParsonsPrologueandTaleChaucersRetractionAballadAballadisaformofverse,oftenanarrativesettomusic.BalladswereparticularlycharacteristicofBritishandIrishpopularpoetryandsongfromthelatermedievalperioduntilthe19thcenturyandusedextensivelyacrossEuropeandlaterNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNorthAfrica.Theformwasoftenusedbypoetsandcomposersfromthe18thcenturyonwardstoproducelyricalballads.Inthelater19thcenturyittookonthemeaningofaslowformofpopularlovesongandthetermisnowoftenusedassynonymouswithanylovesong,particularlythepoporrockpowerballadTheWifeofUshersWellANONYMOUS(1100-2010)1.1TherelivedawifeatUshersWell,2Andawealthywifewasshe;3Shehadthreestoutandstalwartsons,4Andsentthemoerthesea.2.5Theyhadnabeenaweekfromher,6Aweekbutbarelyane,7Whanwordcametothecarlinewife8Thatherthreesonsweregane.3.9Theyhadnabeenaweekfromher,10Aweekbutbarelythree,11Whanwordcametothecarlinwife12Thathersonsshedneversee.4.13“Iwishthewindmaynevercease,14Norfashesintheflood,15Tillmythreesonscomehametome,16Inearthlyfleshandblood.”TheWifeofUshersWell5.17ItfellabouttheMartinmass,18Whennightsarelangandmirk.19Thecarlinwifesthreesonscamehame,20Andtheirhatswereothebirk.6.21Itneithergrewinsykenorditch,22Noryetinonysheugh;23ButatthegatesoParadise,24Thatbirkgrewfaireneugh.7.25“Blowupthefire,mymaidens,26Bringwaterfromthewell;27Foramyhouseshallfeastthisnight,28Sincemythreesonsarewell.”TheWifeofUshersWell8.29Andshehasmadetothemabed,30Shesmadeitlargeandwide,31Andshestaenhermantleherabout,32Satdownatthebed-side.9.33Upthencrewthered,redcock,34Andupandcrewthegray;35Theeldesttotheyoungestsaid,36Tistimewewereaway.10.37Thecockhehadnacrawdbutonce,38Andclappdhiswingsata,39Whentheyoungesttotheeldestsaid,40Brother,wemustawa.TheWifeofUshersWell11.41“Thecockdothcraw,thedaydothdaw,42Thechannerinwormdothchide;43Ginwebemistoutoourplace,44Asairpainwemaunbide.12.45“Fareyeweel,mymotherdear!46Fareweeltobarnandbyre!47Andfareyeweel,thebonnylass48Thatkindlesmymothersfire!”TheWifeofUshersWellNotes1UshersWell:evidentlyafictitiousplace-name.6ane:one.7carline:old.14fashes:tumults.17Martinmass:November11,thefeastofSt.Martin.18lang:long.mirk:dark.19hame:home.20birk:birch.21syke:trench.22sheigh:furrow.41daw:dawn.42channerin:grumbling,fretting.44sair:sore.maun:must.bide:endure.46byre:cattleshed.Onlinetextcopyright2010,IanLancashire(theDepartmentofEnglish)andtheUniversityofToronto.PublishedbytheWebDevelopmentGroup,InformationTechnologyServices,UniversityofTorontoLibraries.Humanismisanapproachinstudy,philosophy,orpracticethatfocusesonhumanvaluesandconcerns.Thetermhasacomplexhistoryandisusedtomeanseveralthings,mostnotably,(1)aneducationalmovement,associatedespeciallywiththeItalianRenaissance,thatemphasizedthestudyofGreekandRomanliterature,rhetoric,andmoralphilosophythehumanitiesintheformationofcharacter.Asonnetisafourteen-linelyricpoeminasinglestanza,inwhichlinesofiambicpentameterarelinkedbyanelaboraterhymescheme.There are two main types of sonnet rhymescheme.PetrarchanorItaliansonnetDivides into an octave (eight lines) and asestet (six lines); the first part rhymesabbaabba, and the second part cdecde(sometimes with only two rhymes, cdccdc).Ordinarily,theoctaveestablishesaproblemorsituationwhichisresolvedinthesestet.AsonnetShakespeareanorEnglishsonnetDividesintothreequatrains(four-linegroupings)andafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.ThestructureoftheEnglishsonnetusuallyfollowsthePetrarchan,orexploresvariationsonathemeinthefirstthreequatrainsandconcludeswithanepigrammatic.couplet.InShakespearesSonnet29,thesubjectshiftstowardsaconclusioninthethirdquatrainandendswiththeepigram.Forthysweetloveremembredsuchwealthbrings,ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.Insonnetsequences,orcycles,aseriesofsonnetsarelinkedbyacommontheme.ThoughsonnetsbeganaslovepoetryandwereintroducedtoEnglandassuchbyThomasWyatt,theformwasextendedtoothersubjectsandotherstructuresbyDonne,MiltonandlaterwriterssuchasKeats,DylanThomas,ande.e.cummings.Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,Norshalldeathbragthouwandrestinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst,Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.OFSTUDIESFrancisBaconStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertandexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestformthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning(pruning)bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedin/byexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.(Studeisgotomakeupamanscharacter.Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.(Hair-splitterssim-minisek-torr-es)Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.论读书读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。-王佐良译MetaphysicalpoetryHighlyintellectualizedpoetrywrittenchieflyin 17th-century England. Less concernedwithexpressingfeelingthanwithanalyzingit,Metaphysical poetry is marked by boldand ingenious conceits (e.g., metaphorsdrawingsometimesforcedparallelsbetween apparently dissimilar ideas orthings),complexandsubtlethought,frequent use of paradox, and a dramaticdirectness of language, the rhythm ofwhich derives from living speech. JohnDonnewastheleadingMetaphysicalpoet;others include George Herbert, HenryVaughan, Andrew Marvell, and AbrahamCowley.CavalierpoetCavalierpoetsisabroaddescriptionofaschoolofEnglishpoetsofthe17thcentury,whocamefromtheclassesthatsupportedKingCharlesIduringtheEnglishCivilWar.TheyweremarkedoutbytheirlifestyleandreligionfromthePuritansontheParliamentarianside;muchoftheirpoetryislightinstyle,andgenerallysecularinsubject.ThebestknownoftheCavalierpoetsareBenJonson,RobertHerrick,RichardLovelace,ThomasCarew,andSirJohnSuckling.MostoftheCavalierpoetswerecourtiers,withnotableexceptions:RobertHerrick,forexample,wasnotacourtierbuthisstylemarkshimasaCavalierpoet.JohnMilton(16081674)JohnMiltonwasanEnglishpoet,prosepolemicistandcivilservantfortheCommonwealthofEngland.MostfamedforhisepicpoemParadise Lost,Miltoniscelebratedaswellforhistreatisecondemningcensorship,Areopagitica.LongconsideredthesupremeEnglishpoet,MiltonexperiencedadipinpopularityafterattacksbyT.S.EliotandF.R.Leavisinthemid20thcentury;butwithmultiplesocietiesandscholarlyjournalsdevotedtohisstudy,Miltonsreputationremainsasstrongaseverinthe21stcentury.Neoclassicism&EnlightenmentNeoclassicismisthenamegiventoquitedistinctmovementsinthedecorativeandvisualarts,literature,theatre,music,andarchitecturethatdrawuponWesternclassicalartandculture(usuallythatofAncientGreeceorAncientRome).Thesemovementsweredominantduringthemid18thtotheendofthe19thcenturyEnlightenmentIntheWesternphilosophicaltradition,enlightenmentisseenasaphaseinculturalhistorymarkedbyafaithinreason,generallyaccompaniedbyrejectionoffaithinrevealedorinstitutionalreligion.DanielDefoeDanielDefoe(ca.1659-16611731),born Daniel Foe, was an Englishwriter, journalist, and pamphleteer,who gained enduring fame for hisnovel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe isnotablefor being one of the earliestproponentsofthenovel,ashehelpedtopopularizetheforminBritain,andisevenreferredtobysomeasamongthefoundersoftheEnglishnovel.RobinsonCrusoeisanovelbyDanielDefoe,firstpublishedin1719andsometimesregardedasthefirstnovelinEnglish.Thebookisafictionalautobiographyofthetitlecharacter,an English castaway who spends 28 years on aremotetropicalisland,encounteringnatives,captives（俘虏）,andmutineers(暴徒)beforebeingrescued. This device, presenting an account ofsupposedly factual events, is known as a falsedocumentandgivesarealisticframestory.Thestorywas most likely influenced by the real-life events ofAlexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who livedmorethanfouryearsonthePacificislandthatwascalled Ms a Tierra (in 1966 its name becameRobinson Crusoe Island), Chile. However, thedescription Crusoes island was probably based onthe island of Tobago, since that island is near themouthoftheriverOrinoco,andinsightoftheislandofTrinidad.1ItisalsolikelythatDefoewasinspiredbythe Latin or English translations of AbubacersPhilosophusAutodidactas,anearliernovelalsosetonadesertisland1)theTitans5taitInGreekmythology,theTitanswerearaceofpowerfuldeities,descendantsofGaiaandUranus,thatruledduringthelegendaryGoldenAge.deities:5di:itigodsandgoddesses)Gaia:5ei, 5ai大地女神盖亚大地女神盖亚Uranus:5ju:rs天穹之神乌拉诺斯天穹之神乌拉诺斯综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 32)WhooverthrewtheTitans?JupiteroverthrewtheTitansandthenbecamekingofthegodsandrulerofheavenandearth.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 33)WhoarethebrothersoftheRulerofHeaven/Earth?Whatdotheyrule?NeptuneandPlutowerethebrothersoftherulerofHeaven,Jupiter.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 3Pluto:rulerofthedeadNeptune:rulerofthesea4)Vulcan5vVulcanwasgodofforgeandfire.HefashionedthunderboltsforJupiter.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 35)Apollo5pCuApollowasgodofthesun.Hedrovehisgoldenchariotthroughtheskyeachday,bringinglightandheattotheentireworld.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 36)Persephonep:5sefiPersephonewastakentothelandofdeadbyPluto.Thentheearthbecamebarren,noflowersbloomedandnoplantsgrewonituntilshereturned.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 37)Atlas5AtsAtlaswasoneoftheTitanswhomJupiterandtheothergodsdefeated.Afterthebattle,Atlaswascondemnedtoholdtheworldonhisshoulders.Sonowadays,atlasmeansabookofmaps.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 38)Ceres5siri:zCereswasthegoddesswhomadetheearthfruitful,whowatchedovertheflowersandtheotherplants,particularlythegrains.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 39)Tantalus5tAtsTantaluswasakingwhofailedtokeepthesecretsofthegodsthatJupiterhasentrustedtohim.Afterhediedhewaspunishedbybeingchainedforeverinthemiddleofalittlelake,withbunchesofdeliciousfruithangingoverhishead.综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 3GreekandRomandeities综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 349神神希腊希腊罗马罗马主神主神Zeuszju:s宙斯宙斯 Jupiter5dVu:pit朱庇特朱庇特神后神后Hera5hir赫拉赫拉 Juno5dVu:u朱诺朱诺太阳神太阳神Apollo5pCu阿波罗阿波罗海神海神PoseidonpC5said波塞冬波塞冬Neptune5eptju:尼普顿尼普顿冥王冥王Hades5heidi:z哈德斯哈德斯Pluto5pu:tu普路托普路托冥后冥后Persephonep:5sefi普西芬尼普西芬尼Proserpina普罗塞皮娜普罗塞皮娜pru5s:piGreekandRomandeities综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 350神神希腊希腊罗马罗马智慧女神智慧女神Athena5Wi:雅典娜雅典娜Minervami5:v密涅瓦密涅瓦战神战神Ares5Zri:z阿瑞斯阿瑞斯MarsmB:z玛斯玛斯爱与美的爱与美的女神女神Aphrodite阿弗洛狄忒阿弗洛狄忒7Afr5daitiVenus5vi:s维纳斯维纳斯灶神灶神Hestia5hesti赫斯提亚赫斯提亚Vesta5vest维斯塔维斯塔爱神爱神Eros5irCs, 5erCs厄洛斯厄洛斯Cupid5ju:pid丘比特丘比特月亮和狩月亮和狩猎女神猎女神Artemis5B:timis阿尔忒弥斯阿尔忒弥斯Dianadai5A狄安娜狄安娜GreekandRomandeities综合英语精品课程综合英语精品课程 Unit 5 Book 351神神希腊希腊罗马罗马谷物谷物女神女神Demeterdi5mi:t德莫忒耳德莫忒耳Ceres5siri:z刻瑞斯刻瑞斯众神众神使者使者Hermes5h:mi:z赫尔墨斯赫尔墨斯Mercury5m:juri墨丘利墨丘利酒神酒神Dionysus7dai5aiss狄俄尼索斯狄俄尼索斯Bacchus5bAs巴克科斯巴克科斯火神火神Hephaestushi5fi:sts赫菲斯托斯赫菲斯托斯Vulcan5v伏尔甘伏尔甘WilliamBlakeWilliamBlake(17571827)wasanEnglishpoet,painter,andprintmaker.Largelyunrecognisedduringhislifetime,BlakeisnowconsideredaseminalfigureinthehistoryofboththepoetryandvisualartsoftheRomanticAge.HisvisualartistryhasledonecontemporaryartcritictoproclaimhimfarandawaythegreatestartistBritainhaseverproduced.Considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncraticviews, Blake is held in high regard by later critics for hisexpressivenessandcreativity,andforthephilosophicalandmystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings andpoetryhavebeencharacterisedaspartofboththeRomanticmovementandPre-Romantic,6foritslargeappearanceinthe 18th century. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to theChurchofEngland,BlakewasinfluencedbytheidealsandambitionsoftheFrenchandAmerican.Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blakesworkmakeshimdifficulttoclassify.The19thcenturyscholarWilliam Rossetti characterised Blake as a gloriousluminary,9andasamannotforestalledbypredecessors,nortobeclassedwithcontemporaries,nortobereplacedbyknownorreadilysurmisablesuccessors.“HismasterpiecesaremainlySongs of Innocence and Songs of Experience SongsofInnocenceandExperienceBlakesmostpopularwork,appearedintwophases.In1789,hepublishedSongsofInnocence;five years later he bound thesepoemswithasetofnewpoemsinavolumetitledSongs of Innocenceandof ExperienceShewingtheTwoContraryStatesof the Human Soul. Innocenceand Experience are definitionsof consciousness that rethinkMiltons existential-mythic statesofParadiseandtheFall.SongsofInnocenceandExperienceBlakes categories are modes of perceptionthattendtocoordinatewithachronologythatwould become standard in Romanticism:childhood is a time and a state of protectedinnocence, but not immune to the fallenworldanditsinstitutions.Thisworldsometimes impinges on childhood itself, andinanyeventbecomesknownthroughexperience,astate ofbeingmarked bythelossofchildhoodvitality,byfearandinhibition, by social and political corruption,and by the manifold oppression of Church,State, and the ruling classes. The volumesContrary States are sometimes signaled bypatently repeated or contrasted titles: inInnocence, Infant Joy, in Experience, InfantSorrow;inInnocence,TheLamb,inExperience,TheFlyandTheTyger.TheSickRoseORose,thouartsick!TheinvisiblewormThatfliesinthenight,Inthehowlingstorm,HasfoundoutthybedOfcrimsonjoy:AndhisdarksecretloveDoesthylifedestroy.TheLittleBlackBoyMymotherboremeinthesouthernwild,AndIamblack,butoh!mysouliswhite.WhiteasanangelistheEnglishchild,ButIamblackasifbereavedoflight.Mymothertaughtmeunderneathatree,And,sittingdownbeforetheheatofday,Shetookmeonherlapandkissedme,Andpointingtotheeastbegantosay:Lookontherisingsun,-thereGoddoesliveAndgiveshislight,andgiveshisheataway;AndflowersandtreesandbeastsandmenreceiveComfortinmorning,joyinthenoonday.TheLittleBlackBoyAndweareputonearthalittlespaceThatwemaylearntobearthebeamsoflove;AndtheseblackbodiesandthissunburntfaceIsbutacloud,andlikeashadygrove.ForwhenoursoulshavelearnedtheheattobearThecloudwillvanish,weshallhearhisvoiceSaying:Comeoutfromthegrove,myloveandcare,Androundmygoldententlikelambsrejoice!Thusdidmymothersay,andkissedme;AndthusIsaytolittleEnglishboy:WhenIfromblackandhefromwhitecloudfree,AndroundthetentofGodlikelambswejoy,IllshadehimfromtheheattillhecanbearToleaninjoyuponourfathersknee;AndthenIllstandandstrokehissilverhair,Andbelikehim,andhewillthenloveme.RobertBurnsRobert Burns (1759 1796) was aScottish poet and a lyricist. He is widelyregardedasthenationalpoetofScotland,andiscelebratedworldwide.HeisthebestknownofthepoetswhohavewrittenintheScots language, although much of hiswritingisalsoinEnglishandalightScotsdialect,accessibletoanaudiencebeyondScotland.HeisregardedasapioneeroftheRomanticmovementOMYLuveslikeared,redroseThatsnewlysprunginJune:OmyLuveslikethemelodieThatssweetlyplaydintune!Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,5SodeepinluveamI:AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tillatheseasgangdry:Tillatheseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwithesun;10Iwillluvetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandsolifeshallrun.Andfaretheeweel,myonlyLuve,Andfaretheeweelawhile!AndIwillcomeagain,myLuve,15Thoitweretenthousandmile.ARed,RedRosePoetic License Because of the idiosyncratic features of poetry, poets are granted to enjoy the imaginative and linguistic freedom to depart from normal prose standards of factual accuracy, syntax, grammar, or pronunciation where this may produce a more satisfying imaginative or metrical effect. Depending on prevailing aesthetic conventions this may permit the use of elision or of syntactic inversion to fit the meter of a line, of eye rhyme or broken rhyme to fit a rhyme scheme, of unusual diction, of illogical figures, or of other imaginative liberties ranging from personification and the pathetic fallacy to inaccuracy of chronology, geography, or natural science. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways She dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the spring of Dove , A maid whom there were none to praise And very few to lovA violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye! -Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky.She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways She lived unknown, and few could know When Lucy ceased to be; But she is in her grave, and, oh, The difference to me!