n nLocation mainland: in the central part of North America Alaska: border northwestern Canada 1959, 49th state Hawaii: in the central Pacific Ocean 1959, 50th state1 1n nSurroundings (mainland) on the north Canada on the south - the Gulf of Mexico on the east - the Atlantic Ocean on the west - the Pacific Ocean2 2n nAdministrative Regionn n50 states mainland - 48 states detached territory - Alaska offshore islands - Hawaii n nWashington D.C. a federal district of Columbia3 3n nThree distinct areas (1)(1) the eastern part (2)(2) the western part (3)(3) the Great Plains five Great Lakes Mississippi River4 45 5 The Great Lakes (freshwater) Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Michigan Niagara Falls between Lake Erie & Lake Ontario on U.S.- Can. navigation linkage of many industrial areas6 6 The Mississippi River (the father of waters) longest in North America originate from the Lake Itasca (in MN) to the Gulf of Mexico 3780km long 3 million skm of drainage area 7 7n nSix regions New England, Mid-Atlantic, South, Midwest, Southwest, West (1)(1) New England (2)(2) South Region (3)(3) Western Region (4)(4) California (5)(5) Alaska (6)(6) Hawaii8 8(1)(1)New England 6 states: CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT 6 states: CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT Europeans first settlements Europeans first settlements geographical features geographical features historic sites historic sites top-ranking universities & colleges top-ranking universities & colleges Harvard, Yale, MIT etc.Harvard, Yale, MIT etc.9 9The Ivy LeagueBrown U.RIColumbia U.NY city NYCornell U.NYDartmouth CollegeNH Harvard U. MAU. of PennsylvaniaPAPrinceton U. NJYale U. CT1010(2)(2) The South Region 13 statesn nplentiful rainfall & a mild climaten ncrops grown frost-free 6 monthsn nindustry developingn npopulation growing1111(3)(3) The Western Region 11 statesn nbeautiful forests & streamsn nenvironment protection1212(4)(4) California n nnatural featuresn nnotable citiesn nGDP & agricultural yield predominantn nhigh-tech centers eg: Silicon Valley1313(5)(5) Alaska Alaska n nstretching southward from stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific the Arctic Ocean to the Pacificn na world of glaciers, waterfalls, lakesa world of glaciers, waterfalls, lakesn ntemperature lowtemperature lown nnative population: Eskimos mostly,native population: Eskimos mostly, & Indians, Aleuts & Indians, Aleutsn nnatural resources:natural resources: agricultural agricultural industrial industrial1414(6)(6) Hawaiin na chain of beads in central Pacificn n8 major islandsn n2575 km long southeast to northwestn ntemperature mildn nchief productsn nlargest source of income: tourist business15152. Climate n nmild subtropical zones: most statesn ntropical：southern FL, HIn n50cm rainfall line (through middle, from north to south)(through middle, from north to south) to the east comparatively more rainto the east comparatively more rain to the west much less rain to the west much less rain exception of the coastal areas along the Pacificexception of the coastal areas along the Pacific161617173.Major Cities n nWashington:Washington:capital capital n nNew York:New York:the largest city the largest city n nLos Angeles:Los Angeles:the second largest citythe second largest cityn nChicago:Chicago:the third largest city the third largest city n nSan Francisco: San Francisco: the center of the center of 1818Washingtonn nthe Washington District of Columbia the Washington District of Columbia named after Christopher Columbus & named after Christopher Columbus & George Washington George Washingtonn ngoverned directly by federal gov.governed directly by federal gov.n nheadquarters of whole federal systemheadquarters of whole federal systemn na leading cultural centera leading cultural center the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Kennedy Center, the Jefferson Memorial, the Kennedy Center, the Library of Congress the Library of Congressn nlight & service industries (little heavy ind.)light & service industries (little heavy ind.)1919New Yorkn nthe largest city of the USthe largest city of the USn n3 islands3 islands (at the mouth of Hudson river):(at the mouth of Hudson river): Manhattan Island Manhattan Island Long Island Long Island Staten IslandStaten Islandn n5 boroughs:5 boroughs: ManhattanManhattan BrooklynBrooklyn BronxBronxStaten Island Staten Island QueensQueens2020n nthe Statue of Liberty: American symbolthe Statue of Liberty: American symbol (at the gate of New York Harbor)(at the gate of New York Harbor)n nThe headquarters of the UNThe headquarters of the UNn nManhattan : a financial & entertainment centerManhattan : a financial & entertainment center the core of NY City the core of NY City Broadway Broadway Times Square Times Square Wall Street Wall Street Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue Central Park Central Park Greenwich VillageGreenwich VillageChinatown Chinatown the Empire State Buildingthe Empire State Buildingmany churches, colleges, skyscrapers & theatresmany churches, colleges, skyscrapers & theatres2121Los Angelesn nthe second largest citythe second largest cityn n4 times larger in area than San Francisco4 times larger in area than San Franciscon nImportant electronic centerImportant electronic centern natomic research centeratomic research centern nindustrytires, automobiles & aircraftsindustrytires, automobiles & aircraftsn nHollywoodthe heart of worlds motion Hollywoodthe heart of worlds motion picture industrypicture industryn nDisneylandDisneyland2222Chicago n nthe Windy Citythe Windy Cityn nmain connection between the eastern coast main connection between the eastern coast cities and the Westcities and the Westn nthe third largest citythe third largest cityn nthe largest industry citythe largest industry city heavy & light industries highly developed heavy & light industries highly developedn na center of industry, transportation, a center of industry, transportation, commerce & finance in the Midwest Regioncommerce & finance in the Midwest Regionn na cultural center, the worlds best collections a cultural center, the worlds best collections of modern architectureof modern architecture2323San Franciscon nA center of oil-refining, chemicals, A center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce, finance & the shipping industrycommerce, finance & the shipping industryn nThe transcontinental railroad connecting The transcontinental railroad connecting itself with the industrial & agricultural itself with the industrial & agricultural centers of the Midwest & the Eastcenters of the Midwest & the Eastn nThe Golden Gate BridgeThe Golden Gate Bridgen nChinatown the largest Chinese Chinatown the largest Chinese settlement in USsettlement in US2424II. People1. Population the third most populous nation behind China & India 300300 million (Oct.17,2006)(Oct.17,2006)200200 million (July 1, 1968)(July 1, 1968) 100 100 million (July 1, 1915)(July 1, 1915) 303,593,258 (March 9, 2008)(March 9, 2008)400 400 million (as early as 2043) (as early as 2043)2525n nDISTRIBUTION of the population: NortheasternNortheastern the most densely populated region the most densely populated region 1/2 population on 1/4 land 1/2 population on 1/4 land Great Plains Great Plains comparatively small population comparatively small population South South almost 57.5 million almost 57.5 million West West densely populated except LA & SF densely populated except LA & SF now 1/5 but expected to grow faster now 1/5 but expected to grow faster 26262. Nation of Immigrants a nation of immigrants 4 cent. 55 million immigrated no country in history has congregated & amalgamated so many ethnics immigrants admitted by US more than all other industrialized countries combined2727From foreign countryTo foreign country 国外移来移居国外v. immigrateemigraten. immigrant emigrantn. immigrationemigrationn. immigratoremigratora. immigratoryemigratory n. migrantv. migratea. migratoryn. migration 2828a nation of nations Waves of immigration to US: first people from Asia as early as 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait to Alaska Indians/Native Americans 15th century10 million the Westward Movement: destruction today2.4million(poor & jobless) 1/3 living on reservation 2/3 in cities2929 white people 85% of the population descendants of European immigrants SYMBOL: Pilgrim Fathers Puritans from England in 1620, Mayflower black people 12% of the population 1620-1820 8million brought from Africa as slaves on Southern farms now live in South, Northeast, Midwest3030 first sharp increase 1830s1840s, northern Europeans (Irish) because of the Great Famine Another tremendous tide of immigration 1880s, largely from southern & eastern Europe3131 changing from agricultural society to industrialized country immigrants competitive power lower wages because of poverty the Immigration Act of 1924 restriction of European immigrants other groups concentrate in: Mexicans in Texas & California Puerto Ricans in New York Cubans in Florida recent immigrants from Central American 3232 Asian immigration Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments (1965) in 1980s half of immigrantsAsians settled in California, Hawaii, New York, and Texas Chinese Americans: industrious, intelligent & doing fine 3333n na melting pot many nationalities constitute the relatively new nation various racial & ethnic group combined into one culturen na salad they mix harmoniously but keep their distinct culture & custom34343. Racial Assimilation cultural characters: English-speaking western European Protestant middle-class values: freedom equality desire to a higher standard3535 A successful melting pot the process of assimilationn nDominant majority solidifiedn nImmigrants tend to be viewed as a threat to basic American values & way of liven nDuring late 19th & 20th centuries poverty-stricken immigrants harder to be assimilated with established Americans & clustered in close-knit communities Chinatown3636n nAmericanization. New immigrants learn American way in English instruction & citizenship classes.n nNaturalization. New immigrants accept the values of the dominant Americans & in turn accepted by majority of Americans n nThe immigrants now have a much stronger feeling about being an American3737Chapter 9History I. America in the Colonial era3838n nThe descendants of the Mongoloid about The descendants of the Mongoloid about 20,000 years ago20,000 years agon nNative Americans living in North America for Native Americans living in North America for many hundreds of years before Europeans many hundreds of years before Europeans reached the continent. For a long time white reached the continent. For a long time white people called them Indians. Today many people called them Indians. Today many people do not like this name since it is people do not like this name since it is based on a mistake: it was given to the based on a mistake: it was given to the people living in the America by Christopher people living in the America by Christopher Columbus who, when he arrived there, Columbus who, when he arrived there, thought he had landed in India. Instead, thought he had landed in India. Instead, people prefer to use the term Native people prefer to use the term Native Americans. Americans. 3939 Amerigo Vespucci(1445-1512), Italiannavigator. In Latin, Amerigo is trans-lated into Americus. Vespucci arrivedsoutheast coast of South America forexploration in 1499, realizing the signifi-cance of Columbuss discovery of theNew World in 1492. In 1507, the name “Amerigo” emerged initially on a map, a German map marked his discovery ofthe “South Continent”.4040 The Pilgrims were the 102 people who sailed to America from England on the ship Mayflower in 1620. The group, later called the Pilgrim Fathers, included 35 Puritans whose aim was to create a safe religious community in the New World. The Pilgrims probably landed at Plymouth Rock, MA and settled. They established the first successful colony, Plymouth colony.4141n nalong with the Seven Years War (the French and Indian War in Europe) (1756-63), the war between England and France was undergoing in North America for ruling the arean nin 1763 England controlled Canada & North America (east of Mississippi)4242 II. The War of IndependenceBackgrounds:The contradictions sharpened between England and its colonies n nEngland imposed new taxes to defray the war cost & expected people to lodge British soldiersn nColonists resented the taxes & resisted the quartering of soldiers “no taxation without representation”4343n nthe first shots at Lexingtonn nthe Second Continental Congressn nthe Declaration of Independencen nprincipal political principlen nprocess of the War4444III. The Civil WarBackground of the Warn nSouth states: farming black African slaves bought, sold & treated cruellyn nNorth states: factories growing need for laboring forcen nJohn Brown, the famous white abolitionist, lead an armed uprising in 1859 against slavery but failedn nThe publishing of Uncle Toms Cabin4545n葛底斯堡葛底斯堡 美国宾夕法尼亚州南部的一个自治村镇。位于阿勒格尼山东麓。人口7，200。水果产地中心和加工地。美国南北战争中葛底斯堡战役（1863年7月1-3日）的战场，林肯总统曾在此发表具有历史意义的演说，提出“民有、民治、民享”口号。国家军事公园中保留有许 多 战 场 和 国 家 公 墓 。4646LINCOLNS GETTYSBURG ADDRESSLINCOLNS GETTYSBURG ADDRESSby Abraham Lincolnby Abraham Lincoln Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate-we cannot But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate-we cannot consecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground. The brave men, living consecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, for above our and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, for above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.4747林肯葛底斯堡演讲词林肯葛底斯堡演讲词林肯葛底斯堡演讲词林肯葛底斯堡演讲词 八十七年以前，我们的祖先在这大陆上建立了一个国家，它八十七年以前，我们的祖先在这大陆上建立了一个国家，它孕育于自由，并且献身给一种理念，即所有人都是生来平等的。孕育于自由，并且献身给一种理念，即所有人都是生来平等的。 当前，我们正在从事一次伟大的内战，我们在考验，究当前，我们正在从事一次伟大的内战，我们在考验，究竟这个国家，或任何一个有这种主张和这种信仰的国家，是否能竟这个国家，或任何一个有这种主张和这种信仰的国家，是否能长久存在。我们在那次战争的一个伟大的战场上集会。我们来到长久存在。我们在那次战争的一个伟大的战场上集会。我们来到这里，奉献那个战场上的一部分土地，作为在此地为那个国家的这里，奉献那个战场上的一部分土地，作为在此地为那个国家的生存而牺牲了自己生命的人的永久眠息之所。我们这样做，是十生存而牺牲了自己生命的人的永久眠息之所。我们这样做，是十分合情合理的。分合情合理的。 可是，就更深一层意义而言，我们是无从奉献这片土地可是，就更深一层意义而言，我们是无从奉献这片土地的的-无从使它成为圣地无从使它成为圣地-也不能把它变为人们景仰之所。那些在也不能把它变为人们景仰之所。那些在这里战斗的勇士，活着的和死去的，已使这块土地神圣化了，远这里战斗的勇士，活着的和死去的，已使这块土地神圣化了，远非我们的菲薄能力所能左右。世人会不大注意，更不会长久记得非我们的菲薄能力所能左右。世人会不大注意，更不会长久记得我们在此地所说的话，然而他们将永远忘不了这些人在这里所做我们在此地所说的话，然而他们将永远忘不了这些人在这里所做的事。相反，我们活着的人应该献身于那些曾在此作战的人们所的事。相反，我们活着的人应该献身于那些曾在此作战的人们所英勇推动而尚未完成的工作。我们应该在此献身于我们面前所留英勇推动而尚未完成的工作。我们应该在此献身于我们面前所留存的伟大工作存的伟大工作-由于他们的光荣牺牲，我们要更坚定地致力于他由于他们的光荣牺牲，我们要更坚定地致力于他们曾作最后全部贡献的那个事业们曾作最后全部贡献的那个事业-我们在此立志宣誓，不能让他我们在此立志宣誓，不能让他们白白死去们白白死去-要使这个国家在上帝的庇佑之下，得到新生的自由要使这个国家在上帝的庇佑之下，得到新生的自由-要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失。要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失。4848n nThe Confederate States of America (the Confederacy) of 11 southern statesn nLincolns first priority: keep the integrity of the whole nation his second objective: freedom for black peoplen nTwo great historic achievements of the War: America maintained a single, indivisible nation & the complete abolition of the slavery4949IV. America in the 20th centuryn nWorld War I (WWI)President Wilson: Proclamation of Neutrality Fourteen Points US Congress rejected the Versailles Treaty along with the points proposed by Wilson 5050n nthe Great Depressionn nThe value of the stocks in NYSE: at the peak in 1929 1 in October 1929 60% (40% wiped out)(40% wiped out) by 1933 (less than)(less than) 20% n nbusinesses closed factories shut down banks failed farm income fell by 50% 1 in every 4 Americans unemployed5151n nFranklin D. Roosevelt was elected Presidentn nMore than 70 acts were brought forward to Congressn nThe New Deal: help the economy get out of the depression5252n nThe WWII broke out a sit-on-the-fence policy glorious isolation the Lend-Lease Billn n轴心国 the Axis countries / powers the Rome-Berlin Axis the fascist military blocn n同盟国 the Allies countries Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor - U.S. policy changing fundamentally5353n nPostwar arrangement: Organizing the UN Establishing the IMF & World Bank Forming the NATO5454n nthe Cold Warn nFormation of the NATOn nthe Korean War to prevent Communist ideologyn nthe Vietnam War to contain Communism in Vietnam 500,000 troops500,000 troops 58,000 soldiers killed 58,000 soldiers killed $141 billion military expenditure $141 billion military expenditure outcome: weakened US greatly sharpened internal contradictions5555n nThe Cuban missile crisis in 1962n nNixons diplomatic breakthroughs background 1.reestablish relations with China 2.negotiate first SALT with USSRn nNixons intention & his Scandal5656n n3 important Communiques Shanghai Communique Richard Nixon 1972 establishing diplomatic relations Jimmy Carter 1978 arms-selling to Taiwan limitation Ronald Reagan 19875757n nReagans successful economic achievements tight money policy: inflation under control recovery under way prosperity during longest recorded peaceful time recession or depression no but: widening two extremes (rich & poor) high deficit spending5858recurrent economic crisis 周期性经济危机 depression depression萧条萧条 inflation inflation 通货膨胀通货膨胀 recovery recovery 复苏复苏 prosperity prosperity繁荣繁荣 boom boom高涨高涨 recession recession衰退衰退 crisis crisis危机危机 falter falter疲软疲软 deficit deficit赤字赤字5959n nGeorge Bush good at foreign affairs a good excuse to beat the former Soviet Unions sphere of influence: Iraqi intention of gobbling up Kuwait (the National Security Directives 45) Operation Desert Storm incapable of domestic affairs a faltering economy internal violence rising6060n nBill Clintons achievements economic recovery unemployment rate decreasing foreign policy gaining NAFTA: 1.elimination of most import taxes among members 2.ending restrictions on the flow of goods, services and investment affair with an intern6161V. America in the 21st centuryGeorge W Bush: administrative programn nnational unitynational unityn nreform educationreform educationn ncut taxescut taxesn nshore up social security & medicareshore up social security & medicaren nstrengthen the countrys defensesstrengthen the countrys defensesBut soon the economy became his first priority: secure the passage of a tax cut6262September 11the most devastating foreign attack against its mainlandn nHijack 4 passenger airplanesHijack 4 passenger airplanesn n2 planes as suicide vehicles to destroy twin 2 planes as suicide vehicles to destroy twin towers of the World Trade Centertowers of the World Trade Centern n1 plane crashed into the Pentagon1 plane crashed into the Pentagonn n1 meant for the US Capitol but crashed1 meant for the US Capitol but crashed Osama bin Laden Al-Qaeda Organization Taliban regime6363Axis of Evil: a term used by G.W.Bush in Axis of Evil: a term used by G.W.Bush in his his State of the Union AddressState of the Union Address to describe to describe governments that he accused of helping governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction. Bush named (1) destruction. Bush named (1)IraqIraq, (2), (2)IranIran and (3) and (3)North KoreaNorth Korea. Bushs presidency has. Bushs presidency has been marked by this notion as a justification been marked by this notion as a justification for his War on Terrorism. Later, “Beyond the for his War on Terrorism. Later, “Beyond the Axis of Evil” as described by John Robert Axis of Evil” as described by John Robert Bolton (25 Bolton (25thth United States Ambassador United States Ambassador to the United Nations) were (4) to the United Nations) were (4)CubaCuba, , (5) (5)LibyaLibya and (6) and (6) SyriaSyria. .6464Chapter 10GovernmentI.I.ConstitutionII.II.GovernmentIII.III.Political PartiesIV.IV.ElectionV.V.Foreign Policy6565I. Constitutiondrawn up in 1787 came into effect in 1789 2 obvious characteristics: checks & balances legislature, executive, judiciary separation of power central gov. & state gov. 6666Ordain & establish Constitution for USA:n nform a more perfect unionn nestablish justicen ninsure domestic tranquilityn nprovide for the common defensen npromote the general welfaren nsecure the blessings of liberty to people Preamble of Constitution 6767n nBill of Right (first ten amendments)Freedom of religionFreedom of speechFreedom of pressFreedom of peaceful assembleRight to bear armsFreedom against unreasonable search and seizure 6868n nThe Constitution of the United States takes precedence over all state constitutions and laws, and over laws made by the U.S. Congress. n nIt enjoys highest, supreme, authority and paramount position in political and legal systems.n nIt has never been revised but added amendments to. There have been 27 amendments adding to the Constitution since 1789. 6969II. Government THREE MAIN PRINCIPLES of the forming of government:n nFederalismn nSeparation of powersn nRespect for the Constitution and the rule of law7070n nFederal government equals the central government of the USAn nFederal government is composed of three equal but separate branches which are checked and balanced each other71711. The Legislature 立法机关，议会n nFunctions: law-making body supreme legislative bobyn nInstitution: two houses Senate the House of Representatives 7272Senate & Senatorn nSenate: 100 voting members, two from each of the 50 statesn nSenator: elected directly by all votes in their statesn nMay be reelected for an unlimited number of six-year termsn nPrerequisites: over 30 a resident in the place which they represent a US citizen for at least nine years7373House of Representatives & Representativen nHouse of Representatives:435 voting members + 3 non-voting representatives (Puerto Rico, Guma and the D.C.)n nOne congressional district elects one Representativen nRepresentative:n nA term of two yearsn nPrerequisites: at least 25 years old US citizen for no less than 7 years74747575 Very Complicated Law-making Process (I)1 1.Any member introduces a bill or proposal2 2.The bill immediately sent to a committee3 3.The responsible committee holds hearingsn nPeople offer opinions before committeen nA sub-committee is often set upn nThe sub-committee holds many sessions for people to offer written statements4.4. The committee members vote on the billn nIf not favorably vote, the bill “dies” 7676 Very Complicated Law-making Process (II)n nIf the ill is favorably voted, 5 5. The committee reports the bill to the House6 6.Work out a compromise in a conference committee, if two houses have difference on the bill.7 7.If an agreement not reached, the bill “lost”; If passed, the ill becomes an “Act”.8 8.The Act goes to the President for approval:n nIf the President signs it, it becomes “Law”;n nIf the Act is vetoed by the President,9 9.Congress can override it by a 2/3 majority77772.The Executive (Administration)总统 行政 The President is the head of state and the head of government as well in the US rare throughout the world President: the chief of executive branch Cabinet: major source of advice & assistance to the President Secretaries: heads of 14 departments & other independent agencies who form the Cabinet President the First citizen His wife the First Lady7878Presidents power or authority of office1 1.Manage national affairs & the working of the federal government2 2.Issue executive orders, including rules, regulations & instructions3 3.Act as Commander-in-Chief to raise, train, supervise & deploy armed forces4 4.Control foreign policy5 5.Hold significant influence in law-making6 6.Influence the decision of the federal courts7 7.Nominate justices of the Supreme Court7979Under the President:1 1.The Cabinet a nucleus of leadership a presidential council the heads of the major department other persons chosen by President2 2.The National Security Council8080n nPrerequisites of being a President A natural-born American citizen At least 35 years of age A resident of the US for at least 14 years n nService term Two successive four-year termsn nResidential place The White House8181n nExtent of authority ask Congress for every dollar of his administrations office funds his nomination and foreign treaties must be confirmed by the Senate report to Congress on his military actions abroad for approval Congress can impeach him if he abuses his power or commits a crime82823. The JudiciaryA. Federal judicial system: the Supreme Court the courts of appeals the district courts 8383Supreme Court the highest court of the US Chief Justice of the United States 8 Associate Justices each has one vote decisions made by the majority all appointed by the President with the Senates approval and can only be removed by the Congress8484The major powers of the Supreme Court a) b) c) d) e)The powers limited by the PresidentCongress may impeach and convict any federal judges, and may propose an amendment to the Constitution if the Supreme Court declares a law unconstitutional.Opening time: first Monday of October till middle of next June 9 months8585The courts of appeals (上诉法院) share the burden of the Supreme Court the whole US is divided into 12 appeal regions each region has a court with several judges8686The district court lowest in federal judicial system the 50 states divided into 94 federal judicial districts each district has a district court its decisions can be reviewed by the court of appeals if necessary8787B. The state judicial system courts of law a police force a prison system8888All Courts Practicen nThe jury system & common lawn nAll the criminals are called suspects before sentencingn nThe death penalty8989In June, 1972 the Supreme Court of the US declared capital punishment, or the death penalty, to be unconstitutional. In July, 1976 the Supreme Court declared the death penalty could be constitutional for crimes of murder in certain circumstances. But at the beginning of the year 1981, the state of California did not have laws permitting the death penalty.9090III. Political PartiesA two-party system dominates the US the Democratic Party donkey the Republican Party elephant 9191n nDemocratic Party enjoys a long historyOriginal members: labor, minorities & progressive reformersEnd of 18th century, Jeffersons supporters called themselves “Democratic Republicans”Their belief is to advocate popular government and to oppose monarchismThe Partys present name is adopted in 1830sThe leading party before the Civil War9292n nRepublican PartySlavery-opposing northern capitalistsFirst national convention held in Feb. 1856, on it the present party name is usedIn 1860, Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected President and the Civil War broke afterwards.Only since WWII, two parties have held the presidency in turn 9393n nPolitical PostureDemocratic: liberalRepublican: conservativen nThis difference in ideology displays on economic & social issues & foreign affairs9494n nDemocratsThe government plays an important role in the economy and emphasizes full employment as a matter of national concernFavor civil rights lawsA strong social security systemLess restrictive abortion9595n nRepublicansFavor a system which gives enterprises a greater freedomDemand that the government control inflationStress the need for law and orderOppose complete governmental social programs Oppose free choice of abortionAdopt hard-line tactics in international relations/strong military assertive stand9696Internal system for both partiesn nno membership cardn nno duesn nno initiation ceremoniesn nnot required to attend meetingsn nnot have to vote for party candidatesn nnot have to pay for party expensesParty member is only an expression by the voter of which party they prefer9797IV. Electionn nonly the nominated candidates have the chance to win a presidential electionn nTwo processes within a party: 1. the primary election (初选) having supporters chosen to convention 2. the national convention (全国代表大会) a presidential candidate chosen through ballot9898n nResources of election expenditure1.1.Personal fund-raising activities2.2.Candidates party3.3.Grant from the governmentn nElection date first Tuesday of November every four years9999n nTwo stages of the general election:1. Choose presidential electors As party nominees, they are called Electoral College, 538, equal to the total number of the members in Congress. the “winner-take-all” practice: the regulation that the winner gets overall votes of a state2. Electors voting100100101101V. Foreign Policy 1. Neutrality2. Containment and Intervention1021021. Neutralityn nPresident Wilsons Declaration of Neutralityn nPresident Wilsons Fourteen Points submitted to the Senate in 1918n nIsolationism when WWII broke outn nNeutrality legislation enacted from 1935 to 1937, prohibiting trade in arms with warring nations and requiring cash103103n nUS entered the war after its five vessels were sunk in WWIn nAmerica declared war on the Axis Powers after attacked at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 in WWIIn nWartime objectives: 1. totally destruct the Axis Powers 2. establish a world order in accord with US ideals and interests1041042. Containment and Interventionn nContainmentPower: homeland undamaged in 2 WWsBeliefs: to maintain the democratic structure confident of mission granted by the Heaven Launched the Cold WarPostwar policy was containmentInspired a wave of anti-Communism105105n nInvention 1.Struggle/scramble for middle or small countries with USSR2.Eisenhower authorized CIA to secretly intervene unfriendly nations, to protect reliable anti-Communist leaders3.Topple governments of other countries 4.Fostering puppet regimes106106Chapter 11 Economy Basic Features:n neconomic & technological superpowern nfree enterprise system based on the belief on personal freedomI. History of American EconomyII. Current American Economy107107I. History of American Economy1. The Colonial Period2. Since American Independence (a small, independent farming economy)3. The 20th Century (a highly complex, industrial economy)1081081.The Colonial Period (early period 1780s)n nEarly settlers reasons to US: profitable, religious & politicaln nCharter companies sought personal economic gain wanted to advance Britains national goals THE MOTIVE / DRIVING FORCE TO THE ECONOMY109109n nThe development of the secondary industries the development of industries regional patterns of development STANDARD OF LIVING IN US GENERALLY HIGHER IN BRITAINn nPolitical demand from North taxation disputes the emerging middle classes rallying cry of “inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property1101102. Since American Independence(1780s 19th cent.)n nUS Constitution: an economic charter1.Regulate commerce with foreign nations & among the states2.Establish uniform bankruptcy laws3.Create money & regulate its value4.Fix standards of weights & measures5.Establish post offices & roads6.Fix rules governing patents & copyrights=intellectual property111111n nAlexander Hamilton: one of the nations founding fathers first Secretary of the Treasury1.Advocated an economic development strategy, providing weak industries with overt subsidies & imposing protective tariffs on imports2.Urged the federal government to create a national bank, assuming the public debts first NBUS chartered in 1791112112n nThe Industrial Revolution US in late 18th & early 19th Northeast: urbanized industry South: a national bank code drafted industrialists dominated nations life the Civil War freed the great power of productivity an explosion or second industrial revolution1131133. The 20th Centuryn nGreat Depression & New DealGreat Depression & New Deal the collapse of prices on the New the collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929, a York Stock Exchange in October 1929, a major factor in the early stages of the major factor in the early stages of the Depression Depression 1.Deal with the banking crisis 1.Deal with the banking crisis 2.Sit up the New York State Emergency 2.Sit up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help the Relief Commission to help the desperated desperated 3.Relieve the misery for unemployed 3.Relieve the misery for unemployed114114n nEstablished IMF & WB after WWIIn n1950s: A period of consolidation for businesses by ensuring an open, capitalist, international economyn n1960s-1970s: a time of great change President Johnsons “Great Society” Medicare Food Stamps Education Initiatives End of 1970s, economic 115115n nEarly 1980s, Reagans monetarist policies to fight inflation: 1.increasing the supply of money flowing, rigorous controlling over govern. spending deficit. 2. cutting taxes & raising interest ratesn nPresident George H W Bush: a recessionn nUnder Bill Clinton: at first, grew slowly then recovered more quickly as measures taken by Bush began to bear fruit Since 1990s, longest peacetime expansion in history116116II. Current American Economy1.1.Agriculture2.2.Manufacturing Industry3.3.Service Industry4.4.High-tech Industry5.5.Foreign Trade1171171.1.1. Agriculture2.2.(Primary Industry)n nEnjoy special favors of nature vast farm land abundant water system, rainfall, snowfall, river & underground water ideal conditions for irrigation & large-scale agriculture118118n nLarge capital investments, highly trained labor force & advanced technologyn nAgribusinessn nAgricultural foreign traden nFarming style: farm owners farmers tenant farmers migrant workers 1191192. Manufacturing Industry(Secondary Industry)n n25 million workersn nIntensive form of heavy industry military industry, auto industry & aerospace industryn nThe first assembly linen nLight industry1201203. Service Industry(Tertiary Industry / Service Sector)n nPlaying a significant role in the nations economy employmentn nFor the affluent: commercial banking, life insurance, real estate & law servicesn nHealth care, education, government & social servicesn nProvided by the skilled poor covering 2 types: services to buildings & dwellings, retailing1211214. High-tech IndustryRanking first in the worldPlaying an important role in the states economic growthThe nation has been laying emphasis on technological innovations inComputingTelecommunicationsBiological sciencesSpace technology1221225. Foreign Traden nTransferring a domestic-oriented trade pattern to an internationally-oriented onen nAbout 10% exports of the worlds totaln nTaking in the largest percentage of imports in the worldn nExerting tremendous influence on the world economy123123Chapter 12Education, Media and HolidaysI. EducationII. MediaIII. Holidays and Festivals124124I. Education1. Ideals of American Education2. Educational System1). Elementary and Secondary Education2). Higher Education3). Famous Universities4). Multicultural Education1251251.Ideal of American Educationn nAs many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want outcome of the Americans assertions about equality among peoplen nProducing a society that is totally literate and local controln nThe basic nature of knowledge & learning put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts express their own opinion in class126126n nEducation: an individual benefit & a social necessityevery American has the right & obligation to be educatedknowledge alters ones fate.the future of the nation depends largely on education1271272. Educational System1).Elementary and Secondary Education School system: nursery school, daycare center kindergarten elementary school secondary school (junior high school senior high school) higher education (university college) 128128n nElementary schooln nSecondary school junior high school senior high schooln nPreparations for higher education no annual CEE, instead of a) high school records of years b) recommendation letters from former teachers c) impression in interviewing at univ. d) scores in SAT1291292) Higher Education four categories of institutionsa) universityb) College: 4-year undergraduatesc) Technical training institutiond) Community college130130n nUndergraduate education1.1.Degrees2.2.Colleges3.3.Distributions according to populationn nVarious institutions offered1.1.a variety of schools from large comprehensive univ. to small traditional liberal arts2.2.wide range from fine arts to career-oriented fields3.3.distinctions4.4.students choice of the institutions 131131n nAdministration body1.1.Select president2.2.Establish policies3.3.Approve budget4.4.Purchase & sale of real estate5.5.Other major items132132n nAcademic yearn nCredit systemn nLiving accommodationsn nStudents financial resourcesn nSports at a significant leveln nStudents clubs1331333) Famous UniversityThe Ivy LeagueBrown U.Rhode IslandColumbia U.NY city NYCornell U.New YorkDartmouth CollegeNew Hampshire Harvard U. MassachusettsU. of PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaPrinceton U. New JerseyYale U. Connecticut134134Harvard UniversityYale UniversityPrinceton UniversityMIT1351354) Multicultural Educationn nInfluenced by populationn nExperiences & values taught136136n n1. 波西米亚人（的），吉卜赛人，流浪汉，过流浪生活的n n2.放荡不羁的文化人，放荡不羁的，反俗世陈规的n nbohemian: n nn. a person who has informal and unconventional social habits, especially an artist or writer.n na. having informal and unconventional social habits137137