Lecture SixLecture Six非谓语动词非谓语动词Non-finite Verbs1本讲主要内容：本讲主要内容：一、非谓语动词的分类、特征二、非谓语动词的时态和语态三、非谓语动词充当的句子成分四、补充知识点2非谓语动词概述非谓语动词概述英语中，动词具有两种形式：英语中，动词具有两种形式： 1. 1.谓语形式谓语形式 2. 2.非谓语形式非谓语形式动词的谓语形式必须和主语在人称和数上保持一动词的谓语形式必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，受主语的限定，因此又被称为动词的致，受主语的限定，因此又被称为动词的限定形限定形式式(Finite Forms of Verbs)(Finite Forms of Verbs)。非谓语形式不受主语的限制，因此又被称为动词非谓语形式不受主语的限制，因此又被称为动词的的非限定形式非限定形式(Non-finite Forms of Verbs)(Non-finite Forms of Verbs)。确切地讲，非谓语动词实际上指动词的非谓语形确切地讲，非谓语动词实际上指动词的非谓语形式。式。3动词的非谓语形式有三种：动词的非谓语形式有三种：1.1.不定式不定式(The Infinitive)(The Infinitive)，由由to +to +动词原形构成，动词原形构成，to to 为不定式符号，并无实际意义。为不定式符号，并无实际意义。2.2.动名词动名词(The Gerund)(The Gerund)，由动词，由动词+ing+ing构成。构成。3.3.分词分词(The Participle)(The Participle) 1 1）现在分词（）现在分词（The Present Participle),The Present Participle),由动由动词词+ing+ing构成构成 2 2）过去分词（）过去分词（The Past Participle),The Past Participle),由动词由动词+ed+ed构成。构成。4非谓语动词具有以下特征：非谓语动词具有以下特征：非谓语动词可以做主语、宾语等多种句子成分，但唯独不能做谓语。非谓语动词具有各种形态：原形、主动语态、被动语态、进行时态和完成时态。非谓语动词具有动词的功能，如可以有自己的宾语，但不具有语法上的动词性质,如没有人称和数的变化。 Growing flowers is my hobby. Thank you for helping us. I hope to see you again.5使用非谓语动词的条件：使用非谓语动词的条件： 在一个句子中，已经存在一个谓语动词，而又没在一个句子中，已经存在一个谓语动词，而又没有连词的情况下，其他的动词就需要使用非谓语有连词的情况下，其他的动词就需要使用非谓语形式。形式。She got off the bus, _(leave)her handbag She got off the bus, _(leave)her handbag on her seat.on her seat.She got off the bus, She got off the bus, butbut _ (leave) her _ (leave) her handbag on her seat.handbag on her seat.leavingleavingleftleft6不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态to doto be doneto have doneto have been done to be doing无to have been doing无71. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般式。 He wanted to see you. 2. 强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用完成形式。 He is said to have written a novel.3. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用不定式的进行形式。 When I came in, he pretended to be reading a book. 4. 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，用被动语态。 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. The book is said to have been translated into English.8动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done91.动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 We are interested in climbing mountains. I prefer singing to dancing.2.如果强调动名词的动作已经完成，要用完成形式。 He was praised for having passed the exam .3.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，也要用完成形式。 He is proud of having been sent to work in Tibet .4.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词动作的承受者，这个动名词要用被动形式。 He remembered being taken to Beijing when he was a child.10分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done过去分词的时态和语态只有一种，即done.11现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。分词与其逻辑主语的关系是主动的用现在分词；是被动的，要用过去分词。1._(look) out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.2._(see) from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.3.The teacher came in, _ (follow) many students. 4.The teacher came in, _ (follow) by many students. LookingSeenfollowingfollowed12如果强调一个被动的动作正在进行，要用分词的被动形式being done。Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.The house being built now is a Hope Project School.如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Not having finished his homework,Tom was made to stay at school .Having closed all the windows ,I went home. Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .13非谓语动词的否定形式非谓语动词的否定形式所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加上not.不定式的否定形式：not to do动名词的否定形式：not doing 现在分词的否定形式：not doing 过去分词的否定形式：not done141. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive2. -I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you knowAB153. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completedC16Key to Part 1:1.not to have seen him2.to have given you so much trouble3.to be dreaming4.to have been studying5.to be better treated6.being interrupted7.having been there8.Having reviewed his lessons17非谓语动词在句中充当的成分非谓语动词在句中充当的成分18不定式、动名词用作主语不定式、动名词用作主语1.1.直接作主语：直接作主语：Seeing is believing.Seeing is believing.Smoking is not a good habit.Smoking is not a good habit.To see is to believe.To see is to believe.To smoke here is dangerousTo smoke here is dangerous. .2.2.用用itit作形式主语作形式主语Its no use talking too much without doing Its no use talking too much without doing anything.anything.Its no good smoking too much.Its no good smoking too much.It is very kind of you to say so.It is very kind of you to say so.Its not difficult for you to learn English grammarIts not difficult for you to learn English grammar wellwell. . 19动名词与不定式作主语时的区别动名词与不定式作主语时的区别1.1.对称原则对称原则: :主语和表语对称主语和表语对称 Seeing is believing. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. To see is to believe.2.2.动名词动名词做主语做主语表示抽象的、经常性的动作，表示抽象的、经常性的动作， 不不定定式表示具体的、某一次的动作。式表示具体的、某一次的动作。 Climbing mountains is interesting.Climbing mountains is interesting. To climb th To climb this is mountain will take us two hours. mountain will take us two hours.3.3.不定式做主语，一般用不定式做主语，一般用it it 当形式主语，而当形式主语，而把不定式短语后置。把不定式短语后置。 It will take us two hours to climb the It will take us two hours to climb the mountain.mountain.20固定句型固定句型:1.Its no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing 1.Its no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing 在暗淡的灯光在暗淡的灯光下下看书不好。看书不好。 It is no good reading in dim light. It is no good reading in dim light.2.Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sth2.Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sth It is very kind of you to help us. It is very kind of you to help us.3.Its important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth3.Its important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth 我们学好英语很重要。 It is very important for us to learn English well.21不定式、动名词作宾语不定式、动名词作宾语He chose not to go home this weekend.The manager desires to see you.My mother dislikes seeing you with me.He could hardly resist laughing.He is fond of playing tennis.动名词既可做动词宾语，也可做介词的宾语，而不定式只能做动词宾语。有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而有的只能接不定式做宾语，有的既可接动名词也可接不定式做宾语，但意义不同。22A.A.A.A.下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：admit, admit, allow, allow, avoid, appreciate, conavoid, appreciate, consider, denysider, denyenjoy, escape, finish, complete, forgiveenjoy, escape, finish, complete, forgivekeep, mind, miss, risk, resume, recall,keep, mind, miss, risk, resume, recall,practise, prevent, resist, suggest, understandpractise, prevent, resist, suggest, understandbe/get used to,be/get used to, devote oneself to, devote oneself to, look forward tolook forward to, , object toobject to, , prefer.to,prefer.to,refer to, pay attention to, stick torefer to, pay attention to, stick to, lead to, lead to 这些词组里的这些词组里的toto为介词，而非不定式符号。为介词，而非不定式符号。23B.B.B.B.下列动词只能下列动词只能下列动词只能下列动词只能接接接接不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语：afford ,agree ,attempt, aim, choosedecide, demand, desire, determine,expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage,offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise,refuse, seem, tend, threaten, wish 24C.C.在一些动词后，可接不定式在一些动词后，可接不定式, ,也可接动名词做宾也可接动名词做宾语，但含义有差别语，但含义有差别。forget ,remember, regret +doingforget ,remember, regret +doing 表示表示动作已经动作已经发生发生；+to do+to do表表动作未发生动作未发生 want,want, need ,require + doingneed ,require + doing 表被动表被动 = to be = to be donedonetry doingtry doing试着做试着做; ; try to dotry to do 尽力做，想要做尽力做，想要做stop doingstop doing 停止做某事停止做某事 stop to dostop to do 停下来做停下来做另一件另一件事事25go on doinggo on doing 继续做某事继续做某事（前后是同一件事）（前后是同一件事） go on to do go on to do 接下来做某事接下来做某事( (前前后不是同一件事后不是同一件事) )mean doingmean doing 意味着意味着.,.,意思是意思是. mean to domean to do 故意或想要做某事故意或想要做某事 cant help doing sthcant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事抑制不住、禁不住做某事 cant help to do sth cant help to do sth 不能帮忙不能帮忙做某事做某事26D.D. 在在 begin ,start ,continuebegin ,start ,continue 等词后可接不定式等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大，但要注意：但要注意： 1) 1)这些动词本身是这些动词本身是-ing-ing 形式时，其后要接形式时，其后要接不不 定式定式； 2 2) )主语是物，多用不定式主语是物，多用不定式； 3) 3)其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关 的，不用的，不用 v-ing v-ing形式形式, ,而要用不定式，而要用不定式，如：如： know, realize, hate, love, understand , know, realize, hate, love, understand , wonder, remember, forgetwonder, remember, forget27Practice:1. Would you mind _ the door? A. open B. opening C. to open D. opened2. “So much for the new words and expressions; lets go on _the text.” the teacher said with a smile. A. to talk about B. talking about C.to be talking D. talk aboutBA283. Have you got used _ in Guilin? A. to living B. to live C. living D. to be living 4. Nobody is willing to go to a party without _. A. asking B. to be asked C. being asked D. having askedAC29非谓语动词做宾语补足语非谓语动词做宾语补足语可以接不定式做宾语补足语的动词常用的有： ask, want, advise, allow, encourage, force, forbid,like, order, permit, persuade, request, require, tell, warn, urge, expect 这些词后均可接+sb. to do sth.的结构 Father will not allow us to play on the street. My teacher advised me to do more exercises.30常接分词做宾语补足语的动词有： have，keep, get, find see, hear, watch, notice etc.I saw him working in the field yesterday.He kept the water boiling.I found my car missing.I will have my watch repaired.31see, hear等词+sb.+do sth.与+sb.+doing的区别：前者强调动作的真实性、完整性，后者强调动作的连续性、进行性。I saw him work in the garden yesterday.强调“我看见了”这个事实。I saw him woking in the garden yesterday.强调我见他正在干活这个动作。32非谓语动词作表语非谓语动词作表语1.不定式作表语（be to do): 按计划、趋势将要做的 She is to get married next week.有责任、义务必须做的 Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow祈使、命令不得不做的 Youre to stand here ,do you understand ?命运安排,注定做的 Disney met the mouse and he was to become a famous artist. 332.动名词作表语表明主语的性质或内容（有时可与主语互换） My job is teaching you English. Teaching you English is my job.3.分词作表语表示主语的特点特征, 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动和完成。 The book is interesting. Skiing is more exciting than skating. She felt confused, even frightened. The guests are gone. 做表语的分词，其实很多已经转化为了形容词。34非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语A. 动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途 drinking water=the water that is (used )for drinking drinking water, living room, sitting room, washing powder B. 分词作定语，表被修饰词的特点、特征. 单个分词作定语前置,分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。 现在分词作定语表示正在进行和主动，过去分词作定语表示已经完成和被动。boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water 白开水（煮开过的水，可能是凉的）a retired worker 一位退了休的工人35分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句：现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动关系： Due to the many changes taking place in our way of life, peoples way of thinking has also changed a lot. =Due to the many changes which take place in过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. =Most of the people who were invited to the 36C.C.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语1.1.后置，表示将来后置，表示将来 This is the Hope Project School to be built This is the Hope Project School to be built next year.next year.2.2.不定式与其所修饰的词之间可能是不定式与其所修饰的词之间可能是主谓或动宾主谓或动宾关系：关系： The train to arrive is from London. The train to arrive is from London. I have a lot of work to do . I have a lot of work to do . I want to get something to read . I want to get something to read . Do you need some water to drink? Do you need some water to drink? 373.3.当名词有特定的定语当名词有特定的定语, , 如形容词如形容词 副词的最高级副词的最高级, ,序数序数词及词及next, only, rightnext, only, right等等, ,其后接不定式作定语。其后接不定式作定语。 He is the first student to come and the last to He is the first student to come and the last to leave.leave. Where is the best place to meet ?Where is the best place to meet ? We need the next room to hold corn.We need the next room to hold corn.4.4.不定代词不定代词something, nothing, little, muchsomething, nothing, little, much等习惯上等习惯上用不定式做定语。用不定式做定语。 There is nothing to worry about. There is nothing to worry about.385.5.如果动词要求用不定式做宾语，则它们相应的名如果动词要求用不定式做宾语，则它们相应的名词一般也要用不定式做定语词一般也要用不定式做定语, ,如：如： decide to do, wish to do decide to do, wish to do His wish to buy a car came true. His wish to buy a car came true. Their decision to give up the experiment Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.surprised us.6.6.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词，这里的介词不能省略。介词，这里的介词不能省略。 I need a pen to write I need a pen to write withwith. .39Key to Part 4:1.called / named Sally2.standing behind the counter3.being built4.to be completed next year5.to put the bookshelf6.often playing football on the playground40非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语不定式做状语，表示原因不定式做状语，表示原因不定式做状语，表示原因不定式做状语，表示原因, , , ,目的或结果。为了强调目目的或结果。为了强调目目的或结果。为了强调目目的或结果。为了强调目的的的的, , , ,可与可与可与可与in order toin order to或或或或so as to so as to 连用。连用。连用。连用。 I reached home I reached home only to findonly to find my old dog dead . my old dog dead . He got up early He got up early to catchto catch the early bus . the early bus . To improveTo improve our English, we come here. our English, we come here. Im so glad Im so glad to see to see you.you. They went to the railway station, They went to the railway station, only to be toldonly to be told that the train had left.that the train had left. 注：注：注：注：only only + + + + 不定式不定式不定式不定式”常表示出乎预料的结果常表示出乎预料的结果常表示出乎预料的结果常表示出乎预料的结果. . . .41分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随或方式，及独立成分。分词与逻辑主语的关系是主或方式，及独立成分。分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词。动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词。Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing.（时间）Given enough time, I can do it better. （条件）Being ill, he didnt go to school （原因）The glass fell to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)Our teacher came in, followed by many students (伴随）Generally speaking, one must be confident.(独立成分)42分词做时间、条件、原因状语往往可以转换成一个状语从句,做伴随状语可转换为并列句。Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing.Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing.= =When he heard the news,When he heard the news, he couldnt . he couldnt . Given enough time, I can do it better. Given enough time, I can do it better.= =If I am given enough timeIf I am given enough time, I can do it better., I can do it better. Being ill, he didnt go to school. Being ill, he didnt go to school.= =Because he was ill,Because he was ill, he didnt go to school. he didnt go to school. They came into the classroom, singing and They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.laughing.=They came into the classroom, =They came into the classroom, and they were and they were singing and laughing.singing and laughing.43Notice:使用非谓语动词做状语时，一定要注意，非谓语动词的逻辑主语一定要与该句话的主语保持一致。判断下列句子正误并改错。1. To learn English well, a lot of practice must be done.To learn English well, I must do a lot of practice.2. Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful.Seen from the hill, the city is more beautiful.3. Being ill, his classmate sent him to hospital.Being ill, he was sent to hospital.4. Broken by him, I cant use the cup.Broken by him, the cup cant be used.()()()()44Key to Part 5:1.followed by many students2.leaving him an orphan3.only to be told that the train had left4.to/ in order to/ so as to catch the early bus5.Seen from the top of the hill6.Being a student7.to believe your nonsense45不定式的省略不定式的省略1.当两个或更多相同功能或意义的不定式并列使用时，除第一个不定式带to 外其余的不加。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back .came back .如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加toto。 To try and fail is better than not to try at all . To try and fail is better than not to try at all .2.使役动词（have,let,make）和感官动词（如see,feel,hear,find,etc.）后接不定式作宾语补足语需要省略to,但当变成被动态时要加to. The boss made them work the whole night. They were made to work the whole night. I saw him dance.= He was seen to dance. 463.介词but, except前面有行为动词do及其相应形式时，其后的不定式不带to,否则带to. 即有do 无to, 无do要加to We have no choice but to turn back. We could do nothing but obey the order.4.Why not.后面的动词不定式符号to省略。 Why not do it now? Why not go for a walk?47动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构，是指动名词的复合结构，是指动名词的复合结构，是指动名词的复合结构，是指由物主代词或人称代词宾格、由物主代词或人称代词宾格、由物主代词或人称代词宾格、由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词名词名词名词所有格所有格所有格所有格或名词加上动名词构成。在句子开头必须或名词加上动名词构成。在句子开头必须或名词加上动名词构成。在句子开头必须或名词加上动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。用名词所有格或物主代词。用名词所有格或物主代词。用名词所有格或物主代词。Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Its no use your / you telling me not to worry. Mother insisted on my brothers / my brother going to college. Would you mind my/me opening the door? What is troubling us is their / them not having enough money.48