一一. 定语从句的基本定义定语从句的基本定义放在名词或代词名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。一. 定语从句的基本定义eg. The boy who is reading is Tom.先行词先行词关系代词关系代词Hospital is a place where a doctor works.先行词先行词关系副词关系副词先行词和关系词的关系先行词和关系词的关系1.A plane is a machine that can fly. 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4.The school where I study is far from my home.the machine = thatthe boy =whothe boys =whosein the school = where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词关系副词实际上是介词先行词Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.关系代词的实质关系代词的实质the machinea machinethat /whichThe lady is Green. We saw her yesterday. herThe lady we saw yesterday is Green Who/that关系代词实际上代替的就是先行词关系代词实际上代替的就是先行词 二二. 关系词的分类关系词的分类1.关系代词关系代词2. 2. 关系副词关系副词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：和定语，常用的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副状语，常用的关系副词有：词有：when, where, why二. 关系词的分类三三. 关系代词的基本用法和注意点关系代词的基本用法和注意点1. 关系代词的基本用法关系代词的基本用法三. 1. 关系代词的基本用法关系代关系代词词 指代的先指代的先行行词词充当从句的成分充当从句的成分who人人主主语语、宾语宾语whom人人宾语宾语which物物主主语语、宾语宾语that人或物人或物主主语语、宾语宾语、表、表语语whose人或物人或物定定语语 who指人指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语时，可省略。The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.whom指人指人, ,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。 The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.who, whom which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。 These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder （which） he is using ismade in Japan. whichHe is the man (that) I told you about.that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.thatwhose指人或物指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语 。不可省略。不可省略。We live in a house whose windows face south.This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.whose2. 关系代词的用法注意点关系代词的用法注意点(1) that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下5种情况种情况只能用只能用that 不能用不能用which。当先行词中有人又有物时。如：当先行词中有人又有物时。如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?2. 关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况 当先行词为不定代词当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。等时。如：如：This is all that I want from the school.当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.当先行词被当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修等修饰时。如：饰时。如：This is the very book that I am looking for these days.(2) that和和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用多用who。(2)用who不用that的情况先行词为先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如：等时。如：All who heard the news were excited.先行词为先行词为those, he和和people时。如：时。如：Those who want to go please sign your names here.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.(3) whose引导的定语从句注意点引导的定语从句注意点whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。词短语。 whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：如：The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。这个消息。(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点whose的先行词指物时，可用的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语代替，但语序不同，即序不同，即whose+名词名词 = the+名词名词+of which，或，或= of which + the + 名词。如：名词。如：The novel whose title (= the title of which或或of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting. whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。也可以指物。whose的先行词指人时，可用的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，代替，但语序不同，即但语序不同，即whose+名词名词 = the+名词名词+of whom，或，或= of whom + the + 名词。如：名词。如：The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom或或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.(4) 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：Those who are against the plan put up your hands.Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.(4)从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致The scientist who we met yesterday is very famous whom in the world. that (2) The dress is new. She is wearing it.The dress which she is wearing is new. that (1) The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.巩固练习：巩固练习：1. 用定语从句合并句子用定语从句合并句子巩固练习1：用定语从句合并句子(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him. (4) This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.He is the kind person who I have ever worked with. whom that This is the best film that I have ever seen. (which/ that)who/ thatwhosewhich/ thatwho, that, whom, which, whose1.I have a friend _ likes listening to the classical music.2.Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress _ I gave her.3.The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a good football player.4.Kate is reading a book _ is too difficult for her.1.The girl _is standing next to our teachernext to our teacher is her daughter. is her daughter.2. The girl _our teacher is talking with 2. The girl _our teacher is talking with is a famous singer. is a famous singer.3. The girl_ mother is a teacher can speak 3. The girl_ mother is a teacher can speak English English very well.very well.4. I cant find the book _is borrowed from 4. I cant find the book _is borrowed from the library. the library.5. I cant find the book _you lent to me.5. I cant find the book _you lent to me.who/that(who/whom/that)(who/whom/that)whosewhosewhich/thatwhich/that(that/which)(that/which)巩固练习：巩固练习： 用适当的关系词填空用适当的关系词填空巩固练习2：用适当的关系词填空1.The family _ Im staying with lives in town.2.I know the student _ article was published.3.Betty, _ has never been abroad, is studying English very well.4.My parents live in a house _ is more than 100 years old.5.The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.6.Luckily none of the people _ I know were killed in the earthquake.(which/ that)whosewho?thatwhich/ thatwhomwhom?省略省略1.根据从句中的动词搭配This is the book _ which you asked.注意：动词短语不能拆，即介词不提前注意：动词短语不能拆，即介词不提前我照顾的那个老人好多了。我照顾的那个老人好多了。The old man after whom I am looking is better. The old man whom I am looking after is better.介词介词+whom/which如如何判断介词何判断介词for2.根据从句中的形容词搭配He told me some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.如何判断介词如何判断介词with3.根据先行词与介词搭配4.介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词My grandpa was born in 1939 _ the World War broke out.Kun Ming is a beautiful place _ flowers are seen all the year round.如何判断介词如何判断介词in whichwhenin whichwhere1.The song, _ we are interested will be broadcast tonight.2.He is the hero _ we are proud.3.This is the college _ well visit a famous actor.4.The earth _ we live is a big round ball.in whichof whomin whichon whichExercise16.Do you like the book _ she spent $10? 17.Do you like the book _ she paid $10?18.Do you like the teacher _ she learned a lot? 19.Do you like the teacher _ we are talking has gone abroad? 20.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.on whichfor whichfrom whomabout whomof which介词介词+关系代词的使用关系代词的使用 先行词是先行词是the way，意为，意为“方式，方法方式，方法”时，引导时，引导定语从句的关系词用定语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。或省略。 I didnt like the way _ she talked to me. The way _he teaches English is interesting.（that/in which）（that/in which）5. 先行词为the way，关系词的使用关系代词关系代词as引导引导1. 先行词与先行词与such, the same连用或先行词本身就连用或先行词本身就是是the same, such时，要用时，要用as。Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.Would you like to buy the same pen as I have?2. 代替整个句子，在从句中作主语，而从句位代替整个句子，在从句中作主语，而从句位于句首时，要用于句首时，要用as。As is well known, the earth goes around the sun.The earth is round, _ we all know._ is known to all, the earth is round._ is known to all that the earth is round.as AsIt定语从句在句首时只定语从句在句首时只能用能用as，as 具有正如具有正如之意，动词一般较固之意，动词一般较固定定as的使用/which Being a volunteer is such a privilege _ we all want to have.Being a volunteer is such a privilege _ we all want to have it.asthatas的使用五五. 关系副词关系副词when, where和和why的用法的用法五. 关系副词的基本用法关系副关系副词词指代的先行指代的先行词词充当从句的成分充当从句的成分when表表时间时间的名的名词词/名名词词组词词组时间时间状状语语where表地点的名表地点的名词词/名名词词组词词组地点状地点状语语why表原因的名表原因的名词词原因状原因状语语用关系副词用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，时，先行词指时间，when在定在定语从句中作时间状语，语从句中作时间状语，when可换成可换成“介词介词+关系关系代词代词”。如：。如：I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing.My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War broke out.1. when1. when用关系副词用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，时，先行词指地点，where在定在定语从句中作地点状语，语从句中作地点状语，where可换成可换成“介词介词+关系关系代词代词”。如：。如：This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young.The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city.2. where2. where用关系副词用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，时，先行词指原因，why在定语在定语从句中作原因状语，从句中作原因状语，why可换成可换成“介词介词+关系代关系代词词”。如：。如：There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished.Tom couldnt give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.3. why3. why4. 关系副词的用法注意点关系副词的用法注意点(1)当先行词为当先行词为time，表示，表示“次数次数”时，应用关时，应用关系词系词that 或省略。如：或省略。如：This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.(2)当当point, situation, case等词作先行词表示等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：在句中作状语。如：Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?4. 关系副词的用法注意点巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空 1) October 1, 1949 was the day_ (_ _) China was founded. 2) Beijing is the place _ (_ _) I live. 3) Is this the reason _ (_ _) he didnt want to see me?whenon whichwherein whichwhyfor which巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空 4) Is this the room _(_ _) we were living last winter? 5) The days are gone _ (_ _) we used “foreign oil”. 6) Yesterday, we had a meeting _ (_ _) we discussed many problems.wherein whichwhenduring whichat whichwhere对比练习：用适当的关系词填空对比练习：用适当的关系词填空1. The room _ he once lived is still there. The room _ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother.where/in which(that/which)对比练习：用适当的关系词填空2. I will never forget the day_ I met you. I will never forget the day _ we spent together.when/on which(that/which) The reason _ I dont know is known to him.(that/which)why/for which3. The reason _ I dont know the thing is that I was not there at that time.1.Ill never forget the days _ we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3.I went to the place _ I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago.5.This is the reason _ he was late.6.This is the reason _ he gave.when/ in which(that/which)where /in which(which/ that)why /for whichthat/ which及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词六六. 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1. 非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。不用隔开。不用that 引导引导My watch, which is very old, stopped again.六. 1. 非限制性定语从句的定义2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：试比较：This is the best book that I have read.This is a good book, which is easy to understand.2. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词般用关系代词as或或which引导。引导。(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。限制性定语从句则不能。(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。作介词的宾语。He has two daughters, the elder of whom is married.He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying.3. 关系代词关系代词as, which引导非限制定语从句时的区别引导非限制定语从句时的区别(1)as和和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如：主句之后。如：3. as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.As is known to all, the moon travels round the earth.(2) as多用于下列习惯用语中多用于下列习惯用语中as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样正如人人都能看到的那样as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知众所周知as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样正如我们所预料的那样as often happens 正如经常发生的那样正如经常发生的那样as has been said before 如上所述如上所述as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的正如上面提到的4. “介词介词+关系代词关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，结构引导非限制性定语从句，一般有以下几种结构：一般有以下几种结构：(1)名词名词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：They live in a house, the door of which faces south.4. “介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句的几种结构(2)代词代词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：There are four students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard.(3)数词数词+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：Last Sunday I bought a book from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.(4)形容词比较级形容词比较级/最高级最高级+介词介词+关系代词：关系代词：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.巩固练习1. I still remember the days _ I worked with the farmers. I still remember the days _ I spent with the farmers. A. which B. on which C. when D. what2. We were on the way _ it began to rain. I dont like the way _ you speak to your parents. A. when B. that C. how D. which CAABin which/ 3. The teacher didnt know the reason _ she was absent yesterday. The teacher couldnt accept the reason _ she explained yesterday. A. how B. why C. that D. who4. Is this school _ you ever visited? Is this the school _ you ever studied? Is this the school in _ you ever studied? A. where B. which C. that D. the oneBCDAB5. This is _ he said at the meeting yesterday. This is all _ he said at the meeting yesterday. A. that B. which C. what D. how6. _ is reported in the newspapers, they have beaten all the other teams. _ is reported in the newspaper that they have beaten all the other teams. _ is reported in the newspaper is that they have beaten all the other teams. A. It B. As C. Which D. What CABAD7. It was such an easy question _ they could answer. It was such an easy question _ they could answer it. A. that B. as C. which D. what8. That is the house, _ windows hasnt been cleaned for months. That is the house, _ the windows hasnt been cleaned for months. That is the house, but _ windows hasnt been cleaned for months. A. its B. its C. whose D. of whichBACDB9. John said hed been working in the office for hours, _ was true. John said hed been working in the office for hours, but _ is not true. A. he B. it C. which D. who 10. A few people were caught in the big fire, _ died. A few people were caught in the big fire, _ dead. A. two of whoB. two of whom C. two of themD. two of theyCBBC11. It was 1945 _ the World War II ended. It was in 1945 _ the World War II ended. A. that B. which C. when D. at which 12. Do you know the girl _ calling herself Miss Forgetful? Do you know the girl _ calls herself Miss Forgetful? A. who B. whom C. she D. /CADA13. Dont talk about such things _ you are not sure of. Dont talk about such things, of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those14. He wrote the best composition, _ surprised all of us. He wrote the best composition _ we all read just now. A. that B. which C. it D. in whichCABA1.Under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from Class Two.2.My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible.3.This is the very pen that you gave it to me before.4.The weather turned out to be very good, that was out of our expect.5.I will do all what I can to help you.whomwhosewhichthat 6.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.7.Cathy is the only one of us who have been to America.8.Is that factory which your father once worked in?9.It is known to all, China is a beautiful country.10.It was in this school where I had studied for 3 years.whichhasthe oneAsthatthat-Where did you get to know her? -It was on the farm _ we worked. (07山东山东) A. that B. there C. which D. whereWe shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, most of _ are healthy. (07北京北京) A. that B. which C. what D. whomthat I got to know her