Part 3 The relationship between MGRS and national culture By (1) (2)the first aim of the present study was to test the prediction that scores on Hofstedes MAS Dimension would correlate positively with National MGRS scoresA second aim of the present study was to determine the differential capabilities of Hofstedes MAS dimension and the gender role-related person-ality trait of masculinity to predict MGRSTwo aimsOnes thoughtOnes feelingBehavioral repertoriesBecoming masculineEisler(1996)In their view,many masculine beliefs and behaviors have cultural roots.31980Hofstede distinguished between masculine and feminine societies1998Hofstede defines culture as broad2001Hofstede treats culture as the collective pro-gramming of the mind that distinguishes the members distinguishdefineTransfer,develop, confirm Gender roles are clearly distinctMasculinity stands for a society in which gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Femininity stands for a society in which gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.women should be gentle and feminine and nobody should be weakMasculine Masculine countriescountriesmen are allowed to be gentle, feminine, and weak.Feminine Feminine countriescountriesIn feminine countries, machobehavior is ridiculed, whereas in masculine ones machismoin men, and marianismo or hembrismo in women are propagated In masculine societies, men are socialized and mentally programmed to be more skilful, competitive, successful, assertive, aggressive, machoand sex-typed, perhaps by implicat-ion, also more fearful of expressing soft emotions than men in feminine societieswomen should be gentle and feminine and nobody should be weakMasculine Masculine countriescountriesmen are allowed to be gentle, feminine, and weak.Feminine Feminine countriescountriesNational Instrumentality and National Differences in MGRS1432text MGRS has been shown, to be distinct from, that is, uncor-related or only very lowly associated with, masculinityEisler 1987MAS has been demonstr-ated to be unrelated to the masculine gender role Best & Williams,1998Masculinity was measured with the Bem Sex Role Inventory ( BSRI) BSRI,Bem, 1981Masculinity is oftentimes also referred to as instrumentalityHermann & Betz,2004The BSRI is based on a conceptualization of the traditionally sex-typed personthe traditionally sex-typed person is motivated to keep her or his behavior consistent with an idealized image of masculinity or femininityThus, the BSRI contains items that were chosen on the basis of cultural definitions of sex-typed social desirabilityHowever, the BSRI is not a measure of gender role-related stress. At the individual level, MGRS has been shown, in line with prediction, to be distinct from, that is, uncorrelated or only very lowly associated with, masculinity8Several theories summarized (Davidson-Katz 1991)The theory that has accumulated the most empirical support is the masculinity hypothesis.It proposes that the more masculine one is, the healthier one will be.it was anticipated that, at the country level, high masculine gender role scores as assessed with the BSRI would predict significantly lower levels of MGRS (Whitley 1984)To avoid semantic and conceptual confusions between Hofstedes MASculin-ity and Bems masculinity dimensions, the latter will henceforth be referred to as instrumentalityTo counteract the potential tendency of respondents to overreport good or under-report bad behavior, which could interfere with the interpretation of average tendencies on MGRS and BSRI, the part played by cross-national differences in Lie-Social Desirability responses on the outcome of hypoth-esis testing was also addressedMGRSMASBSRIProcedure and matetials By JiangLeiPart 4 02 01Recruiting participantsSending questionnaires 03Results and discussion Participants13 countries 6420studentsAustralia Croatia Germany Great BritainGreece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan the Netherlands Spain Sweden Venezueldifferent geographical regions of each country 4 major areas of scienceanonymousno financial incentives translated into each of the different native and dominant languagesstandardized response formats and scoring systemsmeasures in same orderQuestionnaire5MGRS（Masculine Gender Role Stress）s-BSRI（Short-Bem sex role inventory）EPQR-A Lie Subscale（Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised-Abbreviated）MAS（Hofstedes masculinity/femininity）UAI（Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index ）MGRS（Masculine Gender Role Stress）15 items（5 domains 3）physical inadequacyfeeling that you are not in good physical conditionnot being able to find a sexual partnerhaving your lover say that (s)he is not satisfiedemotional inexpressivenesssubordination to women intellectual inferiority performance failure15 not at all extremely 1575（score range）10 items（selected from the original BSRI）s-BSRI（Short-Bem sex role inventory） defend my own beliefsindependentassertivestrong personalityforcefulhave leadership abilitieswilling to take risksdominantwilling to take a stand aggressive1070（score range)Bem, 198124-item versionEPQR-A Lie Subscale06（score range)Francis,Brown, and Philipchalk, 1992Lie Subscale Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviatedscoretrue14 work goalsMAS（Hofstedes masculinity/femininity）challengeliving in a desirable areaearningscooperation with colleagues training(fringe) benefitsrecognitionphysical working conditions freedomjob securitycareer advancementuse of skillsrelationship with managerpersonal time for personal or familylifemasculinity or femininity3 itemsUAI（Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index）rule orientationemployment stabilityjob stressmean level of neuroticism-anxietyin a countryUAIneuroticism-anxietyMGRSs-BSRIEPQR-A Lie SubscaleMASUAIquestionnairesScoresHofstede s data（2001）Cronbachs tested 0.6 reliableResults and AnalysesReported by ChenXiaoxian 21406140Part 5Table 1. Survey of National Scores on Hofstedes Masculinity (MASMAS) and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAIUAI), and Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRSMGRS), Bems Instrumentality and Lie ScalesNationMASUAIMGRSBemsinstrumentalityLieMMMAustralia615131.66 (.83)46.95 (.87)2.03 (.59)Croatia408036.03 (.81)42.42 (.84)2.36 (.64)Germany666533.28 (.84)43.22 (.85) 2.09 (.56)Great Britain663532.10 (.78) 45.15 (.88) 1.98 (.53)Greece57 11235.84 (.75) 45.04 (.86) 2.77 (.67)Guatemala37101 33.01(.87) 48.91 (.83) 2.83 (.69)Hungary 888233.80 (.75) 44.70 (.84) 3.14 (.61)Italy707531.30 (.81) 45.90 (.81)3.25 (.61)Japan95 9239.02 (.76) 35.39 (.75) 2.35 (.56)The Netherlands1453 26.70 (.81) 43.72 (.82) 2.68 (.53)Spain428631.82 (.87) 44.90 (.78)2.49 (.64)Sweden52929.78 (.74) 44.97 (.85) 1.70 (.52)Venezuela737632.51 (.82) 50.46 (.80) 3.23 (.68)M54.9272.08 32.8344.752.53SD26.4924.663.043.570.50Range5-95a8-112a0-75 10-700-6 aBased on values calculated by Hofstede (2001) for 50 countries and three regions. The respective means (and SDs) for 50 nations and three regions are 49 (18) for MAS and 65 (24) for UAI (Hofstede, 2001)12The mean inter-item correlations (not shown in the Table) across all scales indicated (range: .15-.27) that we are dealing with fairly homogeneous sets of items.ConclusionBoth the MGRS and Bems Instrumentality subscale showed very acceptable levels of internal consistency (.70-.80s) that could be given the qualification fair to good. The Lie scale, however, obtained lower levels of internal consistency.Table 2. . Intercorrelations Between the Hofstede Dimensions (MASMAS and UAIUAI) and Adjusted Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRSMGRS), Bems Instrumentality and Lie Scale Scores.MeasureMASUAI MGRSBemsinstrumentaliy Lie1 Hofstedes masculinity (MAS).-.36 .64* -.27 342 Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI)-.59* -.10.63*3 Masculine gender role stress (MGRS)-.57* .034 Bems instrumentality-.315 Lie-n = 13 countriesFor purposes of interpretation, Cohen (1992) considers an absolute value of r = .10 as “small,” r = .30 as “medium,” and r = .50 as “large.”*p 0.05. *p 0.01 (one-tailed).ConclusionTable 3. Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS) Scores on Bems Instrumentality and Hofstedes Masculinity (MAS) Scores (n = 13 Countries).VariableBSE BStep 1Bems instrumentality-.35.18 -.43*Step 2Hofstedes MAS.06.02 .52*Discussion and evaluation Reported by GuoShaopengPart 6Part3. Application valuesPart1. DiscussionPart2. LimitationPart1. Discussion In agreement with predictions, societies with high Hofstede MASculinity scores had higher mean national levels of MGRS. In line with the individual level masculinity hypothesis, higher levels of country-level instrumentality predicted, independent of MAS scores, lower country levels of MGRS.Part2. LimitationOne important limitation of the present study is that its analyses were based on only 13 national samples. The national samples used were not randomly drawn from the total sample of nations in the world.Part3. Application values The present findings provide support at the country level for the stance that tough societies as defined by Hofstede may have dysfunctional health consequences. The present findings show that the tougher the society, the greater the likelihood that the average man will experience difficulties with situations that are appraised as feminine. Some of the health-related intervention strategies for men may need to be implemented on a large scale in societies with high MAS scores. Such therapeutic procedures might better help men engage in counseling, better than traditional psychological services.Thanks!